基于平均传递概率的容迟网络路由算法的设计

为了提高容迟网络的传递率、降低传输延迟、对节点缓存进行更有效的管理, 结合已有的PROPHET和Spray and Wait算法, 提出了一种基于平均传递概率的容迟网络路由算法RAB-ADP。在该算法中设置了一个与时间有关的平均传递预测概率参数进行消息转发的决策, 解决了PROPHET算法容易产生路由抖动的缺点。算法综合利用了复制和知识两个属性, 采用{MOPR; FIFO}队列策略组, 通过消息传送完毕的ACK确认信息进行缓存管理和网络中冗余消息副本的删除。仿真实验表明, 该算法在节点缓存大小不同以及网络中节点数目不同的两种情况下, 传递率和路由开销比率的性能均优于其他经典路由算法。     

机会网络中考虑缓存的ProPhet路由算法

机会网络中的ProPhet等路由算法根据机会网络中节点的相遇频率进行节点之间消息的传递,不考虑节点每次相遇的持续时间以及节点中缓存剩余情况。在机会网络内部节点之间的移动速度很快的情况下,采用这些路由算法会使网络内数据的传输效率急剧下降。针对这一不足,结合ProPhet路由算法,计算节点之间的传输概率时充分考虑节点的相遇持续时间以及剩余缓存对节点之间传输概率的影响,使节点之间能更有效地传输数据。仿真结果表明,在给定的移动模型下,该算法能够有效提高消息传递成功率,降低网络中能量消耗等开销。     

节点缓存感知的DTN概率路由算法

针对DTN网络中节点缓存资源有限的问题,为提高网络中节点缓存利用率,提出考虑节点缓存剩余率的概率路由算法。根据网络中节点缓存剩余率划分节点状态,针对不同状态节点采取相对应的消息转发机制,在此基础上调整消息丢弃策略和冗余副本删除策略。仿真结果表明,与PROPHET、Epidemic等路由算法相比,该算法能够有效提高网络通信性能,实现消息递交率和网络开销等关键指标的优化,将平均时延控制在可接受的范围内。     

节点能量敏感的容迟/容断网络概率路由算法

针对容迟/容断网络(DTN)中节点能量受限的问题,提出一种节点能量敏感的概率路由算法。该算法将网络中的节点划分能量状态,针对不同能量状态的节点采取有区别的消息转发机制和节能的缓存管理策略,实现消息交付率与网络能耗之间的平衡。仿真结果表明,与其他几种算法相比,该算法能够在低能耗的基础上提高消息交付率并降低网络开销,具有较长的网络寿命。     

一种考虑节点拥塞情况的DTN概率路由算法*

容迟网络是一种新型网络,其概率路由算法根据历史相遇频率对相遇概率进行计算与更新,通过相遇概率判断是否转发报文。当节点缓存受限时,在网络中采用概率路由算法使得节点很容易发生拥塞,对报文的传送产生影响。为了减小拥塞对概率路由算法的影响,提出了一种考虑节点拥塞情况的概率路由算法,将节点相遇的概率和节点拥塞的情况综合起来,得到一个报文的递交概率,降低了由于拥塞对网络性能的影响,提高了报文的递交率,减小了报文在缓存中排队等候的时间。仿真结果表明,与传统的概率路由算法相比,在改进后的概率路由算法中报文递交率显著提高,平均延迟也在降低。     

稀疏机会网络中基于固定中继节点与消息相关性的缓存管理策略

针对稀疏机会网络中固定中继节点和移动节点间的相遇频率以及缓存资源的差异性问题,在多副本路由协议中,提出一种结合固定中继节点重要性和消息相关性的缓存管理策略。该策略通过交互固定节点和移动节点的接触信息和消息队列信息,减少固定中继节点缓存中冗余消息的数量,从而合理地利用固定中继节点的缓存资源。仿真结果表明,所提的缓存管理策略能够在保证消息传输成功率的基础上提高固定中继节点缓存空间的利用率。     

内容中心网络中基于节点相似度的协作缓存算法

针对内容中心网络中ALWAYS缓存策略节点存储空间利用率低、内容访问时延大、整体网络缓存性能低下的问题,提出了一种依据节点相似度的协作缓存算法。该算法优先将兴趣包转发至最相似节点,增大相关请求的就近响应概率;同时保证在缓存决策中的同一副本在协作节点间不重复存储,在降低冗余的同时增加了缓存多样性。实验结果表明,与现有算法相比,该算法在减少路由跳数和请求时延的同时提高了缓存命中率。     

基于投递概率预测的DTN高效路由

在延迟容忍网络中,基于配额的多拷贝路由通过对消息拷贝数量的限制来控制开销,如何在控制开销的前提下尽可能提高消息投递成功率是其需要解决的关键问题.文中首先分析了提高消息投递成功率的配额分配策略,然后据此提出一种基于投递概率预测的配额路由算法.该路由算法根据节点的本地信息预测到其它节点的投递概率,在复制消息时,根据节点间投...     

机会网络中基于能量消耗的缓存管理策略

为了减少机会网络中节点的能量消耗,均衡各节点之间能量使用情况,延长网络寿命,提出基于能耗的缓存管理策略。在节点缓存空间有限的情况下,所提出的算法根据周围邻居节点能量的使用情况,动态调整节点用于缓存转发消息空间的大小,从而减少节点在存储-转发过程中的能量消耗。同时,为了避免传统休眠机制的能耗路由算法中由于目的节点休眠而导致消息投递失败的情况,引入了新的Inactive节点状态。实验仿真表明,与定时休眠机制的能耗算法比较,采用基于能量消耗的缓存管理策略能够使得机会网络中所有节点的整体能耗降低50%左右,并且节点之间能耗的标准差降低80%以上。     

一种基于历史相遇信息的容迟网络地理路由算法

为使消息在容迟网络中更有效地传输,将节点的地理位置、移动方向等地理信息与节点间的历史相遇频繁程度相结合,提出一种新的容迟网络地理路由算法。该算法将移动节点间的历史相遇信息作为分配消息副本的依据,从而减少复制策略路由算法中的副本数量。利用邻居节点移动方向所构成的夹角对中继节点的选择进一步优化,得到较高的投递率以及较低的端到端平均时延。仿真结果表明,当节点移动相对缓慢并且消息生存周期较短时,该算法的消息投递率优于Spray&Wait,Epidemic,Prophet等路由算法,在消息生存周期较短的情况下,当节点的缓存资源为限制路由算法性能的瓶颈因素时,与Epidemic算法相比,网络负载率降低40%,与Prophet算法相比负载降低了25%,有效减少了平均跳数和平均时延。     

Robust load-balanced backbone-based multicast routing in mobile opportunistic networks

Mobile opportunistic network (MON) is an efficient way of communication when there is no persistent connection between nodes. Multicast in MONs can be used to efficiently deliver messages to multiple destination nodes. However, because multiple destination nodes are involved, multicast routing is more complex than unicast and brings a higher communication cost. Backbone-based routing can effectively reduce the network overhead and the complexity of routing scheme. However, the load of backbone nodes is larger than that of regular nodes. If the backbone node’s buffer is exhausted, it will have a significant impact on the performance of the routing scheme. Load balancing can improve the ability of backbone to deal with the change of network load, and backbone maintenance algorithm can provide backbone robustness. In this paper, we propose a robust load-balanced backbone-based multicast routing scheme in MONs. In the backbone construction algorithm, we transform the problem of backbone construction into a multi-objective optimization problem, and propose a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm-based backbone construction algorithm, namely LBMBC-MOEA algorithm. In addition, in order to increase the robustness of the backbone-based routing scheme, we propose a localized multicast backbone maintenance algorithm (MBMA) to deal with the buffer exhaustion of backbone nodes. When a backbone node’s residual buffer is insufficient, MBMA algorithm selects other nodes to replace the backbone node. The results on extensive simulations show that when considering the node buffer size constraints, compared with previous backbone-based multicast routing schemes, our proposed algorithm has better performance, and when the node’s residual buffer is insufficient, MBMA algorithm can significantly improve the performance of the backbone-based multicast routing scheme.     

在分裂的机会网络中多个消息摆渡的路由设计

针对机会网络中节点分布不规则造成分割的网络区域相隔较远的情况, 提出了一种基于全局消息摆渡和节点中继的多摆渡路由算法（GMF-NRA）。该算法使用一个全局消息摆渡节点和各个区域内的中继节点为运行于区域内部的局部消息摆渡节点中继消息, 共同完成区域间的信息传输。摆渡节点在中继节点处交互区域间的信息, 以至于不再需要摆渡节点之间实现在线协作转发消息。最后, 仿真结果表明GMF-NRA较现有的节点中继算法在网络的平均传输时延和数据交付率方面能获得更好的网络性能。     

基于社会自私性的机会网络路由算法

在现有的基于节点自私性的机会网络路由算法中,大部分假设只有个别节点具有自私性。然而在现实世界中,大部分人都具有不同程度自私性。因此,本文提出一种针对社会自私性的机会网络路由算法。在该算法中,节点的自私性体现为追求最大的转发收益,转发收益的大小与消息的优先权和节点间的社会关系强度有关。社会关系越强,消息的优先权越高,节点的转发意愿就越强,相应地消息转发效益就越大。同时,节点优先发送转发收益最大的消息,且选择到与目的节点的社会关系更强,投递率更大且转发意愿较强的节点作为转发节点。最后,通过仿真实验证明该路由算法的可行性和高效性。     

A theory of deadlock-free adaptive multicast routing in wormholenetworks

A theory for the design of deadlock-free adaptive routing algorithms for wormhole networks, proposed by the author (1991, 1993), supplies sufficient conditions for an adaptive routing algorithm to be deadlock-free, even when there are cyclic dependencies between channels. Also, two design methodologies were proposed. Multicast communication refers to the delivery of the same message from one source node to an arbitrary number of destination nodes. A tree-like routing scheme is not suitable for hardware-supported multicast in wormhole networks because it produces many headers for each message, drastically increasing the probability of a message being blocked. A path-based multicast routing model was proposed by Lin and Ni (1991) for multicomputers with 2D-mesh and hypercube topologies. In this model, messages are not replicated at intermediate nodes. This paper develops the theoretical background for the design of deadlock-free adaptive multicast routing algorithms. This theory is valid for wormhole networks using the path-based routing model. It is also valid when messages with a single destination and multiple destinations are mixed together. The new channel dependencies produced by messages with several destinations are studied. Also, two theorems are proposed, developing conditions to verify that an adaptive multicast routing algorithm is deadlock-free, even when there are cyclic dependencies between channels. As an example, the multicast routing algorithms of Lin and Ni are extended, so that they can take advantage of the alternative paths offered by the network     

Dynamic Prediction based Multi Queue (DPMQ) drop policy for probabilistic routing protocols of delay tolerant network

Two most important issues should be considered to achieve data delivery in DTN networking: routing protocols for the network and intelligent buffer management policy for everyone node in the network. The routing scheme decides which messages should be forwarded when nodes meet, and the buffer management policy determines which message is purged when the buffer overflows in a node. This study proposes a buffer management policy named as Dynamic Prediction based Multi Queue (DPMQ) for probabilistic routing protocols. It works by classification of local buffer into three queues of messages, which are DCTL, HPTL and LPTL. The simulation results have proven that the DPMQ performs well as compared to DLA, DOA, MOFO, LIFO, LEPR and LIFO in terms of reducing the message relay, message drop, hop counts average and overhead while rising in the delivery probability.     

Multi-constraint multi-objective QoS aware routing heuristics for query driven sensor networks using fuzzy soft sets

In this paper, a fuzzy based distributed power aware routing scheme considering both energy and bandwidth constraints, especially for query driven applications in the asynchronous duty-cycled wireless sensor networks are devised. The proposed multi-constraint, multi-objective routing optimization approach under strict resource constraints guarantees reliability and fast data delivery along with efficient power management in spite of unreliable wireless links and limited power supply. In query driven applications, the request from the sink to the individual sensor node will be a broadcast message, whereas the individual sensor nodes replies back to sink as unicast messages. In the proposed work, the fuzzy approach and “A Star” algorithm are utilized for satisfying energy and bandwidth constraints to route the broadcast messages of the sink while querying all the sensor nodes in the network. Every node will be provided with a guidance list, which is used to decide the next best neighbor node with good route quality for forwarding the received multi-hop broadcast messages. The route quality of the every node is estimated with fuzzy rules based on the network parameters such as maximum remaining energy, minimum traffic load and better link quality to increase the network lifetime. The provision of overhearing the broadcast messages and acknowledgements within the transmission range minimizes the effort to search for the active time of nodes while routing the broadcast messages with asynchronous scheduling. Further, in the proposed work only the time slot of its nearest neighbor relay node (to which packets are to be forwarded) is learnt to reduce the number of message transmissions in the network. For the unicast message replies, the fuzzy membership function is modified and devised based on the routing metrics such as higher residual energy, minimum traffic loads and minimum hop count under energy and bandwidth constraints. Also, the multi-hop heuristic routing algorithm called Nearest Neighbor Tree is effectively used to reduce the number of neighbors in the guidance list that are elected for forwarding. This helps to increase the individual sensor node’s lifetime, thereby maximizes the network lifetime and guarantees increased network throughput. The simulation results show that the proposed technique reduces repeated transmissions, decreases the number of transmissions, shortens the active time of the sensor nodes and increases the network lifetime for query driven sensor network applications invariant to total the number of sensor nodes and sinks in the network. The proposed algorithm is tested in a small test bed of sensor network with ten nodes that monitors the room temperature.     

机会网络自私节点的Bertrand博弈与激励机制研究

在真实的网络环境中,很多节点可能是自私的,它们不愿意牺牲自己的资源为其他节点转发消息。针对这种情况,提出一种基于博弈论的激励机制,可以激励节点与其他节点相互合作。该机制为二阶段激励,激励节点接收消息以协助其他节点转发,同时激励节点转发更多的消息。把源节点与中继节点之间的竞争与合作模型化为Bertrand（伯特兰德）博弈,定义了源节点和中继节点的效用函数。求解了源节点的最佳定价策略和中继节点最佳的转发计划,验证了源节点与中继节点之间存在唯一的纳什均衡。模拟仿真结果表明提出的激励机制能够鼓励自私节点参与合作,能提高路由算法的传递率,同时降低了消息传递延迟。与基于声誉的激励机制相比,所提激励机制能使消息传递成功率提高31.4%、平均时延降低9.7%。     

基于信任机制的机会网络安全路由决策方法

提出一种基于信任机制的机会网络安全路由决策方法TOR,该方法在节点中引入信任向量的数据结构,记录节点携带消息能力的信任度.采用层状硬币模型和数字签名机制,在消息传递过程中将节点签名的转发证据动态捆绑到消息包上,依靠消息携带方式实现证据链的采集.周期性地将具有签名和时间戳的信任向量表通过洪泛方式反馈到网络中,在每个节点,迭代形成一个由多维行向量集组成的只读可信路由表TRT,作为选择下一跳节点和副本分割策略的决策依据.在节点相遇时,选择信任度比自身大的作为下一跳转发节点,消息沿着信任梯度递增的方向传递.实验结果表明：与现有路由算法相比,TOR算法能够有效抑制恶意节点和自私节点的破坏行为,且具有较高的消息传递成功率和较低的消息转发平均时延,对缓存空间和计算能力要求较低.