管程扰流传热与阻力实验中的特征长度

以管程扰流雷诺数、努塞尔数和达尔西阻力因数中的特征长度为切入点,结合各特征数的物理意义提出管程扰流特征长度选取准则.指出管程扰流有动态扰流和静态扰流之分,应选取不同的特征长度.进而结合管程转子组合式强化传热与自清洁装置"洁能芯"的传热和阻力实验,将不同特征长度条件下的实验数据处理结果进行比较讨论,验证管程扰流特征长度选取准则,同时也阐述转子组合式强化传热装置"洁能芯"的强化传热与阻力特性.实验表明,当21 000≤Re≤56 000,与光滑圆管相比,"洁能芯"使得管程努塞尔数提高15%-20%,总传热系数提高约20%,达尔西阻力因数约为光管的3倍-5倍.实验中特征速度和定性温度分别为管程平均流速和平均温度.所提出的管程扰流特征长度选取准则对于内插件管程扰流强化传热技术具有普遍的参考价值.     

基于格子Boltzmann方法的换热器优化模拟

为优化换热器的结构设计,用格子Boltzmann方法(Lattice Boltzmann Method,LBM)结合多孔介质模型模拟换热器内的换热,研究雷诺数、普朗特数和热扩散率比的变化对温度场和换热性能的影响.模拟结果表明:在小雷诺数范围内,随着雷诺数的增加,努塞尔数先增加后减小,即存在一个使换热性能达到最好的雷诺数;随着普朗特数的增加,努塞尔数减小,换热性能降低;随着热扩散率比的增加,换热性能提高.分析不同管柱排列方式对换热性能的影响,结果表明:叉排的换热效果明显优于顺排,当横向节距等于2时,对于均匀顺排或叉排,努塞尔数均随纵向节距的增加而减小,这与实验结果相符;对于非均匀叉排,采用"前密"或"中间密"的排布方式有利于换热.     

粉煤灰传热的影响研究

近年来国内外竞相开展利用粉煤灰等制备保温材料的研发工作,以粉煤灰传热为研究对象,对粉煤灰内的流场、温度场、高温壁面平均努谢尔数Nu进行研究;采用整场求解法方法进行数值求解,对网格的独立性和计算过程进行了验证;得到了粉煤灰传热一些基本数据,分析了粉煤灰温度场和流场随瑞利数Ra的变化规律。研究结果表明:随着Ra增加,开始流线均匀分布为一个顺时针大窝,逐渐变化为流线集中分布在流场外侧,而在中央基本上保持静止状态;当Ra很小时,无量纲等值线近似于平行高低温壁面的垂直线,随着Ra数逐渐增大,对应的温度等值线近似呈高温至低温的线性变化趋势;Ra小于10~5时,高温壁面Nu基本为2.37～3.31的定值;高温壁面底部努谢尔数Nu数大,最大值为30.8,上部Nu数小,最小值为1.19。     

恒回流比多组分间歇精馏计算

采用"瞬间稳态"法计算恒回流比多组分间歇精馏过程.提出操作初始态馏出液组成的设定依据,减少回流比和理论板数设计的盲目性.程序完善多组分间歇精馏回流比和理论板数的计算方法,简化馏出液瞬间组成、平均组成及釜残液瞬间组成的计算过程.     

导流式防风抑尘网的数值模拟

应用CFD模拟软件Fluent对开孔率为40%的新型防风网前后流场进行了模拟,考察了无导流板和单一角度、交错角度及渐进角度3种形式的导流板对防风网后物料堆表面速度、压力和湍动能变化的影响。模拟结果表明:导流板可使渗流风上扬,减弱了对料堆迎风面的冲击力,改善了抑尘效果;与其他导流板形式相比较,渐进角度式消除了网堆之间速度回流区的影响,具有更好的导流、整流作用,保证了网后流场的稳定性,抑尘效果明显提高。     

基于Aspen plus萃取精馏的概念设计及优化

本文利用Aspen Plus软件,以醋酸.水体系为例,概念设计和优化萃取精馏过程.热力学模型选择NRTL活度系数方程和Hayden-O'Connell逸度系数方程,采用Aspen Plus的DSTWU模块,确定萃取精馏塔和溶剂回收塔的初始参数.在初始参数下,利用Aspen Plus的RadFRac模块对2塔精算,并利用Sensitivity模块,分别优化2塔的原料和萃取剂进料位置、回流比、萃取剂对原料的进料比等参数.设计和优化结果为:萃取精馏塔塔板数为30,原料进料板为第8块,萃取剂的进料板为第3块,回流比为3,萃取剂与原料进料比(质量)为1.6;溶剂回收塔塔板数为20,进料板为第7块,回流比为2.此参数下,利用RadFRac模块进行全流程模拟,结果显示,产品冰醋酸的质量分数达0.9975,2塔再沸器总热负荷为6545 kW,生产1t冰醋酸耗费蒸汽(1 MPa)量为4.25 t,与文献报道的普通精馏过程相比,可节约能耗52.23%.概念设计和优化的结果对工业化设计和生产具备指导意义.     

基于STAR-CCM+的高速动车组驱动齿轮箱内部流场分析

为研究齿轮箱初始注油量、齿轮旋转方向等因素对齿轮箱内部润滑油瞬态分布、压力瞬态分布和各轴承进/回油孔润滑油质量流量的影响,基于齿轮箱内部不可压缩的气液两相流,采用STAR-CCM+软件的重叠网格技术对高速动车组驱动齿轮箱内部流场进行仿真.结果 表明:当大齿轮正转时,受螺旋方向的影响,车轮侧各轴承进油量大于电机侧轴承进油量;当大齿轮反转时,各轴承进油量受螺旋方向的影响较小;随着初始注油量增加,各轴承进油孔的质量流量也增加;齿轮箱内部流场达到稳态时,内部压力总体上较为平均,仅啮合区存在局部高压区与负压区.研究结果对齿轮箱润滑流道结构设计具有指导意义.     

考虑液滴尺寸分布气液两相爆轰流场数值仿真

研究脉冲爆轰发动机喷射装置模型问题,针对两相爆轰流场中燃料液滴半径实际上分布的不均匀性,为了建立更符合实际的模型,提出了多尺寸分布的两相爆轰方程.应用二维守恒元和求解元方法(CE/SE方法)对其进行数值仿真,得到了液滴初始半径分布对管内流场的影响.液滴初始半径分组时爆轰波速度介于不分组时最小液滴半径和最大液滴半径的计算值之间;分析了液滴初始半径不同分组时,液滴平均半径越小,爆轰波最大压力和爆轰波出口速度越大.仿真结果证明用CE/SE方法可有效捕获两相爆轰波间断能力.研究成果为脉冲爆轰发动机喷射雾化装置设计提供设计依据.     

TC4叶片MPAW焊接修复强化散热过程模拟仿真

TC4钛合金叶片高温下极易与空气中杂质发生反应。针对TC4焊接堆焊修复过程,采用双椭圆移动热源;通过COMSOL软件建立夹具及焊件的动态传热分析模型,并实验验证热源的正确性。通过仿真结果分析模型的传热规律,提出氩气间接强化散热方法;建立氩气流场及夹具温度场的耦合模型,选取焊件上表面的三个截点对比分析高温冷却时间。仿真结果表明,当氩气流速为12 cm/s,温度为20℃时,三个截点的冷却时间平均缩短0.123 s,占总冷却时长4.6%,提高了散热效果。     

基于聚四氟乙烯表面滴状冷凝的传热分析

表面材料对滴状冷凝传热影响很大,本文建立聚四氟乙烯复合材料表面传热的数学物理模型,分析滴状冷凝的传热机理,计算表面液滴和液膜的冷凝传热,获得冷凝面的总传热系数.应用ANSYS软件模拟液滴,液膜传热,液膜区换热对整体滴状冷凝影响很大.     

Characteristics of annular impinging jets with/without swirling flow by short guide vanes

Annular jets impinging on a uniformly heated flat plate with or without swirling flow by short guide vanes are experimentally characterized. With the Reynolds number fixed at a relatively low value, the variation of jet flow structures with impinging distance is characterized using the technique of particle image velocimetry (PIV). Correspondingly, the distributions of wall pressure and heat transfer on the plate are measured. At sufficiently large impinging distances, without swirling flow, the obtained fl...     

Numerical prediction of the flow field due to a confined laminar two-dimensional submerged jet

A confined laminar two-dimensional submerged jet impinging on a flat surface has been studied numerically. The transport equations were solved using hybrid differencing schemes (upsteam-weighted and upstream differencing schemes). The jet nozzle exit velocity profile was assumed to be fully developed. Effects of the length of the confinement plate, the jet Reynolds number and the jet-to-plate spacing on the flow characteristics were investigated. For long lengths of the confinement plate, the flow field is dominated by a recirculating vortex near the confinement plate together with a smaller vortex on the impingement plate. For short lengths of confinement plates, the recirculating vortices disappear and an inflow to the jet along the confinement plate becomes well established.     

Direct computation of perturbed impinging hot jets

The unsteady flow and temperature fields of an impinging hot jet at a Reynolds number of 1000 and a nozzle-to-plate distance of 6 jet diameters have been obtained by direct numerical solution of the compressible time-dependent three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations using highly accurate numerical methods. Effects of an external perturbation on the flow and heat transfer characteristics of the transitional impinging jet have been examined. Oscillatory behaviour induced by the external perturbation has been observed for the impinging jet. The external perturbation leads to the large-scale vortical structures in the primary jet stream, which subsequently lead to the strong oscillatory behaviour of the impinging jet. The vortical structures lead to flow transitional behaviour that enhances mixing of the hot jet with the ambient fluid. It has been observed that the wall boundary layer of the impinging jet is thin. Both the instantaneous and time-averaged wall shear and normal stresses and Nusselt number are examined. Although the external perturbation strongly affects the flow structures in the primary jet stream, it does not have significant effects on the wall stresses and heat transfer characteristics of the impinging jet due to the re-laminarization effect of the wall.     

Heat and mass transfer computations for laminar flow in an axisymmetric sudden expansion

Detailed heat or mass transfer rate predictions are made using a finite difference computer model for laminar flow in an axisymmetric sudden expansion. The structure of the recirculation zone and the distribution of mass transfer rate downstream of the expansion are calculated as functions of Reynolds number, inlet velocity profile, geometry and Schmidt number. It is shown that a Couette flow analysis of the appropriate scaled equations gives the essential details of the mass transfer behaviour.     

An investigation of turbulent open channel flow with heat transfer by large eddy simulation

Large eddy simulation of fully developed turbulent open channel flow with heat transfer is performed. The three-dimensional filtered Navier-Stokes and energy equations are numerically solved using a fractional-step method. Dynamic subgrid-scale (SGS) models for the turbulent SGS stress and heat flux are employed to close the governing equations. Two typical temperature boundary conditions, i.e., constant temperature and constant heat flux being maintained at the free surface, respectively, are used. The objective of this study is to explore the behavior of heat transfer in the turbulent open channel flow for different temperature boundary conditions and to examine the reliability of the LES technique for predicting turbulent heat transfer at the free surface, in particular, for high Prandtl number. Calculated parameters are chosen as the Prandtl number (Pr) from 1 up to 100, the Reynolds number (Re_τ) 180 based on the wall friction velocity and the channel depth. Some typical quantities, including the mean velocity, temperature and their fluctuations, heat transfer coefficients, turbulent heat fluxes, and flow structures based on the velocity, vorticity and temperature fluctuations, are analyzed.     

乙烯裂解炉燃烧传热的CFD模拟

为了掌握乙烯炉炉膛内的热场分布规律,本文采用CFD方法对SL-Ⅱ型工业乙烯裂解炉辐射段内所发生的燃烧、辐射传热、烟气流动等过程进行了耦合模拟,并且详细地分析了炉膛内流场及温度场的分布情况。其中,裂解炉的几何模型按照工程图纸1:1的比例建立;网格划分在专业网格生成软件ICEM11.0中完成;计算采用标准k-ε双方程模型模拟湍流,漩涡耗散/有限速率燃烧反应模型(EDM/FRC)模拟侧壁烧嘴的预混燃烧和底部烧嘴的非预混燃烧,离散传递模型(DTM)模拟炉膛辐射传热,计算过程在CFX5.0中完成。计算得到了裂解炉炉膛内流场、温度场分布的详细信息,模拟结果与工业实测数据吻合较好。模拟结果表明,在底部烧嘴的射流核心区周围形成了大范围的回流,过渡段拐角处有小范围的回流现象;炉膛长度、宽度、高度方向都存在明显的温度梯度,说明传统的炉膛传热计算方法假定温度分布均匀是不准确的;炉膛的高温区主要集中在炉高4.5 m处;炉膛上部的热量,由于侧壁烧嘴的加入而得到了很好地补充,说明侧壁烧嘴的安装位置合理。研究结果表明CFD模拟是目前为止研究裂解炉内热场分布规律最为有效的手段之一,对于未来乙烯裂解炉的设计与优化作用很大。     

Effective mixing in a microfluidic oscillator using an impinging jet on a concave surface

In this study, we present a microfluidic oscillator design that employs an impinging jet on a concave surface to enhance the microscale mixing process. The Coand? effect along with the G?rtler instability proves to incite sustainable flapping motion beyond the obstacle and mixing is profoundly improved. From the flow visualization results, four different regimes are identified and we find that the primary enhancement of mixing performance is always linked to the transition of flow regime. Moreover, incorporating a sudden-expansion confluence provokes flow three dimensionality and elevates the mixing level significantly at low Reynolds numbers. For a Reynolds number as low as 70, the tail flow behind the concave obstacle successfully exhibits a periodic oscillation and Hopf bifurcation is induced, leading to a drastic augmentation in the time-average mixing efficiency. By utilizing the spectrum analysis, the characteristic frequency of flapping motion is found to vary linearly with the throat velocity, resulting in a constant Strouhal number of 3.8?×?10^?5.     

Analytical solution of mixed electromagnetic/pressure driven gaseous flows in microchannels

The influences of wall-slip/jump conditions on the fluid flow and heat transfer for hydrodynamically and thermally fully developed electrically conducting gaseous flow subject to an electromagnetic field inside a parallel plate microchannel with constant heat flux at walls are studied under the assumptions of a low-magnetic Reynolds number. The governing equations are non-dimensionalized and then analytical solutions are derived for the friction and the heat transfer coefficients. The fluid flow and the heat transfer characteristics obtained in the analytical solutions are discussed in detail for different parameters such as the Knudsen, Hartmann, and Brinkman numbers. The velocity profiles verify that even with a constant Knudsen number, applying a stronger electromagnetic field gives rise to an increase in the slip velocity. The results also reveal that on increasing the Hartmann number, the heat transfer rate as well as the friction factor is enhanced, whereas it tends to suppress the movement of the fluid. Further, it is found that the Nusselt and the Poiseuille numbers are less sensitive to the electromagnetic field effects with increase in rarefaction.     

Unsteady flow and heat transfer of a generalized Maxwell fluid due to a hyperbolic sine accelerating plate

This paper deals with the unsteady flow and heat transfer of a generalized Maxwell fluid over a moving flat plate with variable temperature and hyperbolic sine velocity. Exact solutions are established for the velocity and temperature fields in terms of discrete Fourier sine transform coupled with Laplace transform for the fractional calculus. Graphs are sketched for values of parameters and associated dynamic characteristics are analyzed.     

Steady Homann flow and heat transfer of an electrically conducting second grade fluid

The steady axisymmetric flow and heat transfer of an incompressible, electrically conducting non-Newtonian second grade fluid impinging on a flat plate is investigated. An external uniform, transverse magnetic field is applied at the surface of the plate. Similarity transformation is used to reduce the resulting highly nonlinear partial differential equations into ordinary differential equations. An effective numerical scheme has been adopted to solve the nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The effects of non-Newtonian flow parameters and the magnetic field on the momentum and thermal boundary layers are discussed in detail and shown graphically. It is interesting to find that the non-Newtonian parameter and the magnetic parameter have opposite effects on the momentum and thermal boundary layers. The skin friction coefficient decreases exponentially with an increase in the non-Newtonian viscoelastic parameter and increases linearly with an increase in the magnetic parameter.