水泥基复合材料中碳纤维的分散性研究

运用正交试验方法研究以羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)和硅灰按不同比例配制的分散体系对碳纤维在水泥浆体中分散性的影响,采用新拌料浆法从多份新拌的水泥浆料中分离出碳纤维,并计算碳纤维质量的变动系数,由变动系数评价碳纤维的分散性和分散剂的作用效果.在各种CMC掺量下,硅灰均能显著改善碳纤维的分散性.随着CMC掺量的增加,碳纤维分散性提高.当CMC掺量为0.8%,硅灰掺量为15%时,CMC和硅灰的共同作用使变动系数最小,此时碳纤维在水泥基体中分散性最好,为最佳的分散剂配比.     

极性单体熔融接枝改性聚丙烯的表面亲水性能研究

通过在双螺杆挤出机中熔融接枝改性PP,研究了以1,1-二叔丁基过氧化3,3,5-三甲基环己烷(LQ-CH335)为引发剂,MAH、AA、MAA、AM和GMA为接枝单体,St为接枝共单体的多单体熔融接枝体系对PP制品表面可涂敷性能的影响,并利用静态水接触角进行表征.研究结果表明,添加极性单体可以有效降低水接触角,例如:当GMA、St和LQ-CH335含量分别为1.0%(质量分数,下同)、1.0%和0.3%时,PP水接触角从108.6°降低到71.2°;同时在市场上的PP保险杠料中添加10%接枝PP,可以降低水接触角大约20°,同时力学性能影响不大.     

BC/CMC复合材料的制备与性能研究

通过在培养过程中添加羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)对细菌纤维素(BC)进行结构修饰,制备了BC/CMC复合材料,研究了CMC用量及培养时间对其力学性能和溶胀性能的影响。结果表明:CMC在培养过程中影响了BC合成后的结构,降低了BC的结晶度,减小了BC纤维带的宽度,所制备复合材料的拉伸强度有所降低,但其含水率和复水率则有了明显的上升;加入CMC,使BC干燥后再溶胀性较差的缺陷,在一定程度上得到了改善。     

中空纤维支撑液膜去除水中氨氮的传质行为研究

以聚丙烯(PP)中空纤维膜为支撑体,二(2-乙基己基)磷酸(简称D2EHPA)为载体,煤油为膜溶剂,探讨D2EHPA-煤油-H2SO4中空纤维支撑液膜(SLM)体系对水中氨氮的传质行为.以去除率为指标,考察了料液初始氨氮浓度及pH值、载体浓度、反萃剂浓度对传质效果的影响;并通过对比实验分析了导致传质速率降低的主要原因.结果表明:在反萃剂H2SO4浓度为2 mol/L,料液相pH值在8～13范围内,提高料液pH值、增大膜相中载体浓度,均能提高氨氮的去除率.D2EHPA-煤油-H2SO4体系对氨氮的传质能力随氨氮浓度降低而下降.料液中氨氮浓度下降和pH值降低是导致氨氮传质速率降低的主要原因,调节料液pH值可调控和提高氨氮的去除与传质效果.     

化学降解法制备PP无纺布专用料

以化学降解法研制聚丙烯(PP)无纺布专用料,对PP粉料特性、降解剂母粒、加工工艺等因素对PP无纺布专用料流动性的影响进行了系统研究。结果表明,通过有效控制PP粉料质量、降解剂母粒加入量、挤出设备及工艺等条件,可生产质量稳定、可纺性高和流动性MFR为30 g/10min~100 g/10min可控的专用料。     

相容剂对可生物降解聚丙烯/淀粉共混材料的影响

研究了在引发剂过氧化二异丙苯(DCP)作用下,以甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GMA)为相容剂,通过双螺杆挤出"一步法"实现了淀粉(ST)的热塑化及其与聚丙烯(PP)共混增容,制备了PP/ST共混材料,并对共混材料性能进行了表征.结果表明,在相同配比共混体系中,GMA或GMA与共单体苯乙烯(St)的加入使ST颗粒在PP中的分散性获得明显改善、力学性能及热稳定性均得到提高.     

PP/PP-g-MMA/M复合材料非等温结晶动力学研究

用示差扫描量热法(DSC)考察了聚丙烯(PP)、聚丙烯/云母(PP/M)和聚丙烯/聚(丙烯-g-甲基丙烯酸甲酯)/云母复合材料(PP/PP-g-MMA/M)的非等温结晶过程.用Avrami方程和Ozawa方程对上述过程进行分析,n、t1/2、F(T)、Tp等参数表明,M和PP-g-MMA,特别是PP-g-MMA的掺入改变了PP的结晶成核和生长机理.用Dobreva方法分析填料的成核活性,ε数值表明,M有较强的成核活性,PP-g-MMA的掺入又进一步增强其成核活性,从而使结晶温度明显提高.Kissinger方法的计算结果表明,添加M可使PP的结晶活化能减小,再添加PP-g-MMA又使PP/M复合体系的结晶活化能进一步减小.     

羧甲基纤维素钠对环氧树脂固化行为及性能的影响

用热分析法研究羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)对环氧树脂E44/二氨基二苯基甲烷(DDM)体系固化行为和性能的影响。差示扫描量热法(DSC)非等温固化反应动力学研究表明,CMC的加入对固化反应有促进作用。Starink方程计算了E44/DDM体系活化能为51.14 kJ/mol,CMC加入后活化能为40.52 kJ/mol-51.01 kJ/mol。用n级非等温动力学分析,获得了固化反应的动力学参数。热重分析(TGA)表明,CMC的加入有利于提高环氧树脂固化物的热稳定性。动态力学性能(DMTA)分析表明,CMC和环氧树脂体系相容性很好,且CMC的加入增大了环氧树脂固化物的储能模量,而对玻璃化转变温度影响较小。     

熔体静电纺丝法制备微纳米纤维的探索

分别选用低熔体流动速率(2g/10min)的低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)料和高熔体流动速率(1400g/10min)的熔喷专用聚丙烯(PP)料,在自行研制的熔体静电纺丝装置上进行实验.所得纤维平均直径分别为5.44μm和1.06μm,纤维直径分布均匀,表面光滑;在PP纤维中出现了大量几百纳米的纤维,最小直径为190nm;在自制的高效率熔体静电纺丝装置上,纺出微米级的PP纤维,平均直径为4.57μm,纺丝效率约为4g/h,与一般静电纺丝相比,产量得到显著提高.     

混杂纤维对大掺量矿物掺合料混凝土干燥收缩的影响

通过测定混凝土的长期干燥收缩值,研究了单掺聚丙烯(polypropylene,PP)纤维、聚酯纤维和钢纤维及其混杂技巧对大掺量矿物掺合料混凝土干燥收缩的影响.结果表明,大掺量矿物掺合料混凝土的干燥收缩比较大,纤维及混杂技巧有利于降低其干燥收缩,纤维的弹性模量越高,其抑制干燥收缩的效果越好;(0.05%PP纤维 0.05%聚酯纤维)的有机纤维混杂效果优于(0.1%PP纤维 0.7%钢纤维)和(0.1%聚酯纤维 0.7%钢纤维)的有机与无机纤维混杂;混杂纤维对混凝土干燥收缩的抑制效果与纤维之间的搭配有关.综合分析表明,(PP纤维 聚酯纤维)的二元混杂技术具有良好的工程应用价值.     

表面处理对碳化硅泡沫陶瓷挂浆性能的影响

采用有机泡沫浸渍法制备碳化硅泡沫陶瓷时, 通过对聚氨脂泡沫进行不同改性剂的表面处理来改善其挂浆性能, 利用一种更加合理的表征方法, 即测量挂浆后泡沫陶瓷素坯孔筋尺寸和表征孔筋挂浆后形貌来衡量挂浆性能. 试验结果表明, 在所选用的四种改性剂中, 羧甲基纤维素(CMC)的改性作用最好, 其次是硅溶胶, 而聚乙烯醇(PVA)效果最差. CMC的改性效果主要来源于pH值>7 条件下形成的疏水基团与有机泡沫结合而亲水基团与水基浆料结合的结构, 这种结构可以显著改善有机泡沫与水基浆料的润湿性.     

SiC/纳米TiN水基复合料浆特性及喷雾干燥

以四甲基氢氧化铵(TMAH)为分散剂, 纳米TiN、亚微米SiC粉体为原料, 分别制备单组分水基料浆及复合料浆, 分析了SiC/纳米TiN复合料浆的分散稳定机制以及喷雾干燥行为. 研究结果表明, TMAH在纳米TiN、SiC颗粒表面形成特征吸附, 通过静电作用和空间位阻协同作用提高颗粒的分散性; 当pH=8、TMAH加入量为0.75wt%时, 复合浆料分散稳定, 喷雾干燥制备的SiC/纳米TiN复合粉体流动性好, 且分布均匀.     

Revealing the formation mechanism of granules by drying simulation of slurry droplet

The formation mechanism of granules in spray drying process was investigated by DEM-CIP method simulation coupled with a new binder segregation model. To confirm the validity of proposed binder segregation model, experiment on drying of aqueous slurry containing fine particles and binder was performed. The experimental concentration distribution of binder in a dried powder bed agreed well with the simulated one and this result shows that the proposed segregation model is valid to represent segregation phenomenon in the dried granule. Spherical hollow granules were formed with increasing of binder concentration, and the granules were depressed in higher concentration of binder. When the binder concentration in the surface region of a slurry droplet increased during drying, a crust of granule was formed because particle migration was hindered by high fluid viscosity. For the rigid crust layer, granules were hollow. When the crust layer was formed early in drying and its thickness was thin, granule surface partially collapsed inward, whereas the granule resulted in depression granules.     

EFFECT OF SURFACTANT ADDITION ON THE MICROSTRUCTURE OF COAL FILTER CAKES

Currently, water removal from fine coal fractions is affected by vacuum filtration of a coal slurry followed by thermal drying. Due to high operating costs and the potentially hazardous nature of the drying operation, alternate methods are sought.

This work investigated the change of filter cake microstructure resulting from one such method, namely, surfactant addition to the coal slurry. By impregnating a coal filter cake with an epoxy resin, micrographic analysis of the cake structure could be made by using an image analyzer with the aid of quantitative stereology. This analysis provided a particle and pore size distribution of the filter cake which is fundamental to the understanding of the dewatering mechanism.

Three surfactants were investigated in this work: non-ionic Triton X-114, anionic Aerosol-OT, and cationic dodecyl pyrindinium chloride. The behavior of Triton X-114 and DPC was similar; they both enhanced dewatering by reducing the amount of particle segregation while increasing the pore size of the cake. Conversely, Aerosol-OT, while exhibiting enhanced dewatering characteristics, did not significantly alter the filter cake structure. At low concentrations all three surfactants exhibited little change in particle and pore size distributions when compared to a filter cake formed at the same conditions without surfactant.

Additionally, a linear relationship was shown to exist between the volume-surface mean diameters of the particles and that of the pores. Similar relationships are also presented for the geometric mean diameter and the geometric deviation. The best correlation between particles and pores was obtained from coal cakes formed with Aerosol-OT.     

工艺参数对Al2O3／Al复合材料组织与性能的影响

研究了反应自生复合材料的生长工艺参数对组织和性能的影响。结果表明：Ａｌ－３．０Ｍｇ－１０Ｓｉ接在１４００－１６００Ｋ氧化可得到Ａｌ２Ｏ３／Ａｌ陶瓷基复合材料，其中金属含量为１０％和３０％。在１５７３Ｋ氧化１０ｈ后，可得到孔隙很少，含２０％金属的复合材料，其弯曲强度为３６４ＭＰａ，断裂韧性为１１．０ＭＰａｍ＾１／２。     

HIPS/PP反应共混物的热性能研究

研究了高抗冲聚苯乙烯（ＨＩＰＳ）／聚丙烯（ＰＰ）在过氧化二异丙苯（ＤＣＰ）存在下熔融反应共混物的热学性能,ＨＩＰＳ在ＤＣＰ存在下以ＰＤＳ的降解为主,ＰＳ的Ｔｇ明显下降,ＰＰ在ＤＣＰ存在下以降解为主,ＰＰ的结晶完善性受到破坏,分子运动的特征及热性能较前两者发生明显变化,ＰＳ的Ｔｇ略有下降,ＰＰ分子链的规整性降低,结晶粘点降低,完善性变差。     

均一取代分布的羧甲基纤维素的研究

研究制取均一取代的羧甲基纤维素（ＣＭＣ）的工艺。研究棉短绒浆粕在不同配比条件下,工艺操作条件对产品取代均一性的影响机理,并通过酶水解和＾１－ＮＭＲ方法测定取代基沿ＣＭＣ分子链的分布和在失水葡萄糖单元３个羟基中的分布情况。研究表明,采用两段加碱的新工艺可以明显提高ＣＭＣ的取代均一性。     

增容作用和动态固化对聚丙烯/环氧树脂共混物形态结构的影响

研究了增容作用和动态固化对聚丙烯(PP)/环氧树脂(EP)共混物形态结构的影响。实验结果表明,PP/EP共混物是不相容共混体系,当环氧树脂含量小于50%时,共混物中环氧树脂以分散相存在,PP为连续相。反之,则共混物的相态发生相反转,即环氧树脂为连续相,PP为分散相。加入马来酸酐接枝聚丙烯(M AH-g-PP)促进环氧树脂与PP的相容性,使得分散相的颗粒明显变小。与PP/EP和PP/M AH-g-PP/EP共混物不同,当环氧树脂含量大于50%时,动态固化PP/EP和PP/M AH-g-PP/EP共混物仍是环氧树脂分散相和PP连续相结构,未出现相反转。对于相同含量环氧树脂的共混物,动态固化PP/M AH-g-PP/EP共混物中环氧树脂分散相尺寸明显小于动态固化PP/EP共混物中环氧树脂分散相尺寸。     

超细HMX的真空冷冻干燥工艺优化及性能表征

为改善超细硝胺类炸药浆料的干燥效果,采用单因素实验法和响应面实验设计法,综合分析了真空度、浆料厚度以及分散液中乙醇与水的质量比等主要工艺参数对超细HMX浆料干燥过程的影响规律,建立了超细HMX的最佳干燥曲线拟合模型,获得了最优干燥工艺参数。同时,结合实验进行验证,并采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和撞击感度仪分别对干燥前、后超细HMX的微观形貌及安全性能进行了测试、分析。结果表明:超细HMX浆料的干燥速率随真空度的增加先增大后减小,随浆料厚度的增加先减小后增大,随乙醇与水的质量比的增加而增大;超细HMX浆料真空冷冻干燥的优化工艺为:浆料厚度7 mm、真空度50 Pa、乙醇与水质量比0.4;工艺优化后的超细HMX颗粒分散性好,无团聚,安全性不变。     

Facile preparation of magnetic sodium alginate/carboxymethyl cellulose composite hydrogel for removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solution

A novel magnetic polysaccharide composite hydrogel was successfully constructed by using sodium alginate (SA) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as the backbone and filled with in situ Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles, which was then employed for removal of heavy metal ion from aqueous solution. The obtained magnetic SA/CMC composite hydrogel was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, fluorescence microscope, thermogravimetric and vibrating sample magnetometer. Effect of contact time, pH and adsorbent dosage on the adsorption of heavy metal ions by the magnetic SA/CMC hydrogel have also been studied. The results show that the prepared magnetic SA/CMC hydrogel can be effectively utilized in the removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solution. The maximal adsorption capacity of Mn(II), Pb(II), and Cu(II) as calculated from the Langmuir model were 71.83, 89.49, and 105.93 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption process of the magnetic SA/CMC hydrogel on the heavy metal ions can be attributed to ion exchange and chemical adsorption. What’s more, the magnetic hydrogel exhibited high efficiency after four cycles, which indicating it offers great potential for practical application in the removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solution.