基于动态k近邻的SlopeOne协同过滤推荐算法

协同过滤是个性化推荐系统中的常用技术, 数据稀疏性是影响协同过滤算法预测精度的主要因素。SlopeOne算法利用线性回归模型解决数据稀疏性问题。基于用户相似度的k近邻方法可以优化参与预测的用户评分数据的质量。在SlopeOne算法的基础上, 提出了一种动态k近邻和SlopeOne相结合的算法。首先根据用户之间相似度的具体情况动态地为每个用户选择不同数目的近邻用户, 然后利用近邻用户的评分数据生成项目之间的平均偏差, 最后利用线性回归模型进行预测。在MovieLens数据集上的实验结果表明, 改进算法在预测精度上比原SlopeOne算法有所提高, 能适应数据稀疏度更低的推荐系统, 并且与其他协同过滤算法相比, 推荐精度也具有明显优势。     

Graph-based collaborative ranking

Data sparsity, that is a common problem in neighbor-based collaborative filtering domain, usually complicates the process of item recommendation. This problem is more serious in collaborative ranking domain, in which calculating the users' similarities and recommending items are based on ranking data. Some graph-based approaches have been proposed to address the data sparsity problem, but they suffer from two flaws. First, they fail to correctly model the users' priorities, and second, they can't be used when the only available data is a set of ranking instead of rating values.In this paper, we propose a novel graph-based approach, called GRank, that is designed for collaborative ranking domain. GRank can correctly model users’ priorities in a new tripartite graph structure, and analyze it to directly infer a recommendation list. The experimental results show a significant improvement in recommendation quality compared to the state of the art graph-based recommendation algorithms and other collaborative ranking techniques.     

嵌入LDA主题模型的协同过滤推荐算法

协同过滤推荐算法由于其推荐的准确性和高效性已经成为推荐领域最流行的推荐算法之一。该算法通过分析用户的历史评分记录来构建用户兴趣模型,进而为用户产生一组推荐。然而,推荐系统中用户的评分记录是极为有限的,导致传统协同过滤算法面临严重的数据稀疏性问题。针对此问题,提出了一种改进的嵌入LDA主题模型的协同过滤推荐算法(ULR-CF算法)。该算法利用LDA主题建模方法在用户项目标签集上挖掘潜在的主题信息,进而结合文档-主题概率分布矩阵和评分矩阵来共同度量用户和项目相似度。实验结果表明,提出的ULR-CF算法可以有效缓解数据稀疏性问题,并能显著提高推荐系统的准确性。     

A flexible semantic inference methodology to reason about user preferences in knowledge-based recommender systems

Recommender systems arose with the goal of helping users search in overloaded information domains (like e-commerce, e-learning or Digital TV). These tools automatically select items (commercial products, educational courses, TV programs, etc.) that may be appealing to each user taking into account his/her personal preferences. The personalization strategies used to compare these preferences with the available items suffer from well-known deficiencies that reduce the quality of the recommendations. Most of the limitations arise from using syntactic matching techniques because they miss a lot of useful knowledge during the recommendation process. In this paper, we propose a personalization strategy that overcomes these drawbacks by applying inference techniques borrowed from the Semantic Web. Our approach reasons about the semantics of items and user preferences to discover complex associations between them. These semantic associations provide additional knowledge about the user preferences, and permit the recommender system to compare them with the available items in a more effective way. The proposed strategy is flexible enough to be applied in many recommender systems, regardless of their application domain. Here, we illustrate its use in AVATAR, a tool that selects appealing audiovisual programs from among the myriad available in Digital TV.     

Diversified recommendation method combining topic model and random walk

As one of the most widely used algorithms in recommendation field, collaborative filtering (CF) predicts the unknown rating of items based on similar neighbors. Although many CF-based recommendation methods have been proposed, there still be room for improvement. Firstly, the data sparsity problem still remains a big challenge for CF algorithms to find similar neighbors. Secondly, there are many redundant similar items in the recommendation list generated by traditional CF algorithms, which cannot meet the user wide interest. Therefore, we propose a diversified recommendation method combining topic model and random walk. A weighted random walk model is presented to find all direct and indirect similar neighbors on the sparse data, improving the accuracy of rating prediction. By taking both users’ behavior data and items’ lags into account, we give a diversity measurement method based on the topic distribution of items discovered by Linked-LDA model. Furthermore, a diversified ranking algorithm is developed to balance the accuracy and diversity of recommendation results. We compare our method with six other recommendation methods on a real-world dataset. Experimental results show that our method outperforms the other methods and achieves the best personalized recommendation effect.     

缓解数据稀疏问题的协同过滤混合填充算法

现实评分矩阵非常稀疏,基于用户的协同过滤无法为目标用户提供高精度的满意推荐.基于此种情况,文中提出协同过滤混合填充算法,缓解数据稀疏问题.从物品角度出发,根据相似物品的评分信息填充稀疏矩阵.同时从用户角度出发,利用填充后的矩阵计算目标用户的邻近用户.选取共同评分数量最多的物品以进一步填充矩阵.在两个真实数据集上的实验表明,本文算法在无需额外复杂信息的条件下,有效提高新用户推荐的精确度,缓解数据稀疏性问题.     

Utilizing various sparsity measures for enhancing accuracy of collaborative recommender systems based on local and global similarities

Collaborative filtering is a popular recommendation technique, which suggests items to users by exploiting past user-item interactions involving affinities between pairs of users or items. In spite of their huge success they suffer from a range of problems, the most fundamental being that of data sparsity. When the rating matrix is sparse, local similarity measures yield a poor neighborhood set thus affecting the recommendation quality. In such cases global similarity measures can be used to enrich the neighborhood set by considering transitive relationships among users even in the absence of any common experiences. In this work we propose a recommender system framework utilizing both local and global similarities, taking into account not only the overall sparsity in the rating data, but also sparsity at the user-item level. Several schemes are proposed, based on various sparsity measures pertaining to the active user, for the estimation of the parameter α, that allows the variation of the importance given to the global user similarity with regards to local user similarity. Furthermore, we propose an automatic scheme for weighting the various sparsity measures, through evolutionary approach, to obtain a unified measure of sparsity (UMS). In order to take maximum possible advantage of the various sparsity measures relating to an active user, a scheme based on the UMS is suggested for estimating α. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed estimates of α, markedly, outperform the schemes for which α is kept constant across all predictions (fixed-α schemes), on accuracy of predicted ratings.     

基于巴氏系数和Jaccard系数的协同过滤算法

针对传统基于邻域的协同过滤推荐算法存在数据稀疏性及相似性度量只能利用用户共同评分的问题,提出一种基于巴氏系数和Jaccard系数的协同过滤算法（CFBJ）。在项目相似性度量中,该算法引入巴氏系数和Jaccard系数,巴氏系数利用用户所有评分信息克服共同评分的限制,Jaccard系数可以增加相似性度量中共同评分项所占的比重。该算法通过提高项目相似度准确率来选取最近邻,优化了对目标用户的偏好预测和个性化推荐。实验结果表明,该算法比平均值-杰卡德差分（MJD）算法、皮尔森系数（PC）算法、杰卡德均方差（JMSD）算法、PIP算法误差更小,分类准确率更高,有效缓解了用户评分数据稀疏所带来的问题,提高了推荐系统的预测准确率。     

Semantic trajectory-based high utility item recommendation system

The topic on recommendation systems for mobile users has attracted a lot of attentions in recent years. However, most of the existing recommendation techniques were developed based only on geographic features of mobile users’ trajectories. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for recommending items for mobile users based on both the geographic and semantic features of users’ trajectories. The core idea of our recommendation system is based on a novel cluster-based location prediction strategy, namely TrajUtiRec, to improve items recommendation model. Our proposed cluster-based location prediction strategy evaluates the next location of a mobile user based on the frequent behaviors of similar users in the same cluster determined by analyzing users’ common behaviors in semantic trajectories. For each location, high utility itemset mining algorithm is performed for discovering high utility itemset. Accordingly, we can recommend the high utility itemset which is related to the location the user might visit. Through a comprehensive evaluation by experiments, our proposal is shown to deliver excellent performance.     

基于码本聚类和因子分解机的多指标推荐算法

传统的协同过滤推荐算法普遍存在数据稀疏问题,且仅利用单一综合评分来计算用户相似度,无法找到在多个指标上偏好相似的用户,因而影响推荐的准确度。多指标评分推荐算法力图寻找在多个指标上偏好相似的用户,但是其评价成本高,导致数据稀疏性问题更加严重。为了找到与目标用户在多个指标上偏好相似的用户,提出基于码本聚类的思想来获取用户在各指标上的评分风格信息,然后基于评分风格信息将用户和项目在各指标上进行双向聚类,最后利用因子分解机模型(Factorization Machines,FMs)基于同一簇内的用户、项目、多指标评分信息、评分风格信息进行推荐。实验结果表明,与传统的协同过滤算法和其他多指标推荐方法相比,基于多指标评分信息的因子分解机推荐算法能够在一定程度上缓解数据稀疏问题,提高推荐的准确度。     

基于相似度传递的协同过滤算法

协同过滤算法是个性化推荐系统中应用较广的算法之一。随着用户数量及项目数量的增加,数据的稀疏问题成为影响个性化推荐质量的重要因素。为此,提出一种基于相似度传递的协同过滤算法。该算法能使大于阈值的用户相似度在有限路径长度上传递,增加可用于计算推荐值的用户最近邻居的数量,减少数据稀疏问题的影响,提高推荐质量。     

集成社会化标签和用户背景信息的协同过滤推荐方法

针对传统的协同推荐算法存在数据稀疏和推荐精度低的问题,提出了一种集成社会化标签和用户背景信息的协同过滤(CF)推荐方法。首先,分别计算基于社会化标签和用户背景信息的用户间的相似度;然后,基于用户评分计算用户间的相似度;最后,集成上述3种相似性度量产生用户间综合相似度,并对目标用户进行项目推荐。实验结果表明,与传统的协同过滤推荐算法相比,所提方法在正常数据集和冷启动数据集下的平均绝对误差(MAE)平均降低了16%和22.6%。该方法不仅能有效地提高推荐算法的精度,而且能较好地解决数据稀疏和冷启动的问题。     

基于会话时序相似性的矩阵分解数据填充

针对已有数据填充方法只考虑评分信息和传统相似性,无法捕获用户间真实相似关系的问题,提出了基于会话时序相似性的矩阵分解数据填充方法来缓解数据稀疏性、提高推荐精度。首先,分析了传统相似性的缺陷,并根据时序相似性和相异性提出了基于会话时序相似性度量,它结合了时间上下文和评分信息,能更好地捕获用户间的真实关系,从而识别近邻;接着,根据目标用户的近邻及其消费的项目抽取了具有用户和项目潜在影响因素的待填充的关键项目集合,并利用矩阵分解填充关键项目集合;然后,利用隐含狄利克雷分布（LDA）抽取用户在每个时间段内的概率主题分布,并利用时间惩罚权值建立用户动态偏好模型;最后,根据用户间概率主题分布的相关性和基于用户的协同过滤完成项目推荐。实验结果表明,与其他数据填充方法相比,基于会话时序相似性的矩阵分解数据填充方法在不同稀疏度下都能降低平均绝对误差（MAE）,提高推荐性能。     

基于Jaccard相似度和位置行为的协同过滤推荐算法

协同过滤是现今推荐系统中应用最为成功且最广泛的推荐方法之一,其中概率矩阵分解算法作为一类重要的协同过滤方式,能够通过学习低维的近似矩阵进行推荐。然而,传统的协同过滤推荐算法在推荐过程中只利用用户-项目评分信息,忽略了用户(项目)间的潜在影响力,影响了推荐精度。针对上述问题,首先利用Jaccard相似度对用户(项目)做预处理,而后通过用户(项目)间的位置信息挖掘出其间的潜在影响力,成功找到最近邻居集合;最后将该邻居集合融合到基于概率矩阵分解的协同过滤推荐算法中。实验证明该算法较传统的协同过滤推荐算法能够更有效地预测用户的实际评分,提高了推荐效果。     

融合时间隐语义填充和子群划分的推荐算法

随着个性化推荐技术的发展，推荐系统面临着越来越多的挑战。传统的推荐算法通常存在数据稀疏性和推荐精度低等问题。针对以上问题，提出了一种融合时间隐语义填充和子群划分的推荐算法[K]-TLFM（Time Based Latent Factor Model Integrated with [k]-means）。该算法利用融合时间因素的隐语义模型对原始用户物品评分矩阵缺失项进行填充，避免了用全局平均值或者用户/物品平均值补全矩阵带来的误差，有效缓解了数据稀疏性问题，同时融合时间因素有效地刻画了用户偏好随时间的变化；完成评分矩阵缺失项填充后，基于二分[k]-means聚类算法将偏好、兴趣特征相似的对象划分到同一个子群中，在目标用户所属的子群中基于选定的协同过滤算法为用户产生推荐列表，提高了推荐效率和准确性。在MovieLens和Netflix数据集上对该算法的推荐性能进行了对比实验，结果表明该算法具有更高的推荐精度。     

一种检测兴趣漂移的图结构推荐系统

协同过滤是构造推荐系统最有效的方法之一.其中,基于图结构推荐方法成为近来协同过滤的研究热点.基于图结构的方法视用户和项为图的结点,并利用图理论去计算用户和项之间的相似度.尽管人们对图结构推荐系统开展了很多的研究和应用,然而这些研究都认为用户的兴趣是保持不变的,所以不能够根据用户兴趣的相关变化做出合理推荐.本文提出一种新的可以检测用户兴趣漂移的图结构推荐系统.首先,设计了一个新的兴趣漂移检测方法,它可以有效地检测出用户兴趣在何时发生了哪种变化.其次,根据用户的兴趣序列,对评分项进行加权并构造用户特征向量.最后,整合二部投影与随机游走进行项推荐.在标准数据集MovieLens上的测试表明算法优于两个图结构推荐方法和一个评分时间加权的协同过滤方法.     

结合用户聚类和项目类型的协同过滤算法

为了解决协同过滤算法中数据稀疏性问题,提高推荐效果,提出一种改进的协同过滤算法.该算法首先通过一种新的相似度计算方法来计算项目类型相似度,将相似度大于某阈值的项目作为目标项目的邻居;然后根据目标用户对邻居项目的评分信息来预测该用户对目标项目的评分值,并将预测值填入稀疏的用户项目评分矩阵;最后对填充后的评分矩阵采用基于用户聚类（K-means聚类）的协同过滤算法做出最终的预测评分进行推荐.在Movielens数据集上进行实验验证,结果表明该算法能够很好地缓解数据稀疏性、降低计算复杂度,提高推荐精度.     

Exploring synergies between content-based filtering and Spreading Activation techniques in knowledge-based recommender systems

Recommender systems fight information overload by selecting automatically items that match the personal preferences of each user. The so-called content-based recommenders suggest items similar to those the user liked in the past, using syntactic matching mechanisms. The rigid nature of such mechanisms leads to recommending only items that bear strong resemblance to those the user already knows. Traditional collaborative approaches face up to overspecialization by considering the preferences of other users, which causes other severe limitations. In this paper, we avoid the intrinsic pitfalls of collaborative solutions and diversify the recommendations by reasoning about the semantics of the user’s preferences. Specifically, we present a novel content-based recommendation strategy that resorts to semantic reasoning mechanisms adopted in the Semantic Web, such as Spreading Activation techniques and semantic associations. We have adopted these mechanisms to fulfill the personalization requirements of recommender systems, enabling to discover extra knowledge about the user’s preferences and leading to more accurate and diverse suggestions. Our approach is generic enough to be used in a wide variety of domains and recommender systems. The proposal has been preliminary evaluated by statistics-driven tests involving real users in the recommendation of Digital TV contents. The results reveal the users’ satisfaction regarding the accuracy and diversity of the reasoning-driven content-based recommendations.     

基于项目评分预测的协同过滤推荐算法

推荐系统是电子商务系统中最重要的技术之一.随着电子商务系统用户数目和商品数目的日益增加,在整个商品空间上用户评分数据极端稀疏,传统的相似性度量方法均存在各自的弊端,导致推荐系统的推荐质量急剧下降.针对用户评分数据极端稀疏情况下传统相似性度量方法的不足,提出了一种基于项目评分预测的协同过滤推荐算法,根据项目之间的相似性初步预测用户对未评分项目的评分,在此基础上,采用一种新颖的相似性度量方法计算目标用户的最近邻居.实验结果表明,该算法可以有效地解决用户评分数据极端稀疏情况下传统相似性度量方法存在的问题,显著地提高推荐系统的推荐质量.     

一种优化聚类的协同过滤推荐算法

针对传统的协同过滤推荐算法存在评分数据稀疏和推荐准确率偏低的问题,提出了一种优化聚类的协同过滤推荐算法。根据用户的评分差异对原始评分矩阵进行预处理,再将得到的用户项目评分矩阵以及项目类型矩阵构造用户类别偏好矩阵,更好反映用户的兴趣偏好,缓解数据的稀疏性。在该矩阵上利用花朵授粉优化的模糊聚类算法对用户聚类,增强用户的聚类效果,并将项目偏好信息的相似度与项目评分矩阵的相似度进行加权求和,得到多个最近邻居。融合时间因素对目标用户进行项目评分预测,改善用户兴趣变化对推荐效果的影响。通过在MovieLens 100k数据集上实验结果表明,提出的算法缓解了数据的稀疏性问题,提高了推荐的准确性。