面向动态虚拟网络请求的虚拟网络映射算法

针对虚拟网络请求资源动态变化的实际情况,提出了面向动态虚拟网络请求的虚拟网络映射（DVNR-VNE）算法。以混合线性规划理论为基础,采用多队列的方式分别对不同类型的虚拟网络请求进行预处理,建立了以最小化映射代价和最小迁移代价为优化目标的映射模型,优先映射需要释放资源的请求以获得更多的资源支持其他的虚拟网络,对新到来的虚拟网络请求采用优化后的虚拟网络映射（WD-VNE）算法进行映射。仿真实验表明,该算法降低了链路映射成本和迁移成本并获得了较高的虚拟网络请求接受率。     

有线网络中虚拟网络映射算法研究

网络虚拟化是未来网络的关键技术之一,有助于克服当前网络的“僵化”问题,能够在无需对当前网络架构做出巨大改变的基础上配置新的网络协议和服务,实现多个虚拟网络共存于一个物理网络上,由此产生了新的问题,如何将有限的物理资源合理分配给不同的虚拟网络,即虚拟网络映射问题。根据网络环境,可以分为有线网络和无线网络下的虚拟网络映射。其中,有线网络下的映射是研究虚拟网络映射问题的基础和重点,已有大量算法提出。为了给该问题的研究提供一个全面的视野,从问题定义、存在挑战、映射目标方面对有线网络中虚拟网络映射算法进行综述,根据算法的不同特点进行分类,重点介绍几种典型的算法并进行比较总结,最后指出未来的研究趋势。     

Novel methods for virtual network composition

Network virtualization has been proposed as a technology that aims to solve the Internet ossification. Central to the network virtualization is a virtual network composition mechanism providing an efficient mapping of virtual nodes and links onto appropriate physical resources in the network infrastructure.This paper proposes a novel backtracking heuristic algorithm for virtual network composition. Based on this algorithm, two approaches with two different objectives are presented. The first approach (Backtracking-CR) aims to compose a virtual network using the least amount of network resources, while the second (Backtracking-LB) applies load balancing for virtual network composition. Furthermore, a linear programming approach that optimizes the virtual network composition with an objective of using the least amount of network resources is presented and used to bench mark the heuristic algorithm. Simulation results show that using less network resources by applying linear programming or Backtracking-CR does not produce higher number of successfully mapped virtual networks when is compared to load balancing approach. Results also show that the proposed heuristic algorithm is scalable to large physical and virtual networks with respect to the computation time.     

A virtual network mapping algorithm based on integer programming

The virtual network （VN） embedding/mapping problem is recognized as an essential question of network virtualization. The VN embedding problem is a major challenge in this field. Its target is to efficiently map the virtual nodes and virtual links onto the substrate network resources. Previous research focused on designing heuristic-based algorithms or attempting two-stage solutions by solving node mapping in the first stage and link mapping in the second stage. In this study, we propose a new VN embedding algorithm based on integer programming. We build a model of an augmented substrate graph, and formulate the VN embedding problem as an integer program with an objective function and some constraints. A factor of topology-awareness is added to the objective function. The VN embedding problem is solved in one stage. Simulation results show that our algorithm greatly enhances the acceptance ratio, and increases the revenue/cost （R/C） ratio and the revenue while decreasing the cost of the VN embedding problem.     

基于软件定义网络的可靠性虚拟网络映射保障机制

在软件定义网络（SDN）虚拟网络映射中,现有研究者主要考虑请求接受率方面,而忽视了SDN中底层资源失效的问题。为此,针对SDN中可靠性虚拟网络映射（SVNE）问题,提出了一种联合先验式保护和后验式恢复的虚拟网络映射保障机制。首先,在虚拟请求接受之前,对SDN物理网络区域性资源进行感知;然后,采用先验式保护机制为映射域内相对剩余资源变小的虚拟网络元素预留备份物理资源,并将此扩展虚拟网络通过D-ViNE算法映射至物理网络中;最后,在未备份虚拟网络元素发生故障时,采用后验式恢复算法完成故障的恢复,对节点和链路分别采用重映射和重路由的方法完成恢复。实验结果表明,与基于SDN的生存性虚拟网络映射算法（SDN-SVNE）相比,在虚拟请求接受率方面提高了21.9%。另外,该保护机制在虚拟级别故障恢复率、物理级别故障恢复率等方面也具有优势。     

Topology-aware virtual network embedding based on closeness centrality

Network virtualization aims to provide a way to overcome ossification of the Internet. However, making efficient use of substrate resources requires effective techniques for embedding virtual networks: mapping virtual nodes and virtual edges onto substrate networks. Previous research has presented several heuristic algorithms, which fail to consider that the attributes of the substrate topology and virtual networks affect the embedding process. In this paper, for the first time, we introduce complex network centrality analysis into the virtual network embedding, and propose virtual network embedding algorithms based on closeness centrality. Due to considering of the attributes of nodes and edges in the topology, our studies are more reasonable than existing work. In addition, with the guidance of topology quantitative evaluation, the proposed network embedding approach largely improves the network utilization efficiency and decreases the embedding complexity. We also investigate our algorithms on real network topologies (e.g., AT&T, DFN) and random network topologies. Experimental results demonstrate the usability and capability of the proposed approach.     

基于离散粒子群的节点可重用虚拟网络映射算法

虚拟网络映射问题是网络虚拟化要解决的重点问题,也是云计算环境下实现资源多租赁运营的技术基础。现有的映射算法在计算效率上有待提高,不能充分利用可重用技术以节省网络带宽资源。提出一种可重用的虚拟网络映射算法,首先构建以提高底层物理网络利用率为目标的资源优化分配模型;然后再充分利用可重用技术以内存交换替代网络交换并针对效率问题设计增强的粒子初始位置分配算法,进而通过离散粒子群算法对优化问题进行求解。仿真实验结果表明,提出的算法相较已有的普通粒子群算法在物理网络收益上有显著提高,增强的初始位置分配机制也有助于计算效率的提升。     

Greener networking in a network virtualization environment

Energy consumption of network operators can be minimized by the dynamic and smart relocation of networking resources. In this paper, we propose to take advantage of network virtualization to enable a smart energy aware network provisioning. The virtualization of networking resources leads to the problem of mapping virtual demands to physical resources, known as Virtual Network Embedding (VNE). Our proposal modifies and improves exact existing energy aware VNE proposals where the objective is to switch off as many network nodes and interfaces as possible by allocating the virtual demands to a consolidated subset of active physical networking equipment. As exact energy efficient VNE approaches are hard to solve for large network sizes and have an adverse effect in the number of successful embeddings, an heuristic approach to reconfigure the allocation of already embedded virtual networks, minimizing the energy consumption, is also proposed.     

An integer encoding grey wolf optimizer for virtual network function placement

This paper studies the virtual network function placement (VNF-P) problem in the context of network function virtualization (NFV), where the end-to-end delay of a requested service function chain (SFC) is minimized and the compute, storage, I/O and bandwidth resources are considered. To address this problem, an integer encoding grey wolf optimizer (IEGWO) is proposed. IEGWO has two significant features, namely an integer encoding scheme and a new wolf position update mechanism. The integer encoding scheme is problem-specific and offers a natural way to represent VNF-P solutions. The proposed wolf position update mechanism divides the wolf pack into two groups in each iteration, where one group performs exploitation while the other focuses on global exploration. It provides the search with a balanced local exploitation and global exploration during evolution. Performance evaluation has been conducted based on 20 test instances and IEGWO is compared with five state-of-the-art meta-heuristics, including the black hole algorithm (BH), the genetic algorithm (GA), the group counseling optimization (GCO), the particle swarm optimization (PSO) and the teaching–learning-based optimization (TLBO). Simulation results demonstrate that compared with BH, GA, GCO, PSO and TLBO, IEGWO achieves significantly better solution quality regarding the mean (standard deviation), boxplot and t-test results of the best fitness values obtained.     

An evaluation method for secure virtual network embedding algorithms

Due to the ossification of the current Internet, it is difficult to launch new service. One of solutions is network virtualization. Numerous virtual network embedding (VNE) algorithms have been proposed in many literatures. But, there is no general methods or frameworks for evaluation of these algorithms. We have analyzed a number of studies, and found appropriate evaluation indexes that can be used in evaluating the functionalities of VNE algorithms. Based on those indexes, we presented a new evaluation method of secure VNE algorithms. To make a virtual network with the various requirements, the infrastructure provider needs effective resource allocation algorithm. The role of VNE is to allocate physical resources to virtual nodes or links to form virtual networks. In order to use the resources of physical networks, appropriate resource allocation algorithms are required. We found a set of evaluation indexes by analyzing the previous proposed researches. Through analysis, we found that our proposed method can be grouped into two functional attributes for classification. One attribute is the basic attributes that mean special features of architecture and the other is the evaluation attributes that perform the assessment of algorithms. We have evaluated the algorithms with our proposed evaluation methods and found to be useful to choose the appropriate algorithm to the infrastructure provider. The proposed method was found to be more convenient to perform the evaluation of the algorithms in real-world simulation. This method helps infrastructure providers to choose the appropriate VNE algorithm.     

Topology awareness algorithm for virtual network mapping

Network virtualization is recognized as an effective way to overcome the ossification of the Internet. However, the virtual network mapping problem (VNMP) is a critical challenge, focusing on how to map the virtual networks to the substrate network with efficient utilization of infrastructure resources. The problem can be divided into two phases: node mapping phase and link mapping phase. In the node mapping phase, the existing algorithms usually map those virtual nodes with a complete greedy strategy, without considering the topology among these virtual nodes, resulting in too long substrate paths (with multiple hops). Addressing this problem, we propose a topology awareness mapping algorithm, which considers the topology among these virtual nodes. In the link mapping phase, the new algorithm adopts the k-shortest path algorithm. Simulation results show that the new algorithm greatly increases the long-term average revenue, the acceptance ratio, and the long-term revenue-to-cost ratio (R/C).     

基于负载均衡的无线虚拟网络映射算法

针对网络僵化的问题,目前多采用网络虚拟化（NV）方法进行解决,其关键技术是虚拟网络映射（VNE）。为解决无线VNE过程中功率和带宽资源使用不均衡的问题,基于负载均衡原理提出一种联合资源分级的无线VNE算法。首先,采用新的节点资源排序方式,其中将节点功率和平均链路带宽作为排序依据;其次,对资源进行分级,以动态调整虚拟网络请求对功率和带宽资源的需求;最后,改进功率和带宽资源的单位成本,并以最小化成本为目标函数选择资源分配方案。与原有的无线VNE算法WVNE-JBP相比,所提算法的总体接受率提高了11.7个百分点,平均功率利用率提高了4.4个百分点,平均带宽利用率提高了1.6个百分点。实验结果表明,所提算法能有效提高虚拟网络接受率和资源利用率。     

一种启发式网络虚拟化资源分配算法

网络虚拟化是克服当前Internet僵化问题的一种重要方法,而资源分配是网络虚拟化技术的核心.为了平衡负载,本文提出了一种启发式资源分配算法HVNE.该算法充分利用虚拟节点和虚拟链路间的关联因素(虚拟网络拓扑),将节点映射和链路映射两个过程合并为一个统一的过程,改善了传统映射算法在拓扑稀疏时,算法性能不理想的问题.此外,HVNE允许同一个虚拟请求中的多个虚拟节点映射到同一个物理节点,节约了物理链路资源.HVNE将无向图的"k-区域划分优化"理论与传统的拓扑分割理论相结合,定义了虚拟拓扑间节点的关联因子,改进了传统的星形分割方法,使之能适用于大规模网络.仿真实验表明,HVNE在保证网络负载的情况下,获得了较好的虚拟请求接受率,较高的资源利用率和网络收益.     

Heuristic evaluation functions in artificial intelligence search algorithms

We consider a special case of heuristics, namely numeric heuristic evaluation functions, and their use in artificial intelligence search algorithms. The problems they are applied to fall into three general classes: single-agent path-finding problems, two-player games, and constraint-satisfaction problems. In a single-agent path-finding problem, such as the Fifteen Puzzle or the travelling salesman problem, a single agent searches for a shortest path from an initial state to a goal state. Two-player games, such as chess and checkers, involve an adversarial relationship between two players, each trying to win the game. In a constraint-satisfaction, problem, such as the 8-Queens problem, the task is to find a state that satisfies a set of constraints. All of these problems are computationally intensive, and heuristic evaluation functions are used to reduce the amount of computation required to solve them. In each case we explain the nature of the evaluation functions used, how they are used in search algorithms, and how they can be automatically learned or acquired.     

计算机网络安全综合评价的神经网络模型

灰色评价法、模糊综合评价等需确定隶属函数、各指标权重,明显受人为因素的影响。尝试应用神经网络技术进行网络安全的综合评价,并通过在单指标评价标准范围内随机取值方法,生成建立神经网络模型所需的训练样本、检验样本和测试样本,在遵循BP网络建模基本原则和步骤的情况下,建立了可靠、有效的网络安全综合评价模型。16个实例研究表明：提出的样本生成方法、建模过程是可靠的,并能有效地避免出现“过训练”和“过拟合”现象,建立的BP模型具有较好的泛化能力,不受人为因素的影响,各评价指标与网络安全等级之间存在明显的非线性关系,网络安全策略对网络安全的影响最大。     

基于中心度寻核的能效优化虚拟网映射算法

虚拟网映射是网络虚拟化技术的关键问题,以往研究常关注供应商的收益与开销,而网络设备的大量能源浪费使得供应商开始关注节能.将紧密中心度概念引入虚拟网映射问题中,同时考虑节点的位置和能力,优先使用已工作节点和缩短链路长度来降低能耗,提出了一种寻找核心节点优先映射(寻核)算法.该算法通过检验确保所选底层核心节点满足虚拟核心节点要求,节点和链路映射同步进行,同时根据贪婪策略保证所选底层网络节点跳数较小.仿真实验结果表明,该算法能够提高映射接收率约10％、改善收益开销比和收益能耗比10％以上.     

Optimal virtual machine selection for anomaly detection using a swarm intelligence approach

Cloud computing plays a significant role in Healthcare Service (HCS) applications and rapidly improves it. A significant challenge is the selection of Virtual Machine (VM) in order to process a medical request. The optimal selection of VM increases the performance of HCS by minimizing the running time of the medical request and also substantially utilizes cloud resources. This paper presents a new idea for optimizing VM selection using a swarm intelligence approach called Analogous Particle swarm optimization (APSO) which works a cloud computing environment. To compute the running time of a medical request, three parameters are considered: Turnaround Time (TAT), Waiting time (WT), and CPU utilization. In addition, a selected optimal VM is used for predicting kidney disease. Early detection of kidney disease facilitates successful treatment. Here, the neural network is used as an automated technique to diagnose kidney disease. A set of experiments and comparisons were performed to analyze the proposed system (APSO and neural network). The results showed that the APSO model performed well, with an execution time of running all particle is 1 s (50 to 80%). Also, the proposed model improved the system efficiency by 5.6%. The precision of recognizing kidney disease using the neural network was 95.7% which outperfomed five other well-known classifiers.     

多域网络中基于时延感知的虚拟网络映射方法

随着各种时延敏感型应用的出现,如何提高系统的时延性能已经成为了学术界的热门话题。然而,现有的多域映射算法很难满足虚拟网络对时延性能的要求。因此,为了解决这一问题,提出了一种基于时延感知的多域虚拟网络映射算法（time delay sensitive virtual network embedding,TDS-VNE）。在节点映射阶段定义了一个节点传播时延评价函数（D）,在链路映射阶段定义了路径时延感知参数。仿真结果表明,提出的映射算法降低了平均网络传播时延且在虚拟网络请求接受率、长期收益成本比等指标上具有良好的效果。     

Classification of intelligence quotient via brainwave sub-band power ratio features and artificial neural network

This paper elaborates on the novel intelligence assessment method using the brainwave sub-band power ratio features. The study focuses only on the left hemisphere brainwave in its relaxed state. Distinct intelligence quotient groups have been established earlier from the score of the Raven Progressive Matrices. Sub-band power ratios are calculated from energy spectral density of theta, alpha and beta frequency bands. Synthetic data have been generated to increase dataset from 50 to 120. The features are used as input to the artificial neural network. Subsequently, the brain behaviour model has been developed using an artificial neural network that is trained with optimized learning rate, momentum constant and hidden nodes. Findings indicate that the distinct intelligence quotient groups can be classified from the brainwave sub-band power ratios with 100% training and 88.89% testing accuracies.     

An artificial intelligence system of trouble diagnosis for aircraft engines

:Reported here is about the trouble diagnosis system for AN-24 aircraft engine which has been realized by inputting the experiences of the repair mechanics or experts of the engine as a computer software.The system is composed of following four sections which are called “model” ; a phenomena model, an inference model, a learning model, and an interpretation model.Therefore, the system is called as “model diagnosis system”. These four models are relatively independent which makes parallel operation, easy debugging, and addition of new knowledge possible.

The experience of the engine experts has been stored initially to outer knowledge base in the computer. Intermidiate knowledge which arises on the process of the inference is treated at inner knowledge base. The inner knowledge base adopts a blackboard structure. This makes the system not only able to diagnose the vague preconditioned reason, but also to diagnose the unpreconditioned one by learning. The validity of the system was proved from some experiments.