归纳逻辑程序设计综述

归纳逻辑程序设计是由机器学习与逻辑程序设计交叉所形成的一个研究领域,是机器学习的前沿研究课题。该文首先从归纳逻辑程序设计的问题背景、类型划分和搜索程序子句三个方面介绍了归纳逻辑程序设计系统的概貌;然后结合实验室的相关研究工作,回顾了归纳逻辑程序设计研究的发展;之后介绍了归纳逻辑程序设计领域中需要深入研究的若干问题,并提出了新的解决思路;最后是总结,以引起读者对归纳逻辑程序设计领域研究的进一步关注。     

线性逻辑和逻辑式程序设计

所谓的逻辑式程序设计它涉及两个逻辑层次：外部逻辑和内部逻辑，前者描述对象之间的逻辑关系，而后者涉及目标求解遵循的逻辑法则。如PROLOG，它的外部逻辑是古典逻辑，而其计算遵循的，我们将证明可以使用线性逻辑中的记法加以刻画。本文从从证明论角度出发，研究PROLOG目标求解成功或失败的公理性，并说明对任一给定的程序P，可定义一个线性理论LT（P），关于该理论，PROLOG目标求解是正确且完备的。     

逻辑程序设计的研究

本文包括:逻辑程序设计的发展历史,逻辑程序设计与Horn子句、Prolog语言,逻辑程序设计的特点,逻辑程序的并行性以及逻辑程序设计存在的问题。     

基于对象的逻辑设计实现复杂性

ＬＣＰＰ是作者研制的逻辑与对象结合的多范式语言,由于采用以对象为基础、扩充对象的逻辑特征而实现结合,逻辑程序设计就继承了面向对象的继承性、多态性和动态约束的特性,加这对象集合中搜索的进行,大大提高了逻辑搜索实现的复杂性。本文提出并讨论了这一复杂性的表现与解决的方法。     

归纳逻辑程序设计方法综述

归纳逻辑程序设计是机器学习与逻辑程序设计交叉所形成的一个研究领域,克服了传统机器学习方法的两个主要限制：即知识表示的限制和背景知识利用的限制,成为机器学习的前沿研究课题。首先从归纳逻辑程序设计的产生背景、定义、应用领域及问题背景介绍了归纳逻辑程序设计系统的概貌,对归纳逻辑程序设计方法的研究现状进行了总结和分析,最后探讨了该领域的进一步的研究方向。     

知识推理描述语言MLND的归约实现模型RMND

本文主要描述采用归约式计算机体系结构来支持知识推理描述语言MLND中函数式和逻辑式风格结合的程序设计,内容包括MLND的概要,基语言设计,系统运行和功效分析等。     

面向对象程序设计窗口存取堆栈机制

本文介绍使用对象数组,映象文件构造窗口堆栈。实现正文,图形窗口的栈式存取。这是一个面向对象程序设计实例,充分展示了面向对象程序设计的优越性。     

STOOP：面向对象与状态转移一体化的程序设计体裁

本文提出,在 C/C~(++)这样的面向对象编程语言中的一种“面向对象与状态转移一体化的程序设计体裁(STOOP)”,或者,一种“嵌入于 C/C~(++)中的面向对象与状态转移一体化的编程语言”.它蕴含了诸如过程式、产生式(基于法则的)、逻辑式等体裁。本文讨论 STOOP 的语言特性,在 C/C~(++)中STOOP 的体系结构,STOOP 与过程式、产生式、逻辑式诸体裁的关系。     

面向对象的可编程控制器程序设计方法

通过总结目前普遍使用的组合逻辑函数法、功能转移图法，Petri网分析法等可编程控制器程序设计方法，提出了一种面向对象的可编程控制器程序设计方法，依照面向对象技术的思想，详细阐述了在可编程控制器程序设计中如何构造底层的基本控制对象类及其高层的对象模型封装类，给出了外部信号的定义并且例举了对象模型同外部信号的交互情况，最后再深入分析面向对象方法的优良性能。     

面向转换式程序设计的元语言TrapML

本文介绍了面向转换式程序设计的元语言TrapML。元语言TrapML是根据对面向转换式程序设计的元语言的设计原则、结构与功能等方面进行分析后提出的。该语言具有对象语言语法描述、转换规则描述和转换策略描述设施,可以比较方便地描述转换系统的行为,书写较精确或模糊的转换策略,元程序具有较高的可靠性。     

Declarative specification of the architecture of a software development environment

There is an increasing interest in the study of software architectures; however, it still unclear which kind of formalisms and techniques should be used in their design. We study the suitability of a rule-based, parallel logic language in the specification of the architecture of a complex software system, i.e. a software development environment. We have used as a case study SMILE, an environment for programming-in-the-large. Because of the declarative, concurrent and object-oriented features of parallel logic programming, we have been able to design a software architecture that emphasizes the dynamics of co-ordination inside the software development environment. The result of this experience shows the usefulness and some weaknesses of logic languages for specifying and prototyping the software architecture of a distributed interactive system.     

Specifying coalgebras with modal logic

We propose to use modal logic as a logic for coalgebras and discuss it in view of the work done on coalgebras as a semantics of object-oriented programming. Two approaches are taken: First, standard concepts of modal logic are applied to coalgebras. For a certain kind of functor it is shown that the logic exactly captures the notion of bisimulation and a complete calculus is given. Examples of verifications of object properties are given. Second, we discuss the relationship of this approach with the coalgebraic logic of Moss (Coalgebraic logic, Ann Pure Appl. Logic 96 (1999) 277–317.).     

A Methodology to Create Legal Ontologies in a Logic Programming Based Web Information Retrieval System

Web legal information retrieval systems need the capability to reason with the knowledge modeled by legal ontologies. Using this knowledge it is possible to represent and to make inferences about the semantic content of legal documents. In this paper a methodology for applying NLP techniques to automatically create a legal ontology is proposed. The ontology is defined in the OWL semantic web language and it is used in a logic programming framework, EVOLP+ISCO, to allow users to query the semantic content of the documents. ISCO allows an easy and efficient integration of declarative, object-oriented and constraint-based programming techniques with the capability to create connections with external databases. EVOLP is a dynamic logic programming framework allowing the definition of rules for actions and events. An application of the proposed methodology to the legal web information retrieval system of the Portuguese Attorney General’s Office is described.     

A knowledge-based approach to CIM modeling

This paper discusses issues in building a conceptual modeling approach that has sufficient semantic power to represent the complexities of decision making in CIM systems. To express the information in a conceptual model we make use of an amalgam of powerful paradigms: a hybrid methodology, that integrates the concepts of object-oriented programming, messagepassing semantics, and temporal logic. We further illustrate an example incorporating some of these concepts.     

对象式逻辑程序设计语言LKO的说明性语义

本文基于逻辑程序设计语言的良基模型语义，探讨了对象逻辑程序设计语言ＬＫＯ的说明性语义，该语义由组合迭代的极小不动点定义，具有构造性和组合性，迷在ＬＫＯ中进一步引入非单调继承和逻辑奠定了基础。     

Supporting software development through declaratively codified programming patterns

In current-day software development, programmers often use programming patterns to clarify their intents and to increase the understandability of their programs. Unfortunately, most software development environments do not adequately support the declaration and use of such patterns. To explicitly codify these patterns, we adopt a declarative meta programming approach. In this approach, we reify the structure of a (object-oriented) program in terms of logic clauses. We declare programming patterns as logic rules on top of these clauses. By querying the logic system, these rules allow us to check, enforce and search for occurrences of certain patterns in the software. As such, the programming patterns become an active part of the software development and maintenance environment.     

Logical Object as a Basis of Knowledge Based Systems

This paper presents a framework called logical knowledge object (LKO),which is taken as a basis of the dependable development of knowledge based systems(KBSs).LKO combines logic programming and object-oriented programming paradigms,where objects are viewed as abstractions with states,constraints,behaviors and inheritance.The operational semantics defined in the style of natural semantics is simple and clear.A hybrid knowledge representation amalgamating rule,frame,semantic network and blackboard is available for both most structured and flat knowledge.The management of knowledge bases has been formally specified.Accordingly,LKO is well suited for the formal representation of knowledge and requirements of KBSs.Based on the framework,verification techniques are also explored to enhance the analysis of requirement specifications and the validation of KBSs.In addition,LKO provides a methodology for the development of KBSs,applying the concepts of rapid prototyping and top-down design to deal with changing and incomplete requirements,and to provide multiple abstract models of the domain,where formal methods might be used at each abstract level.     

Towards a Declarative Semantics of Inheritance with Exceptions

This paper presents a declarative semantics of compositional inheritance in an object-oriented logic programming framework with explicit exceptions,based on the iterated least fixpoint semantics to normal logic programs.Taking logic objects with exceptions as a kind of non-monotonic theory,the nonmonotonicity of inheritance is achieved,which is of importance for modeling incoplete knowledge and requirement specifications in both artificial intelligence and software engineering.     

编程思维训练通用模型研究与实现

程序设计类课程是培养学生逻辑编程能力的基本课程之一,但目前普遍反映出学生对此类课程的学习兴趣不浓,对程序设计与实现的逻辑思维混乱不清,学习效果较差。如何脱离编程语言本身,运用模拟现实生活的思维训练模型来形象地展示编程的原理与逻辑流程,以提高学生对程序设计的逻辑思维能力和学习效果是本文研究的重点。     

合成语言FOPL基于方程逻辑的语义

程序设计语言ＦＯＰＬ是一种同时支持函数式程序设计风洛和面向对象程序设计风格的合成语言．本义介绍了ＦＯＰＬ的类型思想，并讨论了表达式纯洁性判断规则、表达式附类型规则及表达式等价判断规则，这些规则描述了ＦＯＰＬ基于方程逻辑的语义．