陆面数据同化系统的研究综述

大气、海洋数据同化系统的完善和发展,促进了陆面数据同化系统的研究。本世纪初,随着北美(全球)陆面数据同化系统的建立,利用卫星、雷达数据同化地表土壤水分、地表温度、能量通量等工作正逐步展开。与此同时,陆面数据同化的研究也已经成为当前陆面过程和水文过程研究的热点。以北美(全球)陆面数据同化系统、欧洲陆面数据同化系统、中国西部陆面数据同化系统为例,对当前陆面数据同化系统的基本框架作了详细介绍;并指出了当前陆面数据同化系统发展中有待解决的若干问题。     

陆面数据同化系统及其在全球变化研究中的应用

陆面数据同化的研究起源于20世纪末,发展比较迅速。本文从当前发展比较成熟的陆面数据同化系统、同化方法以及陆面数据同化在全球变化研究中的应用三方面做了综述。比较成熟的陆面数据同化系统主要是美国(全球)和欧洲的陆面数据同化系统,加拿大、韩国和我国的数据同化系统最近才有所发展;数据同化方法主要以基于统计估计理论和以基于变分的两大类方法为主流,近年来人工神经网络和粒子滤波技术有所发展;在生态水文学、碳循环和作物估产的应用研究中,陆面数据同化方法已经发挥了重要作用。     

高性能计算环境下陆面建模系统的关键技术

为了从多角度精确评估陆面特征,改善陆面过程模型的模拟性能,并为研究者提供一套完整的从数据处理到模拟分析的陆面建模系统.采用多种脚本语言和模型数据融合方法来构建陆面建模系统.此建模系统集成观测数据、陆面过程模型、高性能计算、数据处理和分析方法,以及可视化等技术手段.在此系统内针对两种不同的陆面过程模型进行了应用示范,证明了不同脚本语言的建模系统在目前高性能计算环境中的应用潜力,以及不同可视化方案在陆面建模系统的作用.     

土壤湿度同化数据综合分析处理系统的研制与开发

陆面数据同化系统的输入和输出数据以其格式多样性、海量性为主要特征。以GIS二次开发组件ArcGIS Engine,ArcSDE空间数据库引擎和SQL Server 2005数据库管理工具,利用C#、IDL编程语言,构建土壤湿度同化数据空间数据库,并将气象数据具有时间域、空间域和属性域等多维属性与GIS数据模型相结合,研制开发综合分析处理系统,实现土壤湿度同化输入参数与输出数据的空间分析与管理。系统能够满足陆面同化系统对数据的处理与分析需求,为土壤湿度同化产品的业务应用提供强大的支撑。     

一种基于ASTER数据的陆面温度反演方法

陆面温度是地表物体热红外辐射的综合定量形式,是地表热量平衡的结果。陆面温度作为一个重要的基本参数已广泛用于相关模型的计算及生态环境等领域的研究。ASTER数据具有较高的空间分辨率与光谱分辨率,可提供比陆地卫星、NOAA/AVHRR等常见卫星数据更丰富的地表信息,有助于提高陆面温度的反演精度。根据温度/比辐射率分离(TES)的思想,基于ASTER热红外数据的特性,获取了一种反演陆面温度的方法,并以长白山为例进行了试验。结果表明,所用的方法仅依赖ASTER遥感数据便可快速获取地面温度的空间分布特征,对自然地表可取得比较理想的结果,具有较好的应用前景。     

基于微波遥感和陆面模型的流域土壤水分研究

土壤水分是陆地水文的重要因子。微波遥感是测量土壤水分的一种重要方法。本文总结了基于微波遥感和陆面模型的土壤水分监测方法,包括被动微波法、主动微波法、主被动微波结合法、陆面模型模拟法和数据同化法五种。被动微波对表面土壤水分敏感,但其空间分辨率低;主动微波具有较好的分辨率但运作费用也较高;主被动微波结合则能够充分利用各自的优势。陆面模型在研究中也有重要作用,通过模型模拟能够得到根区土壤水分。而将观测值同化到模型的数据同化法,则能极大的提高土壤水分估计的能力。通过比较,指出数据同化是最有前景的研究领域。     

关于地表反照率遥感反演的几个问题

分析了地表反照率对陆面辐射能收支以及区域和全球气候的影响,强调了地表反照率是遥感反演陆面参数时的第一重要参数,地表反照率或多波段遥感中不同谱段的地表反射率的准确反演常常是准确估算其它陆面参数如植被和土地利用/土地覆盖等状况的先决条件。在对当前关于反照率的概念及容易混淆的术语进行阐述和说明的基础上,简述了遥感反演地表反照率的步骤和主要难点的解决方法,进而对常用陆面过程模式计算地表反照率的过程作了分析,并将其结果与MODIS有关产品进行了比较,强调了遥感与陆面过程模式和气候模式的结合。     

MODIS数据陆面温度反演研究

陆面温度(LST,landsurfacetemperature)是研究地表和大气之间物质交换和能量交换的重要参数。基于推广的分裂窗算法,运用MODIS数据,在青海湖地区(200km*200km)进行了陆面温度反演研究。在实验区,推广的分裂窗算法传感器高度角大于40°,将原分裂窗的区间进行了细化,与分裂窗方法相比,传感器高度角在40°～50°,大气柱水汽含量小于1.5cm时,反演精度较高,小于1K;与分裂窗方法类似,该方法对比辐射率和传感器仪器质量的误差不甚敏感。     

通过AVHRR数据研究中国陆面温度分异规律

近年来国内外利用遥感方法在陆面温度精确反演中开展了大量的研究工作,采用了一个在大区域上适用的由NOAA？AVHRR数据反演陆面温度的方法,反演中国晴空条件下各月和全年平均陆面温度,分析了中国陆面温度的分异规律,并与气温的分异规律作了对比,同时对中国土地利用／土地覆盖变化研究（LUCC）样带上的陆面温度变化进行了分析,这项工作从晴空条件重新认识了地面温度场的空间分异,对于研究中国陆地土壤蒸发,植物光合作用,土地覆盖的分布具有重要的指示意义。     

联合同化MODIS地表温度与机载L波段微波亮度温度估计土壤水分

构建了基于通用陆面模型(CoLM,Common Land Model)、微波辐射传输模型L-MEB(Lband Microwave Emission of the Biosphere)和集合平滑算法(EnKS,Ensemble Kalman Smoother)的土壤水分数据同化框架,用于联合同化MODIS地表温度和机载L波段被动微波亮温数据。以2012年HiWATER试验期间中游大满超级站为实验站点,分析了3种LAI数据产品对土壤温度模拟结果的影响,进而分析了联合同化地表温度和微波亮度温度对土壤水分估计结果的影响。研究结果表明:3种LAI数据对土壤温度模拟结果的影响显著,MODIS LAI产品在该研究区显著低估,导致土壤温度模拟结果高估4~6K;同化亮度温度、同化地表温度以及联合同化两者均可以改进土壤水分的估计精度,联合同化地表温度和亮度温度对于土壤水分的改进最为显著,土壤水分同化结果的RMSE减少31%~53%。     

航空遥感数据同化算法集成计算与可视化

遥感数据同化技术在动力模型框架内,使用数据同化算法对动力模型输出的定量(物理、化学量)数据与观测数据进行一致性处理与结果误差分析。将多源遥感数据同化到动力模型预测与参数估计中,可帮助改善地表、大气和海洋变化的分析和预测精度。以国家发改委"十二五"建设的国家航空遥感系统项目为依托,针对航空遥感系统10种传感器设计开发数据同化系统。因无法找到适用于该系统的3DVAR和EnKF算法程序,必须自主开发核心算法程序。介绍了研究开发的航空遥感数据同化算法集成计算与可视化系统及其核心算法的关键技术流程。实验结果证实,该系统可以有效地对航空遥感数据进行同化。     

Organizational buyers’ assimilation of B2B platforms: Effects of IT-enabled service functionality

This paper investigates service functionality in the domain of B2B platform assimilation from the buyer’s perspective. Using a customer service life cycle framework, we identified five dimensions of service functionality, namely, information search, negotiation, acquisition, ownership, and retirement. We theorize that the importance of these dimensions is contingent upon current level of B2B platform assimilation. Furthermore, building on an enabler-inhibitor perspective, we theorize that the benefits and top management support are the enablers, whereas assimilation costs, managerial complexity, and demand uncertainty are the inhibitors of a firm’s future decision to assimilate a B2B platform. Using a two-staged field survey, we tested our theory on a sample of 191 professionals. The results indicate that the importance of service functionality dimensions varies depending on the current level of service assimilation, namely, the importance of information search functionalities decreases while the importance of ownership and retirement functionalities increases as the firms move from the awareness stage to the general deployment stage. Furthermore, our results indicate that benefits and top management support enable future platform assimilation irrespective of the assimilation stage a firm is in currently. Assimilation costs were found to have negative impact on future platform assimilation among the companies who had a low level of current assimilation. However, the effect became non-significant for the companies with a higher level of current assimilation. Our paper contributes to the theory development by (i) showing that the importance of different IT mediated services is contingent upon current level of assimilation; and (ii) showing which factors retain their importance throughout the assimilation stages. We describe management implications for B2B platform owners and buyer organizations.     

How does organisational absorptive capacity matter in the assimilation of enterprise information systems?

Extant literature offers two mostly distinct perspectives on enterprise systems assimilation – driven either by internal expertise and learning capability or by external institutional pressures. This study combines the two perspectives and subscribes to the view that organisations’ learning capability moderates their acquiescence to institutional pressures. The study then anchors organisational learning capability to the concept of absorptive capacity and proposes that its two dimensions – potential absorptive capacity (PACAP) and realised absorptive capacity (RACAP) – affect enterprise systems assimilation through different pathways. Our survey‐based empirical study of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems in the post‐implementation stage reveals that while both PACAP and RACAP have a positive direct impact on assimilation, PACAP positively moderates the impact of mimetic (institutional) pressures, but not normative (institutional) pressures, on assimilation; whereas RACAP positively moderates the impact of normative pressures, but not mimetic pressures, on assimilation. Thus, our theoretical contribution lies in understanding the distinct ways in which PACAP and RACAP moderate the influence of external institutional pressures on enterprise systems assimilation.     

A simple method for integrating a complex model into an ensemble data assimilation system using MPI

This paper details a strategy for modifying the source code of a complex model so that the model may be used in a data assimilation context, and gives the standards for implementing a data assimilation code to use such a model. The strategy relies on keeping the model separate from any data assimilation code, and coupling the two through the use of Message Passing Interface (MPI) functionality. This strategy limits the changes necessary to the model and as such is rapid to program, at the expense of ultimate performance. The implementation technique is applied in different models with state dimension up to .2.7 × 10⁸ The overheads added by using this implementation strategy in a coupled ocean-atmosphere climate model are shown to be an order of magnitude smaller than the addition of correlated stochastic random errors necessary for some nonlinear data assimilation techniques.     

Expected impact of the future SMOS and Aquarius Ocean surface salinity missions in the Mercator Ocean operational systems: New perspectives to monitor ocean circulation

Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) has never been observed from space. The SSS from planned satellite missions such as Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) and Aquarius is a key to better understanding how ocean circulation is related to water cycle and how both these systems are changing through time.The Observing System Simulation Experiments (OSSEs) presented in this paper has been carried out with an ocean forecasting system developed within the French oceanographic Mercator Ocean context. They consist in hindcast experiments assimilating an operational dataset (Sea Surface Temperature (SST), in-situ profiles of temperature and salinity and Sea Level Anomalies (SLA)) and various simulated SMOS and Aquarius Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) data. These experiments use an eddy permitting model (1/3°) covering the North Atlantic from 20°S to 70°N. The new generation of fully multivariate assimilation system referred to as SAM2v1 which is being developed from the SEEK (Singular Evolutive Extended Kalman) algorithm is used. This scheme is a Reduced Order Kalman Filter using a 3D multivariate modal decomposition of the forecast error covariance.The OSSEs enabled us to show the positive impact of SSS assimilation on the Mercator Ocean operational forecasting system. These experiments particularly show the importance to specify appropriated observation errors and the impact of having and/or combining different observing system. Several conclusions can be highlighted such as the importance of the space/time scales consistency between the data products and our ocean prediction systems. This study has to be considered as an important step for assimilation of SSS measured from space. Further studies have to be conducted with other simulated data, other oceanic configurations and other improved assimilation schemes.     

Data assimilation: From photon counts to Earth System forecasts

Data assimilation - the set of techniques whereby information from observing systems and models is combined optimally - is rapidly becoming prominent in endeavours to exploit Earth Observation for Earth sciences, including climate prediction. This paper explains the broad principles of data assimilation, outlining different approaches (optimal interpolation, three-dimensional and four-dimensional variational methods, the Kalman Filter), together with the approximations that are often necessary to make them practicable. After pointing out a variety of benefits of data assimilation, the paper then outlines some practical applications of the exploitation of Earth Observation by data assimilation in the areas of operational oceanography, chemical weather forecasting and carbon cycle modelling. Finally, some challenges for the future are noted.