金属-有机骨架材料对环境中典型苯系物的吸附研究进展

近年来,挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)作为一种新兴污染物,引起人们的关注。其中苯系物是一类典型的VOCs。许多苯系物对生物体具有毒性,对人类健康有直接危害。因此在生产生活中,需要对大气中的苯系物浓度进行控制。在各种控制方法中,吸附法作为一种简单易行的方法被广泛研究。金属-有机骨架材料(MOFs)由于其可控的骨架结构、较大的比表面积被广泛用于气体的吸附分离,也被认为是最具有苯系物吸附潜力的材料。主要介绍了MOFs吸附典型苯系物的能力,系统分析了影响MOFs吸附典型苯系物的因素,并深入探究如何通过制备MOFs复合材料来进一步提升其吸附性能。     

PP/PEW纤维对苯系物的吸附研究

用熔融法制备聚丙烯(PP)/聚乙烯蜡(PEW)共混物,并在一定的纺丝条件下制备PP/PEW纤维吸附材料,讨论了PEW含量对苯系物(苯、甲苯、二甲苯)吸附倍率的影响。结果表明:在PEW含量为PP的10%时,PP/PEW纤维对纯苯系物、水面苯系物的吸附倍率最大,增加量分别为31.8%~41.8%,33.3%~40.2%;对水中苯系物吸附倍率随着PEW含量增加而增大,最终是PP纤维的3倍左右。     

一种新型苯吸附材料的制备及性能研究

为了更有效地回收挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)中的苯系物,并满足日趋严格的VOCs排放标准,开发了一种用于吸附回收苯的新型吸附材料.对原料硅胶进行表面化学改性,在硅胶表面接枝,形成络合π键的苯官能团.通过正交试验分析,以疏水指数和静态苯蒸汽吸附量为评价指标,确定了两种改性疏水硅胶的合成配方.对改性疏水硅胶进行苯吸附等温线...     

功能性多孔炭材料在突发性环境污染事故中的应用

多孔炭材料具有比表面积大、孔结构发达等优点，是应急处理泄漏油品、有毒化学品和废水的理想吸附剂。通过对多孔炭材料作为吸附剂在突发性环境污染事故中的应用研究进行了归纳和总结，对多孔炭材料在突发性环境污染事故中的应用前景及未来工作进行了评述和展望。讨论了突发性环境污染事故应急处置过程中基于多孔炭材料的合理技术路线和工艺条件，指出研发新型功能性多孔炭材料及做好基础数据的积累是今后研究工作的努力方向。     

吸油材料对溢油吸附的研究进展

近年来,海上溢油事故的频繁发生,已开始对水生生物的生存构成威胁,引发人类对生态环境污染的高度担忧。吸油材料是一类新型的环保材料,可应用于吸附水中的有机物质,特别适用于海上溢油的清理。对吸油材料的研究现状和前景进行了探讨,希望加深人们对该领域的深入了解,促进该领域的快速发展。     

高分子吸附材料的研究进展

高分子吸附材料是一种新型的功能材料,因其具有孔径和比表面积较大、原料来源丰富、抗氧化性强、容易再生等优点,目前被广泛用于化工、医疗、农业、国防等领域。综述了高分子吸附材料的分类、国内外吸附模型的研究进展及其在废水处理、中草药有效成分的提取、医药卫生及农业保水方面的应用。我国高分子吸附材料的研究虽然起步较晚,但目前已取得了长足的进步。     

微波辐射合成MIL-101多孔材料及其对苯的吸附热

采用微波辐射法合成MIL-101多孔材料,探讨了反应温度对材料合成的影响。同时对MIL-101进行XRD测试以及孔结构和比表面积分析,采用重量法测定了288、298和308K条件下苯在MIL-101多孔材料上的吸附等温线,并估算MIL-101对苯的等量吸附热。结果表明,MIL-101多孔材料的比表面积达2089.2m2/g,苯在MIL-101上的吸附等温线呈I型等温线,与Langmuir模型吻合很好,表明吸附主要为微孔吸附;随着温度的升高,MIL-101对苯的平衡吸附量逐渐下降,说明苯在MIL-101多孔材料的吸附以物理吸附为主。在T=298K,p/p0=0.5时,苯在MIL-101多孔材料上的吸附量为9.44mmol/g,远高于同等条件下普通活性炭和活性炭纤维对苯的吸附容量;苯在MIL-101上的等量吸附热为45.4～41.6kJ/mol的范围,其等量吸附热随着表面吸附量的增加变化幅度不大,与活性炭纤维相比,MIL-101的表面吸附自由能分布比较均匀。     

氟化氢气体污染事故的应急监测和处置——以洪江区“6.7”事故为个案的分析

突发性大气污染事故危害大,需要环境监测工作者对突发性环境污染事故实施快速有效的应急监测,及时了解、掌握污染物质的种类、浓度分布、影响范围及发展态势,为政府应急处置决策提供技术支撑。文章叙述了洪江区"6.7"氟化氢气体污染事故的应急监测和处置方法,分析了事故案例中应急监测及处置工作的经验教训,提出了有效控制应急污染的处置对策。     

浅谈燃气管道不明泄漏的应急处置

天然气管网的泄漏具有危险性,我们应该提高应对城市燃气管道发生不明泄漏的现场应急处置能力,有效控制和处理燃气泄漏事故,本文介绍了燃气管道泄漏的抢修方法和注意事项。     

纤维素基复合吸附材料的研究进展

纤维素是自然界中储量最丰富的可再生生物高分子聚合物,价格低、可生物降解,被广泛应用于水资源污染吸附领域.单纯的纤维素吸附材料较为环保,但存在吸附能力差、功能单一等不足.纤维素通过与其他物质复合制备成纤维素基复合吸附材料可以弥补这些劣势.因此纤维素基复合吸附材料的开发利用对缓解水资源污染有着重要的意义.文中总结了近年来纤维素基复合吸附材料的最新相关研究,介绍了纤维素与氧化石墨烯、金属氧化物、矿物质、单宁、金属有机骨架等制备复合吸附材料的研究进展,并对纤维素基复合吸附材料的发展前景进行了展望.     

Model of spills and fires from LNG and oil tankers

A comprehensive model for predicting the dynamics of spills from LNG and oil product tankers is constructed from fluid mechanics principles and empirical properties of oil and LNG spills on water. The analysis utilizes the significant tanker hold and discharge flow area dimensions to specify the cargo liquid outflow history and the ensuing pool characteristics, including the establishment of a pool fire. The pool fire area, duration, and heat release rate are determined as functions of the tanker cargo variables. Examples of an LNG and gasoline spill show that for likely discharge flow areas these spills may be regarded as instantaneous, simplifying the evaluation of risk consequences.     

离子液体顶空微萃取-气相色谱法测定水中苯系物

采用1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐离子液体([Bmim]BF4)作萃取剂,顶空液相微萃取法富集水中苯系物,气相色谱法测定。考察了不同萃取温度和时间、样品体积、单液滴体积和盐析效应对结果的影响。苯、甲苯、二甲苯检出限分别为0.030μg/L、0.147μg/L、0.180μg/L,结果表明所用离子液体可有效富集水中痕量苯系物。     

Cost-effectiveness criteria for marine oil spill preventive measures

Oil tanker accidents resulting in large quantities of oil spills and severe pollution have occurred in the past, leading to major public attention and an international focus on finding solutions for minimising the risks related to such events. This paper proposes a novel approach for evaluating measures for prevention and control of marine oil spills, based on considerations of oil spill risk and cost effectiveness. A cost model that incorporates all costs of a shipping accident has been established and oil tanker spill accidents have been further elaborated as a special case of such accidents. Utilising this model, novel implementation criteria, in terms of the Cost of Averting a Tonne of oil Spilt (CATS), for risk control options aiming at mitigating the environmental risk of accidental oil spills, are proposed. The paper presents a review of previous studies on the costs associated with oil spills from shipping, which is a function of many factors such as location of spill, spill amount, type of oil, etc. However, ships are designed for global trade, transporting different oil qualities. Therefore, globally applicable criteria must average over most of these factors, and the spill amount is the remaining factor that will be used to measure cost effectiveness against. A weighted, global average cleanup cost of USD 16,000/tonne of oil spilt has been calculated, considering the distribution of oil tanker traffic densities. Finally, the criteria are compared with some existing regulations for oil spill prevention, response and compensation (OPA 90).     

Robotic swarm concept for efficient oil spill confrontation

This paper examines the behaviour of a distributed system/robotic swarm concept for the effective confrontation of oil spills. The system described consists of a number of identical robotic units of high-power autonomy that recover oil mechanically and are able to communicate with each other. A mathematical model that accounts for a multitude of oil weathering processes and for the concerted action of the autonomous units is implemented for this investigation. Computational assessment of the robotic swarm in weathering oil spills indicates the potential effectiveness of the method.     

海上稠油聚合物驱关键技术研究与矿场试验

在深入分析海上稠油聚合物驱提高采收率的难点与挑战的基础上,通过近10年的攻关和矿场试验,研制出适合海上稠油油藏条件的驱替液技术、平台聚合物配注技术、海上稠油含聚采出液处理技术及早期注聚效果评价等一系列技术,初步形成了海上油田聚合物驱油技术体系,并在渤海绥中36-1、旅大10-1及锦州9-3等3个油田进行了不同规模的现场试验,取得了明显的增油降水效果。证明了聚合物驱提高采收率技术在海上稠油油田应用的技术可行性和经济有效性,为海上油田高效开发探索出了一条崭新的道路,具有广阔的应用前景。     

Analysis of large LNG spills on water part 1: Liquid spread and evaporation

The first part of this two-part review considers the theoretical and experimental results obtained on liquid spread and evaporation on large LNG spills on water. Both instantaneous spills, in which the spill time is much smaller than the time for complete vaporization, and continuous spills are considered. Also applications of the correlations are discussed.     

Wireless Sensor for Continuous Real-Time Oil Spill Thickness and Location Measurement

Marine pollution by oil spills is a devastating environmental hazard, requiring a low-cost efficient system for continuous and real-time thickness measurement and localization of oil. Knowing that none of the previous detection methods has managed to fully meet these requirements, it is necessary to devise a new technique for guiding and speeding up the clean-up process of oil spills. This paper presents a sensor device that is capable of sensing, processing, and transmitting information about an oil spill (location and thickness). This paper discusses two new methodologies of detection based on the difference in the absorbance spectral signatures and electric conductivity properties of oil and water. This paper also discusses the mechanical design of the device, the hardware implementation of its components, and the integration and evaluation of the whole system. The experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method under different lighting, salinity, temperature, and sea conditions.      

纳米纤维素基气凝胶的制备及其吸附性能研究进展

在可持续发展已成为全球各国共识的今天,合理且高效地研发及利用可再生生物质能源成为国内外各大课题组研究的热点及方向。而纳米纤维素作为典型的生物质可再生材料,将其应用到环境治理领域成为再好不过的选择。同时,以纳米纤维素为基体制备的气凝胶作为第三代气凝胶材料,具有高孔隙率、高比表面积、低密度、低介电常数和较高的吸附性等性能,在染料吸附、油污吸附、重金属离子吸附、CO 2气体吸附等吸附领域有着广阔的应用前景。综述了纳米纤维素的制备方法、纳米纤维素基气凝胶的制备工艺及其在吸附领域的应用,探讨了纳米纤维素基气凝胶在研发中存在的问题,展望了纳米纤维素基气凝胶在吸附领域的未来发展方向。     

Liquid chromatography of macromolecules at the point of exclusion–adsorption transition

Liquid chromatography of macromolecules at the point of exclusion–adsorption transition (LC PEAT) is based on a controlled balance between entropic (exclusion) and enthalpic (adsorption) effects within LC system that results in the loss of separation according to the molar mass. Consequently, polymer species exhibiting the same adsorptivity but different sizes are eluted in one single retention volume that roughly corresponds to the total volume of liquid within column. At the same time, other kinds of polymer chains with different adsorptivities are eluted according to either exclusion or adsorption mechanism. This may allow discrimination and independent characterization of chemically different species such as functionalized macromolecules, block- and graft- copolymers and polymer blends. Differences in the physical structure of macromolecules, for example in their stereoregularity represent an alternative separation parameter. Four approaches to the exclusion–adsorption transition in liquid chromatography of macromolecules were so far proposed, viz. liquid chromatography at the critical adsorption point (LC CAP), liquid chromatography at the theta exclusion-adsorption conditions (LC TEA), liquid chromatography under limiting conditions of adsorption (LC LCA) and liquid chromatography under limiting conditions of desorption (LC LCD). The principles of LC CAP, LC TEA, LC LCA and LC LCD and their applicability are elucidated and the advantages and problems of particular methods are discussed in the present review. Received: 9 October 2000 / Reviewed and accepted: 10 October 2000     

标准化在我国海洋溢油应急处置工作中的应用研究

本文主要探讨我国海洋溢油应急处置工作存在的标准化问题以及加强我国海洋溢油应急处置标准化工作的对策。