星载高分辨率合成孔径雷达影像纠正技术

为检测TERRASAR、COSMO SkyMed、RADARSAT-2等星载高分辨率合成孔径雷达影像(SAR)在土地利用调查监测中的适用性,该文针对高分辨率SAR数据和产品特性,提出了控制点选取方法,分析了不同纠正模型的应用效果。试验表明高分辨率SAR几何纠正一般需要10～15个控制点,1m聚束模式纠正中误差约3m～5m,3m条带模式纠正中误差约5m～8m,分别满足1∶1万和1∶2.5万土地调查监测几何精度要求。研究结果为构建基于高分辨率SAR数据土地利用调查监测应用技术流程和促进高分辨率极化SAR数据业务化应用奠定了基础。     

高分辨率SAR影像提取冰川面积与冰面河

冰川面积变化是冰川积累与消融的直接体现,与气候变化密切相关。遥感的方法可以为冰川的轮廓及面积监测提供可靠手段,但常用的光学遥感容易受到冰川区多变气象条件的影响。合成孔径雷达（SAR）不受天气影响,尤其是高分辨率SAR影像能够提供冰川表面丰富的细节特征,更好地监测冰川变化。应用相位一致性方法和快速行进法相结合的方法提取冰川轮廓和表面纹理。依据提取的冰川轮廓计算的冰川面积误差在5%以下,表明该方法能够准确地提取冰川面积。同时,在高分辨率SAR图像上,利用提取的冰川表面纹理信息可以有效监测到光学图像上难以识别的冰面河,而冰面河与冰川中长期消融密切相关,提取的冰面河信息将为冰川监测提供一种新的视角。     

基于改进NSST-PCNN的光学与SAR图像融合去云方法

由于光学遥感穿透性差,光学图像常受到云层等天气因素干扰而影响其遥感应用。现有基于多时相或单幅图像修复的方法受地物变化及缺乏先验信息的影响,难以恢复云下真实地物信息。利用SAR图像不受云层、光照等因素干扰的特点,提出一种与SAR图像融合的光学图像去云方法。首先利用分形网络演化算法（FNEA）结合形状及光谱特性对云区进行检测,接着采用非下采样剪切波变换（NSST）对光学与SAR图像进行分解,最后对分解后系数结合云区检测结果进行融合,其中低频信息基于改进加权能量和进行融合,高频则结合方向信息熵及脉冲耦合神经网络（PCNN）模型进行融合。以高分一号、二号光学和高分三号SAR图像数据进行实验。结果表明,该方法相较其他5种算法在云区与参考图像有更高的相似性,可以更好地保持纹理及细节特征,在有效解决云层遮挡问题的同时实现图像增强,有利于后续图像分类、目标识别以及图像判别等遥感应用。     

高分辨率SAR影像提取冰川面积与冰面河

冰川面积变化是冰川积累与消融的直接体现,与气候变化密切相关。遥感的方法可以为冰川的轮廓及面积监测提供可靠手段,但常用的光学遥感容易受到冰川区多变气象条件的影响。合成孔径雷达(SAR)不受天气影响,尤其是高分辨率SAR影像能够提供冰川表面丰富的细节特征,更好地监测冰川变化。应用相位一致性方法和快速行进法相结合的方法提取冰川轮廓和表面纹理。依据提取的冰川轮廓计算的冰川面积误差在5%以下,表明该方法能够准确地提取冰川面积。同时,在高分辨率SAR图像上,利用提取的冰川表面纹理信息可以有效监测到光学图像上难以识别的冰面河,而冰面河与冰川中长期消融密切相关,提取的冰面河信息将为冰川监测提供一种新的视角。     

高分辨率SAR影像提取冰川面积与冰面河

冰川面积变化是冰川积累与消融的直接体现，与气候变化密切相关。遥感的方法可以为冰川的轮廓及面积监测提供可靠手段，但常用的光学遥感容易受到冰川区多变气象条件的影响。合成孔径雷达（SAR）不受天气影响，尤其是高分辨率SAR影像能够提供冰川表面丰富的细节特征，更好地监测冰川变化。应用相位一致性方法和快速行进法相结合的方法提取冰川轮廓和表面纹理。依据提取的冰川轮廓计算的冰川面积误差在5%以下，表明该方法能够准确地提取冰川面积。同时，在高分辨率SAR图像上，利用提取的冰川表面纹理信息可以有效监测到光学图像上难以识别的冰面河，而冰面河与冰川中长期消融密切相关，提取的冰面河信息将为冰川监测提供一种新的视角。     

NCEP/QSCAT混合风向用于SAR图像反演高分辨率海面风速

SAR图像反演高分辨率海面风速在微波遥感领域具有重要的意义。利用 SAR图像和NCEP/QSCAT混合风向数据,对NCEP/QSCAT混合风向用于SAR图像反演高分辨率海面风速的方法进行了初步研究。以2005年12月6日一景ENVISat ASAR图像为例,反演了大范围、高分辨率海面风速。海面风速的反演结果与NCEP/QSCAT混合风速、日平均散射计风速的比较结果显示,其均方根误差分别为1.9 m/s、1.6 m/s,二者符合较好,显示了SAR反演高分辨率海面风速的能力与SAR海面风场业务化应用的前景。     

单极化合成孔径雷达影像在土地利用分类中的潜力分析

从我国土地利用调查应用出发,为了解决我国多云多雨地区土地利用分类及遥感动态监测问题,以面向对象影像分割、分类软件--Definiens Developer作为处理平台,对中分辨率星载合成孔径雷达（SAR）（以ENVISAT ASAR和Radarsat-1为例）、高分辨率星载SAR（以TerraSAR-X为例）进行分类处理,分析了单极化星载中、高分辨率星载SAR在土地利用分类中的能力,并对该模式星载SAR在土地利用分类中的影像特征和可解析程度进行了小结。     

面向对象的高分辨率SAR图像处理及应用

目的随着合成孔径雷达(SAR)技术和分辨率的不断提高,越来越多的空间细节呈现在高分辨率SAR影像上。与此同时,SAR图像的数据量越来越大,人们对其应用需求也越来越高,这使得传统的基于像素的SAR处理方法不再适用。面向对象分析技术以像元集合——"对象"为分析单元,为高分辨率遥感图像处理提供了有效的思路,并日渐成为遥感、摄影测量以及GIS等领域所关注的对象和研究热点之一。目前该技术在光学遥感中已经得到了广泛的应用,但在SAR图像处理中的应用还处于起步阶段。方法本文在简要阐述面向对象分析技术起源和特点的基础上,对SAR图像面向对象技术中常用的多尺度分割算法进行了分类分析,接着对面向对象技术在SAR遥感的应用方向进行全面介绍,最后对面向对象技术在SAR上的应用进行了总结与展望。结果面向对象分析技术在SAR图像处理中的应用主要分为以下五个方面:地物分类、城市信息提取、变化检测、海洋应用、森林应用。结论面向对象分析技术在解决高分辨率SAR图像尺度效应、抑制噪声等方面有着重要作用。目前,国外学者在基于SAR的面向对象分析技术研究上已经取得了一定的进展,但总体上该技术仍面临诸多问题,需要进一步的研究和完善。     

一种抑制SAR图像斑点噪声的图像融合方法

首先研究了图像融合小波基的选区,并利用提升小波技术分别对合成孔径雷达图像和光学遥感图像进行小波提升分解然后,对分解后的SAR低频分量进行邻域平均,再与光学图像的低频分量进行加权平均;为了抑制SAR图像斑点噪声的影响,重点研究了高频分量的融合方法,并提出了一种依据斑点噪声特征变化而自适应地改变融合窗口的方法,该方法提高了SAR图像的目标解译和识别能力;最后,使用融合前后的SAR图像进行图像的目标检测,结果表明,融合后的图像能够明显抑制SAR斑点噪声影响,使SAR图像目标检测的效果更佳。     

空间微波遥感研究与应用—丛书述评

《空间微波遥感研究与应用丛书》共10部学术专著已由科学出版社2019~2020年内出版。该丛书包括了我国科学工作者近年来在星载微波主动遥感的合成孔径雷达技术、被动遥感的气象和海洋卫星的地球遥感技术等领域的部分研究成果。合成孔径雷达领域包括了：星载高分辨率宽幅SAR、SAR图像信息解译应用软件、SAR图像智能解译、空天目标雷达认知成像,以及目标分解的极化SAR与应用;也包括了月球火星等行星微波遥感的研究。气象与海洋微波遥感领域包括了我国风云气象和海洋微波遥感的综合应用研究成果,还有一本高光谱遥感图像非线性解混方面的研究。本文对该丛书的内容与特点给予述评。     

小波局部高频替代融合方法

IHS变换是图象融合的经典算法之一。采取IHS变换与小波变换结合的融合算法是近年发展起来的遥感数据融合方法,发挥了IHS和小波两种变换算法的优点。效果比用单一一种方法更显著,提出了小波局部高频替代的融合方法。ETM遥感数据5、4、3波段由IHS盂塞尔彩色空间正变换后的Ⅰ亮度分量,经与全色波段中高能量替代的小波变换,形成一个新的集中了Ⅰ亮度分量和全色波段高频能量的新分量,再通过IHS进行反变换,经过实验,表明此方法可显著提高融合后图象的分辨率,同时又保持了原来多光谱图象的光谱信息。将此方法处理结果用在四川岷江“退耕还林”遥感调查项目中,可以提高土地利用计算精度。     

Multisource ERS-1 and optical data for vegetal cover assessment and monitoring in a semi-arid region of Algeria

This paper highlights advantages of using Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data combined with multispectral data to improve vegetal cover assessment and monitoring in a semi-arid region of southern Algeria. We present a number of preprocessing and processing techniques using multidate optical data analysis alone and SAR ERS-1 and Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data integration due to aspects of radar image enhancement techniques and the study of roughness of different types of vegetation in steppic regions. Image data integration has become a valuable approach to integrate multisource satellite data. It has been found that image data from different spectral domains (visible, near-infrared, microwave) provides datasets with complementarity information content and can be used to improve the spatial resolution of satellite images. In this communication, we present a part of the cooperation research project which deals with fusing ERS-1 SAR geocoded images with Landsat TM data, investigating different combinations of integration and classification techniques. The methodology consists of several steps: (1) Speckle noise reduction by comparative performance of different filtering algorithms. Several filtering algorithms were implemented and tested with different window sizes, iterations and parameters. (2) Geometric superposition and geocoding of optical images regarding SAR ERS-1 image and resampling at unique resolution of 25 m. (3) Application of different numerical combinations of integration techniques and unsupervized classifications such as the Forgy method, the MacQueen method and other methods. The results were compared with vegetal cover mapping from aerial photographs of the region of Foum Redad in the south of the Saharian Atlas. The combinations proposed above allow us to distinguish different themes in the arid and semi-arid regions in the south of the Saharian Atlas using a colour composite image and show a good correlation between different types of land cover and land use and radar backscattering level in the SAR data which corresponds essentially to the roughness of the soil surface.     

基于CBERS-02B和SPOT-5全色波段的图像融合纹理信息评价研究

CBERS-02B是我国第一代传输型陆地资源遥感卫星,搭载的传感器可以获得2.36 m分辨率的全色波段数据。通过遥感影像融合技术,将CBERS-02B全色数据和SPOT-5全色数据与SPOT-5多光谱数据10 m分辨率的图像进行了多方法的融合处理,通过对融合后图像的空间纹理信息进行比较和评价,获得了纹理信息的特征参数值。通过目视评价和定量分析,认为用CBERS-02B全色数据融合的影像在空间纹理上比SOPT-5融合的影像有优势。因此,CBERS-02B的全色波段是一种较高质量的高分辨率数据,应用前景广阔。     

Mapping land cover types in the Amazon Basin using 1 km JERS-1 mosaic

During the Global Rain Forest Mapping (GRFM) project, the JERS-1 SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) satellite acquired wall-to-wall image coverage of the humid tropical forests of the world. The rationale for the project was to demonstrate the application of spaceborne L-band radar in tropical forest studies. In particular, the use of orbital radar data for mapping land cover types, estimating the area of floodplains, and monitoring deforestation and forest regeneration were of primary importance. In this paper we examine the information content of the JERS-1 SAR data for mapping land cover types in the Amazon basin. More than 1500 high-resolution (12.5 m pixel spacing) images acquired during the low flood period of the Amazon river were resampled to 100 m resolution and mosaicked into a seamless image of about 8 million km², including the entire Amazon basin. This image was used in a classifier to generate a 1 km resolution land cover map. The inputs to the classifier were 1 km resolution mean backscatter and seven first-order texture measures derived from the 100 m data by using a 10 x 10 independent sampling window. The classification approach included two interdependent stages. First, a supervised maximum a posteriori Baysian approach classified the mean backscatter image into five general cover categories: terra firme forest (including secondary forest), savanna, inundated vegetation, open deforested areas and open water. A hierarchical decision rule based on texture measures was then applied to attempt further discrimination of known subcategories of vegetation types based on taxonomic information and woody biomass levels. True distributions of the general categories were identified from the RADAMBRASIL project vegetation maps and several field studies. Training and validation test sites were chosen from the JERS-1 image by consulting the RADAM vegetation maps. After several iterations and combining land cover types, 14 vegetation classes were successfully separated at the 1 km scale. The accuracy of the classification methodology was estimated to be 78% when using the validation sites. The results were also verified by comparison with the RADAM- and AVHRR-based 1 km resolution land cover maps.     

Effects of satellite image spatial aggregation and resolution on estimates of forest land area

Satellite imagery is being used increasingly in association with national forest inventories (NFIs) to produce maps and enhance estimates of forest attributes. We simulated several image spatial resolutions within sparsely and heavily forested study areas to assess resolution effects on estimates of forest land area, independent of other sensor characteristics. We spatially aggregated 30 m datasets to coarser spatial resolutions (90, 150, 210, 270, 510 and 990 m) and produced estimates of forest proportion for each spatial resolution using both model‐ and design‐based approaches. Average‐based aggregation had no effect on per‐image estimates of forest proportion; image variability decreased with increasing spatial resolution and local variability peaked between 210 and 270 m. Majority‐based aggregation resulted in overestimation of forest land in a heavily forested landscape and underestimation of forest land in a sparsely forested landscape, with both trends following a natural log distribution. Of the spatial resolutions tested, 30 m was superior for obtaining estimates using model‐based approaches. However, standard errors of design‐based inventory estimates of forest proportion were smallest when accompanying stratification maps which were aggregated to between 90 and 150 m spatial resolutions and strata thresholds were optimized by study area. These results suggest that spatially aggregating existing 30 m land cover datasets can provide NFIs with gains in precision of their estimates of forest land area, while reducing image storage size and processing times; land cover datasets derived from coarser spatial resolution sensors may provide similar benefits.     

基于小波变换的MODIS与ETM数据融合研究

遥感影像融合方法多样，但针对空间分辨率相差十倍、甚至十几倍的不同数据源影像进行融合的研究很有限。有效算法也较少。MODIS影像高光谱数据具有36个相互配准的光谱波段信息，然而其0．25km～1km的低空间分辨率，却限制了其应用潜力。本文基于小波变换的算法思想提出了一种MODIS与Landsat ETM(空间分辨率30m)数据融合的方法，能够有效的将MODIS的光谱信息和ETM的空间几何信息结合起来，并在此基础上分析了地形阴影对融合的影响，为MODIS数据用于制作较大比例尺的土地利用现状图等提供了可能。     

基于特征统计可分性的遥感数据专题分类尺度效应分析

现有的对地观测遥感卫星能够提供从0.61 m到数十公里空间分辨率的遥感数据。通过遥感数据的专题分类得到的专题图的精度不但受遥感数据光谱特征、遥感数据处理和分类过程的影响, 而且受到所用的遥感数据的空间分辨率的影响。遥感数据空间分辨率的变化对遥感专题分类精度的影响受混合像元数目的变化和类内光谱特征变异程度的变化这两个矛盾的因子影响。空间分辨率对分类精度的最终影响决定于这两个矛盾影响因子的净效应。通过分析遥感专题分类中分类特种的统计可分性随遥感数据空间分辨率的变化来分析空间分辨率变化对分类精度的净效应。采用变换的离散度作为特征的统计可分性度量。以TM数据进行土地利用/土地覆被分类为例,首先将原始分辨率的图像以简单平均方法逐步尺度扩展到不同分辨率,然后在原始空间分辨率的图像上,根据该地区土地利用图进行层次随机采样,并以原始分辨率图像上的随机采样位置为掩模,在尺度扩展后的图像上进行同样位置的随机采样,最后在各空间分辨率上分别计算类对间的变换离散度。对变换的离散度随空间分辨率变化的规律进行了分析和定性解释。研究表明,类对间空间邻接结构对类别间混合像元数目随空间分辨率的变化有决定性影响;不同类对之间的最大统计可分性可能发生在不同的空间分辨率;空间分辨率越高,并不一定分类精度越高;不同类别之间的分类需要不同空间分辨率的数据。     

Use of airborne video data for the characterization of tropical savannas in northern Australia: The optimal spatial resolution for remote sensing applications

Very high resolution airborne video data were used to assess the optimal spatial resolution for mapping the land cover types occurring in the tropical savannas of northern Australia. Canopy cover and principal component images were extracted for four vegetation communities and investigated separately. Analysis of average variance in conjunction with a proposed visual analysis method proved more successful in establishing the optimal resolution than analysis of spatial autocorrelation using semivariograms. The optimal resolution was found to be dependent on the structure of the vegetation community as well as the image component under investigation. A resolution of between 20 and 27 m is optimal for all instances examined.