颗粒动力学与湍动能耦合的稠密两相流动数学模型

在气相湍流流动的κ-ε模型基础上，建立了颗粒动力学与湍动能耦合的稠密两相流动数学模型。颗粒相的有效粘性系数取决于颗粒之间相互碰撞而引起的层流粘性以及颗粒性以及颗粒微团的湍流脉动而形成的湍流粘性，其中颗粒的碰撞行为以及所形式的颗粒的层流特性用颗粒动力学模型来描述，颗粒的湍流特性采用颗粒湍动能输运方程模型来描述。利用所建立的模型对提升管内气固两相流动过程进行了数值模拟，可以合理地预报出提升管内气固两相的环核流动结构。     

颗粒动力学模型的建立

催化裂化提升管反应器内原料油和催化剂颗粒间存在强烈地传质、传热和动量传递,同时进行着复杂地裂化反应,描述流化状态的催化剂颗粒流动特征非常困难,而它对裂化反应的影响又至关重要,因此人颗粒速度分布函数出发,推导出催化剂颗粒相流动方程结合油气湍流流动、耦合集总动力学模型,得到了催化裂化提升管反应器数学模型,为进步研究提升管内的反应特征和反应历程提供了有力手段。     

颗粒物性对水平气力输送管中颗粒浓度分布影响的数值模拟

在考虑气-固流体的双向耦合、颗粒与颗粒的碰撞、颗粒与壁面的碰撞以及滑移摩擦的基础上,对气体相湍动能采用修正的k-ε二方程模型,颗粒相湍动动能采用颗粒动力学方法,发展建立了水平气力输送的数学模型和相应的计算方法,数值研究了颗粒粒径和密度对悬浮颗粒的浓度分布的影响。结果发现在水平气力输送中,在颗粒湍动、颗粒自身重力、颗粒与颗粒的碰撞以及颗粒与壁面的碰撞的共同作用下,颗粒浓度分布不均匀,其垂向分布存在着两种不同的形态。颗粒粒径越小、密度越低,越容易出现Ⅰ型分布：即颗粒浓度呈现出从管底部到管上部会先由小变大,到某位置时达最大值,尔后又向小变化的趋势。     

基于DSM湍流模型的气固圆湍撞击流模拟

采用改进的DSM大涡模型模拟气相湍流流动,采用颗粒轨道模型模拟颗粒运动,在双向耦合气固湍流数理模型基础上,采用蒙特卡洛方法Tanaka模型进行颗粒碰撞计算,取得相同颗粒数量下不同粒径的固体颗粒随湍射流运动对气相射流的调制规律及颗粒弥散规律.结果 表明,较大粒径的颗粒加强了气流刚性,由于颗粒惯性较大,对冲碰撞使颗粒在碰撞滞止点聚集,使流场中颗粒相浓度分布不均;中等粒径的颗粒对气相耗散较小,颗粒受到离心力主导影响,碰撞后仍沿涡的外围扩散;较小粒径的颗粒对气相耗散严重,颗粒跟随性好,大多聚集在涡核内,碰撞后仍随气体向外扩散,在流场中分布均匀.     

提升管反应器FCC汽油催化转化过程数值模拟

在汽油催化转化反应动力学模型和气-固两相流模型的基础上,将流动、传热、反应综合考虑,建立了催化裂化汽油催化转化提升管反应器的反应-流动耦合模型。模拟结果与中型实验提升管出口数据吻合较好。数值模拟了提升管反应器内气相组成、温度分布、速度分布沿提升管高度变化,以及提升管出口产品产率随温度和剂油比的变化情况,模拟结果反应了其变化规律,验证了模型的可靠性。     

旋流分离器内三维两相流场的数值模拟

采用RNG k-ε湍流模型,对旋流分离器内三维两相流场作了数值模拟,给出了压力、速度、湍流动能和湍流耗散率等参数的分布。结果表明流体速度从中心沿径向逐渐增大,在旋流器壁面附近又逐渐降低,湍流动能、湍流强度以及湍流粘度均沿径向先增大然后逐渐减小,而湍动能耗散率的变化是沿径向先增大然后逐渐减小,在壁面附近急剧增大。同时对不同粒径颗粒的运动轨迹进行了计算和讨论。计算结果表明,粒径较大的颗粒大多进入到底流口,而粒径较小的颗粒大多进入到顶部溢流口。而粒径为100μm的固体颗粒100％进入底流,与从进口面不同点进入无关。     

鼓泡流化床流动特性的数值仿真和实验研究

研究鼓泡流化床传热效率优化问题,在不同的初始床层高度下,鼓泡流化床内气固两相流动特性和燃烧效率会发生明显的变化.为研究鼓泡流化床在不同的初始床层高度下的气固两相流动特性,为减少厂用电的消耗和炉膛内的磨损,提出建立脉动进口速度边界条件下的二维鼓泡流化床气固运动模型,对颗粒的流态化进行建模,采用Fluent仿真软件进行仿真.仿真结果和实验表明,随着初始床层高度的增加:气泡直径增大,气体泄漏率减小,床层压力分布基本不变,颗粒相速度增大,流动结构的非均匀性增强,炉膛内磨损增大.仿真结果为优化设计提供了依据.     

气液两相圆锥绕流的数值仿真

研究锥形物体在气液两相流场中动特性问题,对流场特性的影响和锥形物体自身的承载受力情况;采用CFD流体仿真软件FLUENT,用欧拉双流体模型结合Realizablek-ε湍流模型,对锥体在气液两相流场中的运动进行数值仿真.结果显示,在锥体尾部形成一组对称的回流涡,随着流体含液率的增加,主相空气相在中心轴线上的流向速度明显受到影响,尾涡变短,恢复速度变快;在绕流体的壁面上的流场的速度梯度会增大;同时绕流体周围的流场的压力梯度也会增大,湍动能和湍动能增量都会增大,与实验的结果基本吻合,验证了运用数值仿真的方法来研究气液两相锥体绕流问题是正确可行的.     

粉末——粘结剂两相流模型的碰撞分析与计算机模拟

分析了粉末注射成形中粉末—粘结剂两相流动中粒子(颗粒与分子)碰撞的情况。假设粉末颗粒完全由粘结剂包裹,在成形阶段将粉末颗粒视为非完全弹性体,给出了粉末—粘结剂两相流动模型中碰撞项的碰撞模式,简化了粉末—粘结剂固液两相流动模型的一般方程。为进一步对粉末—粘结剂两相流动进行计算机数值模拟和分析粉末—粘结剂两相分离现象奠定了理论基础。     

SHG-Ⅱ-Z型除尘脱硫装置三维三相流场的数值模拟

利用FLUENT软件对SHG-Ⅱ-Z型除尘脱硫装置内的三维三相流场进行数值模拟,采用RNG k-ε湍流模型及混合模型作为计算模型,选择SIMPLE算法进行计算。根据计算结果分析了设备内气、液、固三相的体积分数和速度矢量等参数的分布,并对不同横截面的湍动耗散率和湍流动能进行了分析,分析结果表明该设备具有较好的除尘脱硫效果。模拟计算结果对设备的优化设计和实际运转有一定的指导作用。     

直方槽道中重力对颗粒相二次流的影响

采用Eulerian／Lagrangian方法模拟直方槽道中气粒两相流动过程。气相采用大涡模拟方法,直接求解大尺度涡运动,小尺度涡采用标准的Smagorinsky亚格子模式模拟,壁面采用幂次率应力模型代替无滑移边界条件。颗粒相采用轨道模型求解。大涡模拟预报的气相平均速度与DNS结果相吻合。结果表明,在直方槽道流向截面,气相存在二次流现象。受气相二次流的作用,颗粒相也存在类似于气相的二次流现象,并考察了重力对颗粒相二次流的影响。     

Application of the Boltzmann kinetic equation to the eddy problems

The main purpose of this work is to investigate the feasibility of applying a kinetic approach to the problem of modeling turbulent and unstable flows. First, initial value problems with the Taylor–Green (TG) type and isotropic velocity conditions for compressible flow in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) periodic domains are considered. Further, 3D direct numerical simulation of decaying isotropic turbulence is performed. Macroscopic flow quantities of interest are examined. The simulation is based on the direct numerical solution of the Boltzmann kinetic equation using an explicit–implicit scheme for the relaxation stage. Comparison with the solution of the Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook (BGK) model equation obtained by using an implicit scheme is carried out for the decaying isotropic turbulence problem and demonstrates a small difference. For the TG initial condition results show a fragmentation of the large initial eddies and subsequently the full damping of the system. Numerical data are close to the analytic solution of TG problem. A dependence of the kinetic energy on the wave number is obtained by means of the Fourier expansion of velocity components. A power-law exponent for the kinetic energy spectrum tends to the theoretical value “−3” for 2D turbulence in 2D case and to the famous Kolmogorov value “−5/3” in 3D case.     

Capturing of transition by the RNG based algebraic turbulence model

This paper concerns the RNG based algebraic turbulence model. This model has characteristics to capture transitional process from laminar to turbulent flow. This is determined by the argument of the Heaviside function, which becomes a threshold for the occurrence of turbulence. It is supposed that proper modeling of this argument will lead to correctly capture transition location. In the present paper, this argument is modeled in such a way that the form of cubic equation for the turbulent kinematic viscosity be maintained. Moreover, the length scale which is required to calculate the turbulent kinematic viscosity is newly proposed, taking into account the freestream pressure gradient. The validation is performed by comparing the calculated results with the empirical expressions as well as the experimental data. This model can simulate the streamwise intermittency effect, by which a sudden increase of skin friction is prevented. Moreover, the transition location can be predicted within reasonable accuracy compared with the experimental data.     

Spectral analysis of turbulence based on the DNS of a channel flow

The development and assessment of spectral turbulence models requires knowledge of the spectral turbulent kinetic energy distribution as well as an understanding of the terms which determine the energy distribution in physical and wave number space. Direct numerical simulation (DNS) of turbulent channel flow yields numerical “data” that can be, and was, analyzed using a spatial Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) to obtain the various spectral turbulent kinetic energy balance terms, including the production, dissipation, diffusion, and the non-linear convective transfer terms.     

Langevin Particle: A Self‐Adaptive Lagrangian Primitive for Flow Simulation Enhancement

We develop a new Lagrangian primitive, named Langevin particle, to incorporate turbulent flow details in fluid simulation. A group of the particles are distributed inside the simulation domain based on a turbulence energy model with turbulence viscosity. A particle in particular moves obeying the generalized Langevin equation, a well known stochastic differential equation that describes the particle's motion as a random Markov process. The resultant particle trajectory shows self‐adapted fluctuation in accordance to the turbulence energy, while following the global flow dynamics. We then feed back Langevin forces to the simulation based on the stochastic trajectory, which drive the flow with necessary turbulence. The new hybrid flow simulation method features nonrestricted particle evolution requiring minimal extra manipulation after initiation. The flow turbulence is easily controlled and the total computational overhead of enhancement is minimal based on typical fluid solvers.     

Numerical simulation of three-dimensional turbulent separated and reattaching flows using a modified turbulence model

A modified version of k-ε model is proposed through modification of the damping function of eddy viscosity that incorporates the effect of wall proximity in the near the wall region and the effect of non-equilibrium away from the wall together with the simple model functions in the ε equation. The proposed turbulence model is validated with the available experimental data of reattachment length, mean streamwise velocity distribution, turbulence intensity profile, and wall static pressure coefficient in the turbulent backward-facing step flows. The predicted results with the present model are in good agreement with the experiments. Computed results reveal that the reattachment length (recirculation zone) and the wall static pressure are decreased with increasing inlet velocity. And the asymmetric distributions of the reattachment point, cross-section view of velocity vector, streamwise skin friction coefficient, and turbulent kinetic energy demonstrate the important three-dimensional side-wall effect in an insufficient aspect ratio channel flow.     

The numerical computation of turbulent flows

The paper reviews the problem of making numerical predictions of turbulent flow. It advocates that computational economy, range of applicability and physical realism are best served at present by turbulence models in which the magnitudes of two turbulence quantities, the turbulence kinetic energy $\text{k}$ and its dissipation rate ?, are calculated from transport equations solved simultaneously with those governing the mean flow behaviour. The width of applicability of the model is demonstrated by reference to numerical computations of nine substantially different kinds of turbulent flow.     

Numerical simulation of turbulent combustion of subsonic gas jet flows

A physical and mathematical model of turbulent combustion of subsonic gas fuel jet flows flowing into an air space is proposed. The processes are described by averaged equations of the boundary layer with a turbulent viscosity model and a combustion diffusion model. As turbulent viscosity models, the well-known two-parameter k-? standard and k-?? models are taken. The results of the averaged and pulsating flow characteristics?? comparison of numerical calculations with the experimental data are presented.     

Broadband slat noise prediction based on CAA and stochastic sound sources from a fast random particle-mesh (RPM) method

The application of a low-cost computational aeroacoustics (CAA) approach to a slat noise problem is studied. A fast and efficient stochastic method is introduced to model the unsteady turbulent sound sources in the slat-cove of a high-lift airfoil. It is based on the spatial convolution of spatiotemporal white-noise and can reproduce target distributions of turbulence kinetic energy and length scales, such as that provided by a RANS computation of the time-averaged turbulent flow problem. The computational method yields a perfectly solenoidal velocity field. For homogeneous isotropic turbulence, the complete second-order two-point velocity correlation tensor is realized exactly. Two RANS turbulence models are applied to the slat noise problem to study how sensitive the aeroacoustics predictions depend on turbulence kinetic energy predictions. Results for the sound generation at the slat are given for a Menter SST turbulence model with and without Kato-Launder modification. The aeroacoustic simulations yield a characteristic narrow band spectrum that compares very well with the experimental data. The directivities found point toward an edge noise mechanism at the slat as the main cause for slat noise sound generation.