GZO厚度对非晶硅电池中复合背电极的影响

在非晶硅太阳能电池中加入复合背电极是提高非晶硅太阳能电池光电转换效率和稳定性的有效手段.本文利用磁控溅射技术在非晶硅薄膜太阳能电池上制备了ZnO :Ga(GZO)/Al复合背电极,研究了GZO厚度对GZO薄膜光电性质及非晶硅电池中GZO/Al复合背电极性能的影响.研究表明：随着GZO层厚度的增加,GZO薄膜的光电性质均表现出较高水平,适合制备GZO/Al复合背电极;相较于单层Al背电极的非晶硅太阳能电池,具有GZO/Al复合背电极的太阳能电池性能大幅提高.当GZO层厚度为100 nm时,太阳能电池的短路电流(I_SC)、开路电压(V_OC)和填充因子(FF)分别达到8.66 mA,1.62 V和54.7%.     

复合背接触层与背电极的匹配对CdTe太阳电池性能的影响

本文研究Ni和Au两种背电极在有、无ZnTe/ZnTeCu背接触层时对碲化镉太阳电池性能的影响及其机理.试验结果表明,在没有ZnTe/ZrTeCu复合背接触层时,Ni和Au相比,输入特性的填充因子(FF)较差,短路电流密度(Jsc)较大,转换效率(η)较低;在有zrTe复合背接触层时,Ni和Au相比,FF相差较小,而η因Jsc较大而较高.通过暗特性的测试,可以看到,在有了ZnTe复合背接触层以后,Ni作背电极的碲化镉太阳电池,其二极管因子(A)、暗饱和电流(Jo)和旁路电阻(Rsh)等三个参数降低的幅度都比Au作背电极的大.这和ZnTe复合背接触层使Ni背电极碲化镉太阳电池效率有更大提高是吻合的.分析表明,这主要是由于光生电流的增大导致了Jsc的增大.这样用Ni代替Au作背电极会带来降低成本和效率提高的双重改进.     

衬底电极对丝网印刷CNT阴极场发射性能的影响

通过丝网印刷技术,将碳纳米管(carbon nanotube,CNT)浆料直接转移到CrCuCr薄膜衬底电极、掺Sn的In_2O_3(indium tin oxides,ITO)透明导电薄膜衬底电极和Ag浆导电厚膜衬底电极上,高温烧结后得到CNT阴极,并对CNT阴极进行表面形貌和场发射性能的研究.结果表明,不同衬底电极对CNT阴极场发射性能的影响不一样,CrCuCr薄膜衬底电极CNT阴极、ITO透明导电薄膜衬底电极CNT阴极及Ag浆厚膜导电衬底电极CNT阴极场发射的开启电场分别为0.99、2.05和2.46V/μm;当电场为3.0V/μm时,它们的亮度分别为2472、1889、587cd/m~2.CrCuCr薄膜衬底电极CNT阴极的场发射性能最优,ITO透明导电薄膜衬底电极CNT阴极次之,Ag浆厚膜导电衬底电极CNT阴极最差,并根据金属-半导体理论模型分析了原因.     

Si-MOS湿度传感器及CH-湿度仪

该传感器系以低阻单晶Si为衬底(兼下电极)、透水Au膜为上电极、多孔Al2O3为介质的MOS电容结构。外界气相中的水分子透过Au膜上电极，为Al2O3，孔壁所吸附，并与外界水分压达成动态吸-脱附平衡，传感器就有稳定的电容值。     

基于碳纳米管背电极的晶体硅太阳能电池

碳纳米管(CNTs)具有优异的电学与光电性能,可用作太阳能电池的空穴传输材料。本文将CNTs薄膜置于晶体硅(c-Si)太阳能电池的背面,以取代铝背电极,构成c-Si/CNTs太阳能电池。c-Si/CNTs太阳能电池的短路电流密度可达35.5 mA·cm~(-2),比刷涂铝背极c-Si电池的高8%。表明CNTs具有很强的空穴收集和输运能力,可用作c-Si太阳能电池的背电极。用稀氢氟酸(HF)处理c-Si/CNTs界面,放置100 h后,电池的填充因子由44.5%提高到62.6%,转换效率由7.1%提高到10.9%。     

金属膜电极层对Na2O-PbO-Nb2O5-SiO2玻璃陶瓷电容器电性能的影响

玻璃陶瓷电容器内电极结构及界面形貌对电性能有重要影响.采用磁控溅射法在介质层与银浆料电极间分别制备了Pt、Au、Cu和Ag金属膜内电极层,研究此电极层对Na2O-PbO-Nb2O5-SiO2玻璃陶瓷电容器电性能的影响.与单层浆料的电极结构相比,引入Pt、Au金属膜可以更有效地改善电性能:等效电容值增加25%,漏电流降低一个数量级.由SEM结果可知:Pt、Au、Cu膜与玻璃陶瓷紧密的界面接触能够抑制银向介质中扩散;然而,采用单层银浆料或引入Ag金属膜的样品界面多孔且银扩散严重.以上分析表明:Pt、Au金属膜电极层能够改善玻璃陶瓷电容器界面微观结构,有效抑制银的扩散,提高整体电性能.     

消息报道

化学所制备出迄今效率最高的反向结构聚合物太阳能电池聚合物太阳能电池一般由共轭聚合物给体和富勒烯衍生物受体的共混膜夹在ITO透明正极和金属负极之间所组成,具有结构和制备过程简单、成本     

新能源材料

<正>嵌入氧化锌光学间隔后小分子有机太阳能电池增效50%美国加州大学圣巴巴拉分校的研究人员证明,仅仅通过在一种小分子有机太阳能电池的活性层和电极之间,调谐活性层的厚度并嵌入一个光学间隔,便可使其效率获得50%的增长,从6.02%提高至8.94%。目前世界上有机太阳能电池和基于聚合物的太阳能电池是业内排在前列的研究方向,但其他有机材料,如小分子,也被证明很有前景。虽然现在小分子有机太阳能电池比聚合物太阳能电池的效率要低,但它们一般易于制造也容易提高     

基于新型材料PTB7-Th的串联结构聚合物太阳能电池仿真研究

采用新型给体材料PTB7-Th与受体材料PC71BM的混合层作为串联结构聚合物太阳能电池的后电池。通过光学传输矩阵理论,研究前后电池活性层厚度以及超薄金属Ag薄膜对串联器件短路电流密度的影响。结果表明:当前电池厚度为190nm、后电池厚度为90nm时,器件的短路电流密度达到最大值。通过在中间连接层引入超薄金属Ag薄膜,利用光学谐振微腔效应,实现前后电池的电流匹配,可以进一步提高串联结构聚合物太阳能电池的性能。     

新能源材料简

嵌入氧化锌光学间隔后小分子有机太阳能电池增效50％ 美国加州人学圣巴巴拉分校的研究人员证明,仪仪通过在一种小分子有机太阳能电池的活性层和电极之间,调谐活性层的厚度并嵌入一个光学间隔,便可使其效率获得50％的增长,从6．02％提高至8．94％。目前世界上有机太阳能电池和基于聚合物的太阳能电池是业内排在前列的研究方向,但其他有机材料,如小分子,也被证明很有前景。虽然现在小分子有机太阳能电池比聚合物太阳能电池的效率要低,但它们一般易于制造也容易提高效率。     

Embedded Nickel-Mesh Transparent Electrodes for Highly Efficient and Mechanically Stable Flexible Perovskite Photovoltaics: Toward a Portable Mobile Energy Source

The rapid development of Internet of Things mobile terminals has accelerated the market's demand for portable mobile power supplies and flexible wearable devices. Here, an embedded metal-mesh transparent conductive electrode (TCE) is prepared on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) using a novel selective electrodeposition process combined with inverted film-processing methods. This embedded nickel (Ni)-mesh flexible TCE shows excellent photoelectric performance (sheet resistance of ≈0.2–0.5 Ω sq⁻¹ at high transmittance of ≈85–87%) and mechanical durability. The PET/Ni-mesh/polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS PH1000) hybrid electrode is used as a transparent electrode for perovskite solar cells (PSCs), which exhibit excellent electric properties and remarkable environmental and mechanical stability. A power conversion efficiency of 17.3% is obtained, which is the highest efficiency for a PSC based on flexible transparent metal electrodes to date. For perovskite crystals that require harsh growth conditions, their mechanical stability and environmental stability on flexible transparent embedded metal substrates are studied and improved. The resulting flexible device retains 76% of the original efficiency after 2000 bending cycles. The results of this work provide a step improvement in flexible PSCs.     

Junction‐Free Electrospun Ag Fiber Electrodes for Flexible Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes

Fabrication of junction‐free Ag fiber electrodes for flexible organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) is demonstrated. The junction‐free Ag fiber electrodes are fabricated by electrospun polymer fibers used as an etch mask and wet etching of Ag thin film. This process facilitates surface roughness control, which is important in transparent electrodes based on metal wires to prevent electrical instability of the OLEDs. The transmittance and resistance of Ag fiber electrodes can be independently adjusted by controlling spinning time and Ag deposition thickness. The Ag fiber electrode shows a transmittance of 91.8% (at 550 nm) at a sheet resistance of 22.3 Ω □^?1, leading to the highest OLED efficiency. In addition, Ag fiber electrodes exhibit excellent mechanical durability, as shown by measuring the change in resistance under repeatable mechanical bending and various bending radii. The OLEDs with Ag fiber electrodes on a flexible substrate are successfully fabricated, and the OLEDs show an enhancement of EQE (≈19%) compared to commercial indium tin oxide electrodes.     

Transparent organic bistable memory devices using a low resistance transparent electrode

Pure polymer-based transparent organic bistable memory devices (TOBDs) were developed using transparent WO₃/Ag/WO₃(WAW) as a low resistance electrode. A device structure of indium tin oxide/polyphenylenevinylene/Al/WAW was used for the fabrication of TOBDs. PPV, as an active organic material without metal nanoparticles, was spin coated on a WAW electrode, which was followed by the deposition of an Al/WAW layer on PPV for bistability in PPV OBDs. PPV based transparent OBDs showed a high transparency and on/off ratio of 53% and 1000, respectively.     

Emerging Semitransparent Solar Cells: Materials and Device Design

Semitransparent solar cells can provide not only efficient power‐generation but also appealing images and show promising applications in building integrated photovoltaics, wearable electronics, photovoltaic vehicles and so forth in the future. Such devices have been successfully realized by incorporating transparent electrodes in new generation low‐cost solar cells, including organic solar cells (OSCs), dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSCs) and organometal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In this review, the advances in the preparation of semitransparent OSCs, DSCs, and PSCs are summarized, focusing on the top transparent electrode materials and device designs, which are all crucial to the performance of these devices. Techniques for optimizing the efficiency, color and transparency of the devices are addressed in detail. Finally, a summary of the research field and an outlook into the future development in this area are provided.     

Pressure Welding of Silver Nanowires Networks at Room Temperature as Transparent Electrodes for Efficient Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes

In this work, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) as a superior mediate for the pressure welding of silver nanowires (Ag NWs) networks as transparent electrodes without any thermal treatment is demonstrated. After a pressing of 200 kg cm^?2, not only the sheet resistance but also the surface roughness of the PMMA‐mediated Ag NWs networks decreases from 2.6 kΩ sq^?1 to 34.3 Ω sq^?1 and from 76.1 to 12.6 nm, respectively. On the other hand, high transparency of an average transmittance in the visible wavelengths of 93.5% together with a low haze value of 2.58% can be achieved. In terms of optoelectronic applications, the promising potential of the PMMA‐mediated pressure‐welded Ag NWs networks used as a transparent electrode in a green organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) device is also demonstrated. In comparison with the OLED based on commercial tin‐doped indium oxide electrode, the increments of power efficiency and external quantum efficiency (EQE) from 80.1 to 85.9 lm w^?1 and 19.2% to 19.9% are demonstrated. In addition, the PMMA‐mediated pressure welding succeeds in transferring Ag NWs networks to flexible polyethylene naphthalate and polyimide substrates with the sheet resistance of 42 and 91 Ω sq^?1 after 10 000 times of bending, respectively.     

Reverse‐Offset Printed Ultrathin Ag Mesh for Robust Conformal Transparent Electrodes for High‐Performance Organic Photovoltaics

Mechanically durable transparent electrodes are needed in flexible optoelectronic devices to realize their long‐term stable functioning, for applications in various fields such as energy, healthcare, and soft robotics. Several promising transparent electrodes based on nanomaterials have been previously reported to replace the conventional and fragile indium‐tin oxide (ITO); however, obtaining feasible printed transparent electrodes for ultraflexible devices with a multistack structure is still a great challenge. Here, a printed ultrathin (uniform thickness of 100 nm) Ag mesh transparent electrode is demonstrated, simultaneously achieving high conductance, high transparency, and good mechanical properties. It shows a 17 Ω sq^?1 sheet resistance (R_sh) with 93.2% transmittance, which surpasses the performance of sputtered ITO electrodes and other ultrathin Ag mesh transparent electrodes. The conductance is stable after 500 cycles of 100% stretch/release deformation, with an insignificant increase (10.6%) in R_sh by adopting a buckling structure. Furthermore, organic photovoltaics (OPVs) using our Ag mesh transparent electrodes achieve a power conversion efficiency of 8.3%, which is comparable to the performance of ITO‐based OPVs.     

Ink-jet printed transparent and flexible electrodes based on silver nanoparticles

In recent, silver (Ag) nanowires (NWs) have received much attention as an alternative to indium tin oxide (ITO) for transparent electrode application in printed and transparent electronics. However, Ag NWs have its breakup problem by joule heating during current. To overcome this problem, this paper demonstrates a mesh type electrode based on Ag nanoparticles, which is fabricated on PET substrate through an ink-jet printing technique. The proposed electrode has a low resistance of 108.5 Ω/sq and a good optical transparency around 92% at 300–800 nm. It has a relationship that the sheet resistance drops with the decrease of transparency due to depending hole size and the best curing temperature is found to be 120 °C. It also demonstrate an excellent flexible stability, showing <?2% resistance change after over 100 bending cycles. These resistance and transparency are similar with that of commercially ITO electrode, and are superior to other alternatives such as carbon nanotube electrodes. The proposed electrode can be considered as a commercial electrode to as an alternative to ITO electrode.     

Paintable Carbon‐Based Perovskite Solar Cells with Engineered Perovskite/Carbon Interface Using Carbon Nanotubes Dripping Method

Paintable carbon electrode‐based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are of particular interest due to their material and fabrication process costs, as well as their moisture stability. However, printing the carbon paste on the perovskite layer limits the quality of the interface between the perovskite layer and carbon electrode. Herein, an attempt to enhance the performance of the paintable carbon‐based PSCs is made using a modified solvent dripping method that involves dripping of the carbon nanotubes (CNTs), which is dispersed in chlorobenzene solution. This method allows CNTs to penetrate into both the perovskite film and carbon electrode, facilitating fast hole transport between the two layers. Furthermore, this method is results in increased open circuit voltage (V_oc) and fill factor (FF), providing better contact at the perovskite/carbon interfaces. The best devices made with CNT dripping show 13.57% power conversion efficiency and hysteresis‐free performance.     

Aqueous Metal Oxide Inks for Modifying Electrode Work Function in Polymer Solar Cells

A method to prepare aqueous metal oxide inks for tuning the work function (WF) of electrodes is demonstrated. Thin films prepared from the metal oxide ink based on vanadium oxide (V₂O₅) nanoparticles are found to increase the WF of an indium‐tin‐oxide (ITO) electrode. ITO substrates modified with V₂O₅ films are applied as a hole selective layer (HSL) in polymer solar cells (PSCs) using a poly(3‐hexylthiophene) and [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61 butyric acid methyl ester blend as a photoactive layer. The PSCs prepared with V₂O₅‐modified ITO show better device performance, achieving a power conversion efficiency of 3.6%, demonstrating 15% enhancement compared to conventional ITO/poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT‐PSS) based devices. Furthermore, ITO/V₂O₅‐modified devices exhibit better ambient stability with 60% improvement in device lifetime than those using PEDOT:PSS as an HSL. This solution‐processable and highly stable WF‐modifying metal oxide film can be a potential alternative material for engineering interfaces in optoelectronic devices.     

Improving efficiency of organic light-emitting diodes fabricated utilizing AZO/Ag/AZO multilayer electrode

Multilayer transparent electrode based on Al-doped zinc oxide (AZO)/Ag/Al-doped zinc oxide (AZO) was fabricated by sputtering, and a green organic light-emitting diode (OLED) device utilizing AZO/Ag/AZO as anode was fabricated. The AZO/Ag/AZO multilayer film exhibited superior square resistance and optical transmittance to those of commercial indium tin oxide (ITO). In comparison with the green OLEDs based on ITO and pure AZO anode, the green OLED based on AZO/Ag/AZO showed the highest light-emitting efficiency. The results indicate that AZO/Ag/AZO multilayer electrodes are a promising low-cost, low-toxic and low-temperature processing electrode scheme for OLED application.