内翅板蒸发式冷凝器降膜流动与传热特性

为了增强蒸发式冷凝器板外气液两相流动与传热,基于数值模拟方法对比分析了几种新型的板片结构,研究了板片构型、喷淋水喷淋密度、空气入口速度等因素对气液两相流流体流动及传热性能的影响。结果表明:半圆波纹板有较长的水膜稳定时间和较大的换热面积,换热性能较好;不同板片结构的蒸发式冷凝器具有不同的最佳喷淋水喷淋密度,最佳喷淋密度区间范围为0.48~0.93 kg/(m·s);空气入口速度一定时,半圆波纹板的壁面温度随喷淋密度增大而增大,气液界面温度随喷淋密度增大而减小;当空气入口速度小于2.5 m/s时,空气入口速度的适当增大能够有效减薄半圆波纹板板外水膜厚度,强化换热。     

板翅式蒸发器液冷系统的实验研究

提出并搭建了一套采用氟里昂蒸气压缩循环的液体冷却试验系统,其中采用板翅式换热器作为蒸发器,R22作为制冷剂,热水作为载冷液体提供制冷剂蒸发所需热量。实验结果表明：在实验参数范围内,蒸发器单位面积制冷量为：2440—9760W／m^2,总传热系数为80—600W／（m^2．K）,制冷剂侧传热系数为90-1065W／（m^2．K）,蒸发器内制冷剂侧压降为7—17kPa;制冷量及蒸发器压降均随水进口温度的升高而增大,而传热系数随水进口温度的升高先增大而后减小;制冷量、传热系数及压降均随毛细管长度及水流量的增大而减小,随充灌量的增大而增大。     

竖直通道内降膜流动数值模拟

降膜蒸发是一种高效的传热技术,平均液膜厚度是考察降膜蒸发传热性能的一个重要影响因素。本文基于VOF算法,建立了水和空气沿二维竖直通道降膜流动的CFD模型,模拟研究了液膜速度、工质种类、同向和逆向气流对平均液膜厚度的影响。结果表明：提高液膜速度会增大平均液膜厚度;气相工质对液膜厚度影响不大,而液相工质对液膜厚度影响较大,液膜厚度随液相黏度增大而增大;同向气流对入口段和发展段的液膜厚度影响不大,稳定段液膜厚度会随着同向气流速度的增大而减小;平均液膜厚度随逆向气流速度增大而降低,当逆向气流速度达到2.5 m/s后,气流速度对液膜厚度的影响减小。     

竖直通道内降膜流动数值模拟研究

降膜蒸发是一种高效的传热技术,平均液膜厚度是考察降膜蒸发传热性能的一个重要影响因素。本文基于VOF算法,建立了水和空气沿二维竖直通道降膜流动的CFD模型,模拟研究了液膜速度、工质种类、同向和逆向气流对平均液膜厚度的影响。结果表明:提高液膜速度会增大平均液膜厚度;气相工质对液膜厚度影响不大,而液相工质对液膜厚度影响较大,液膜厚度随液相黏度增大而增大;同向气流对入口段和发展段的液膜厚度影响不大,稳定段液膜厚度会随着同向气流速度的增大而减小;平均液膜厚度随逆向气流速度增大而降低,当逆向气流速度达到2.5 m/s后,气流速度对液膜厚度的影响减小。     

供液压头和蒸发温度对再循环蒸发器循环倍率的影响

在重力供液系统中,供液压头大于蒸发器对冷媒的阻力,液体冷媒就可以在蒸发器与汽液分离器的回路中再循环,再循环作用的强弱用循环倍率表示。循环倍率与供液压头和蒸发温度有关。这里推导了运用均相流模型计算蒸发回路各种阻力的计算公式,针对一小型制冷系统和专门设计的再循环蒸发器,进行阻力平衡计算。在此基础上,用空气侧热平衡法对该制冷系统进行了供液压头与蒸发温度和循环倍率的相互影响实验。结果表明:所推导的阻力计算式具有工程应用精度;蒸发温度升高循环倍率减小,且蒸发温度较低时循环倍率的变化率较小,反之亦然;供液压头增大循环倍率增大,而单位供液压头引起的循环倍率变化却随压头的增大而减小,该变化率还随蒸发温度的升高不断缩小;循环倍率有最优值,推荐的循环倍率应在4~5之间。     

板式蒸发式冷凝器传热传质的数值模拟

根据能量守恒和质量守恒定律,对板式蒸发式冷凝器中制冷剂、冷却水与空气之间的传热传质过程,建立了热质交换过程的二维数学模型,由此分析板式蒸发式冷凝器中冷却水温度、空气温度和空气含湿量等参数的分布规律,以及空气流速、干湿球温度、冷却水喷淋密度和冷凝温度对板式蒸发式冷凝器热流密度的影响,并将模拟结果通过实验进行了验证,两者之间的误差在10%以内。研究表明:板式蒸发式冷凝器的热流密度随进口空气流速的增加而增大,随湿球温度的升高而减小,几乎不受进口空气干球温度的影响;热流密度随着冷却水喷淋密度的增加逐渐增大,但增大至一定量后不再对热流密度有明显影响;冷凝温度越高,其热流密度越大。上述结论对板式蒸发式冷凝器的优化设计具有指导意义。     

降膜式蒸发器用高效传热管换热性能试验研究

通过试验对降膜式蒸发器用高效传热管的换热性能进行研究,并将其与之相对应的池沸腾换热性能进行比较.由比较数据可知:样管池沸腾换热性能均随热流密度的增大而增强,降膜蒸发性能在一定热流密度下随喷淋流量的增大而增强;在恒定热流密度和恒定喷淋流量下,光管降膜燕发性能低于池沸腾性能,强化管降膜蒸发性能高于池沸腾性能;池沸腾性能高的强化管降膜蒸发性能也强.     

蒸发式冷凝器凹凸型板片间传热特性试验与理论分析

对采用凹凸型板片的蒸发式冷凝器的传热与流阻特性进行了试验分析,在此基础上建立了三维模型,对其板片间的气-液两相流进行了模拟,分析了喷淋水量、入口空气流速、板片间距和湿空气状态对换热性能的影响,并将模拟结果与实验对比验证。结果表明:表面传热系数随喷淋密度增大而增大,喷淋密度大于0.12kg/(m~2·s)后,板片表面间传热系数增长变缓;板片表面传热系数随入口空气流速的增大和板片间距的减小而逐渐增大;湿空气含湿量越低,换热性能越好,干球温度对换热性能影响不显著。     

一种喷射器膨胀直接供液制冷循环及性能分析

很多环保制冷剂如(R1234ze(E))具有蒸发压力低的特点,影响了其制冷性能。提出了将两相喷射器作为膨胀部件,将汽液分离后的纯液体供给蒸发器的直接供液式喷射器膨胀制冷循环(EERC)。以汽车空调系统为例,研究了循环COP与单位容积制冷量,结果表明采用R1234ze(E)的EERC循环相对于采用R134a的传统循环(TRC)COP提升在22%以上,并且容积制冷量也得到大幅提升,与采用R134a的容积制冷量的差距从33%左右减小到了6%—12%;在高冷凝温度和低蒸发温度工况下,性能改善更加明显。直接供液式EERC无论是直接用来替代现有制冷循环,还是用在环保制冷剂特别是低压环保制冷剂替代传统制冷剂的场合都是一个很好的选择。     

水平管排低压降膜蒸发传热特性实验研究

对水在高真空条件下在水平管排上的降膜蒸发特性进行了研究,设计了喷淋降膜蒸发试验台。实验选用去离子水作为实验工质,乙二醇为冷却循环中的冷却介质,采用自主设计的喷头。实验工况是低压(1000Pa左右),低蒸发温度(7～9℃),小温差(3℃)。对两组不同的铜管进行了降膜蒸发特性的实验测试,实验数据由计算机采集。重点分析研究了降膜换热的实验结果,得出降膜蒸发的传热系数变化趋势是随流量增加先增后减,为使用降膜蒸发技术的换热设备的设计提供可靠的试验依据。     

Performance and heat transfer characteristics of hydrocarbon refrigerants in a heat pump systemPerformance et caractéristiques de transfert de chaleur des frigorigènes hydrocarbures utilisés dans un système de pompe à chaleur

Performance of a heat pump system using hydrocarbon refrigerants has been investigated experimentally. Single component hydrocarbon refrigerants (propane, isobutane, butane and propylene) and binary mixtures of propane/isobutane and propane/butane are considered as working fluids in a heat pump system. The heat pump system consists of compressor, condenser, evaporator, and expansion device with auxiliary facilities such as evacuating and charging unit, the secondary heat transfer fluid circulation unit, and several measurement units. Performance of each refrigerant is compared at several compressor speeds and temperature levels of the secondary heat transfer fluid. Coefficient of performance (COP) and cooling/heating capacity of hydrocarbon refrigerants are presented. Experimental results show that some hydrocarbon refrigerants are comparable to R22. Condensation and evaporation heat transfer coefficients of selected refrigerants are obtained from overall conductance measurements for subsections of heat exchangers, and compared with those of R22. It is found that heat transfer is degraded for hydrocarbon refrigerant mixtures due to composition variation with phase change. Empirical correlations to estimate heat transfer coefficients for pure and mixed hydrocarbons are developed, and they show good agreement with experimental data. Some hydrocarbon refrigerants have better performance characteristics than R22.     

采用R410A为制冷剂的小型风冷式冷水机组设计

以R410A为制冷剂设计的一套小型家用风冷冷水机组。标准工况下,该机组的设计制冷量和制热量分别为16.5kW和18.0kW。在系统热力计算的基础上,介绍了以R410A为制冷剂的小型家用风冷冷水机组设备选型过程,选用了制冷量和制热量分别为16.89kW和19kW的全封闭涡旋式压缩机、实际总管长144m和实际传热面积70.24m2的翅片管式换热器作风侧换热器,板间距为0.0032m、单片传热面积为0.12m2的板式换热器作水侧换热器,毛细管作节流装置等。     

Experimental study on a simple Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube

The Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube is a device by which cold gas can be generated using compressed gas. To understand the cooling mechanism of this device, it is necessary to know the pressure, temperature, and velocity distributions inside the tube. In order to investigate this, a simple vortex tube is built and nitrogen is used as its working fluid. A special Pitot tube is used for the measurement of the pressure and velocity. This Pitot tube consists of a capillary which has only one hole in the cylinder wall. With this Pitot tube, the pressure and velocity fields inside the tube were measured. In the same way, the temperature field was measured with a thermocouple. The results of three different entrance conditions are compared here. With the measurements results, the analysis based on the two thermodynamic laws has been made. It is found that rounding off the entrance has influence on the performance of the vortex tube. The secondary circulation gas flow inside the vortex tube can be enhanced and enlarged, the performance of the Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube improved.     

分体式空调器长连接管制冷剂追加量的试验研究

基于制冷量为12 kW的风管送风式空调(热泵)机组进行试验研究,分析节流位置、工况等因素对长连接管制冷剂追加量的影响,得出9.52 mm液管和15.88 mm气管条件下R410A制冷剂追加量的参考值。研究发现,对于单冷型空调器,节流位置会对长连接管的制冷剂追加量产生较大影响,室内机节流时的追加量大于室外机节流;而对于热泵型空调器,节流位置对长连接管制冷剂追加量的影响较小。     

基于R600/R290混合制冷剂的立式冷冻箱的降温能力试验研究

为优化以混合制冷剂为工质的立式冷冻箱制冷系统降温能力,对使用R600/R290混合制冷剂的立式冷冻箱在32℃环境温度下进行降温能力试验,研究混合制冷剂充注量、制冷剂各组分配比、毛细管流量及风机转速对其性能的影响.结果 表明:混合制冷剂充注量过大会削弱制冷系统降温能力,并使压缩机功率增加;增大毛细管流量、风机转速及混合制...     

一种变频空调电控箱体降温模块的研究

本文根据变频热泵机组系统特点和制冷循环热传导原理设计了一种变频空调电控箱体的降温模块,该降温模块的U型散热装置与制冷剂配管接触弧度为3/4圆弧结构,接触点切线成45°斜角,放置在空调系统中出储液器到进入电子膨胀阀之间的管路部分,使制冷剂经过该散热装置的温度处于40℃～50℃之间最佳温度范围。在环境温度43℃、出水温度15℃的制冷工况下,通过实验分析和验证了增加该散热装置和自然冷却两种状态下系统的性能。结果表明:加装制冷剂散热装置机组运行时变频器功率器件产生的热量可以通过制冷剂散热装置带走,降温效果较为明显。同时,通过理论计算和实验测试对比了变频器功率发热部件温度与制冷剂进口温度之间温度差变化情况,验证了加装制冷剂散热装置的效果。     

Heat transfer performance variations of condensers due to non-uniform air velocity distributions

The heat transfer performance variations of condensers that are caused by non-uniform distributions of air flows are investigated using a numerical simulation method. A heat exchanger designed for the outdoor unit of a heat pump system is selected and represented using a numerical model. A non-uniform profile of the air velocity is constructed through measuring the air velocity at various locations on the outdoor unit. Numerical analyses are conducted for various refrigerant circuits and air flow conditions. The results demonstrate that the heat transfer capacity is reduced depending on the air flow rate and the refrigerant circuit configuration. It is also demonstrated that the capacity reduction rate is increased as the average air velocity decreases.     

混合工质变浓度容量调节装置的研究现状

空气源热泵应用广泛，而混合工质变浓度容量调节又是一种环保节能的容量调节方式。综述了已有混合工质变浓度调节装置的现状，并根据其在系统中的放置特点进行了分类。通过分析得知，在空气源热泵中，要实现混合工质配比的改变，变浓度装置应该设在有液态工质流出的位置，采用精馏柱进行组分调整要比气液分离器或储液罐效果好，中间节流装置宜采用除毛细管以外的电动节流装置等，并且指出了空气源热泵变浓度调节装置的改进和实用化发展的方向。     

Study on thermal performance of micro-channel separate heat pipe for telecommunication stations: Experiment and simulation

A micro-channel separate heat pipe (MCSHP) as a cooling device for telecommunication stations (TSs) was experimentally investigated in this work. A steady-state mathematical model was built and validated with experimental data. The cooling capacity, inlet and outlet of refrigerant temperatures and refrigerant pressure of evaporator section were measured in an enthalpy difference laboratory (EDL). The average relative errors between simulation and experiment were less than 10%. The effects of geometrical design and environment conditions on thermal performance were analyzed using the validated model. As a result of the simulations, the refrigerant side pressure drop decreased by 96.61% at the flat tube height 3.0 mm compared to 1.4 mm. And the air side pressure drop decreased by 94.49%, when fin height ranged from 4 mm to 20 mm. The cooling capacity increased by 50.65% at the fin pitch 3.0 mm compared to 1.0 mm. These factors were of practical engineering importance in optimum design of MCSHP.     

家用热泵空调器室外机换热器的流路优化

针对家用热泵空调器用的9.52 mm和7 mm双排室外换热器,在额定制冷制热工况下,利用仿真分析的方法研究流路数对换热器性能的影响,对9.52 mm换热器的流路的进一步优化,得到制冷制热综合性能更优的流路布置方式,并在整机上进行试验验证。结果表明,制冷剂侧压降对冷凝器和蒸发器的换热都有较大影响,特别是对较小管径的换热器;由于蒸发器中制冷剂侧压降较大,热泵空调器室外机用的换热器作冷凝器时对应的最佳流路数少于作蒸发器时的;适当增加过冷管数会进一步提高热泵空调器室外机换热器的综合换热能力;试验结果与仿真结果趋势大致相同。