碱性条件下Fe-P-B合金电镀

研究了碱性溶液中镀液组成、阴极电流密度、温度、pH值对Fe-P-B合金电镀层沉积速率和组成的影响,优化了工艺,在最佳工艺条件下获得Fe-P-B镀层,并对镀层的耐腐蚀性、结构和结合力进行了分析.结果表明:提高镀液中硫酸亚铁铵含量、溶液pH值、温度和电流密度,镀层沉积速率增加;提高镀液中次亚磷酸钠、丙二酸和硼氢化钠含量,镀层沉积速率先增后降低,出现一个极大值;镀层中B含量的增加会使P含量降低,但提高电流密度和镀液温度时二者都有所增加;在最佳工艺条件下获得的Fe-P-B合金镀层为非晶态结构,和基体结合力优良,耐蚀性良好,在15%NaoH溶液中的耐腐蚀性优于在5%NaCl溶液中.     

Ni-Fe-NiFe_2O_4电沉积层的制备及其性能

在镀液中添加铁氧体粒子制备Ni-Fe基磁性复合镀层是电沉积技术一个新的发展方向,目前相关研究不多。采用电沉积法在铜片上制备了Ni-Fe-NiFe2O4复合镀层,用电化学方法、金相显微镜及能谱仪研究了镀液中NiFe2O4含量、电流密度、表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)等对复合镀层性能的影响。结果表明:复合镀层硬度随镀液中NiFe2O4含量的增加先增大后减小,含量为15 g/L时镀层硬度达370 HV,耐蚀性最好;随电流密度增大,沉积速率加快,镀层显微硬度增加,耐蚀性略有提高;加入CTAB能提高镀层中微粒的复合量,可在较低的电流密度下获得孔隙小、致密度高的镀层,显微硬度也有所提高,但耐蚀性略有下降;在温度为60℃,镀液中NiFe2O4含量为15 g/L,电流密度为5 A/dm2,CTAB含量为0.1%(质量分数)时,可获得性能较好的复合镀层,镀层中NiFe2O4含量较高,均匀致密,微观表面粗糙,无裂纹,与基体结合良好。     

复合电沉积法制备Ni-P-W-WC镀层及性能研究

运用电沉积法制备Ni-P-W-WC复合镀层,着重研究了制备工艺和镀层性能.以镀层中碳化钨含量、镀速和镀层外观为指标,探讨了电流密度、电沉积时间、镀液中WC含量、镀液中钨酸钠含量、镀液pH等因素影响规律,确定了复合镀层的最佳工艺条件为:以Ni为阳极、电沉积时间为40 min、镀液中WC含量为14 g/L、镀液中钨酸钠含量为120 g/L、镀液pH为4.0、电流密度是4A/dm2.并用扫描电镜、X-衍射分析仪、阳极极化曲线等手段表征了复合镀层的形貌、结构、耐蚀性、抗氧化性等性能,结果表明,与Ni-P-W复合镀层相比,Ni-P-W-WC复合镀层有良好的综合性能.     

乳酸-苹果酸体系化学镀Ni-P合金复合稳定剂的研究

为提高化学镀镍磷合金镀液的使用寿命,研究了乳酸-苹果酸为主配位剂的化学镀Ni-P体系中KI、α-α′联吡啶、含硫有机物等稳定剂对镀液稳定性、镀速、镀层性能的影响.通过正交试验研究了稳定剂彼此复配后形成的复合稳定剂的协同效果,得到了一种稳定性高、镀层综合性能好、镀速适中、镀层孔隙率低、镀态硬度高的复合稳定剂.试验结果表明:使用该稳定剂时,镀液沉积速度保持16～17μm/h,PdCl2催化试验达6 h不变色,镀层孔隙率为0.33个/cm2,镀态硬度达600HV以上,镀液使用寿命达9～1O周期,各项性能指标均能满足工业应用要求.     

化学镀镍稳定剂的筛选

目前,关于稳定剂对化学镀镍的影响研究不系统且不够深入.在化学镀镍基础镀液中分别加入硫脲、硫代硫酸钠、碘酸钾、DL-半胱氨酸、苯骈三氮唑和苯并咪唑等稳定剂,在45碳钢表面化学镀镍,采用施镀前后的质量变化计算镀速,采用磷钼钒黄分光光度法测定镀层磷含量,采用EDTA标定法测定镀液稳定常数,采用锉刀试验测试镀层结合力,研究了各种稳定剂对镀速、镀层结合力、镀层磷含量、镀液稳定性的影响.结果表明:含硫稳定剂在施镀过程中会产生含硫物质,会破坏镀液稳定性,不宜使用;添加50.0 mg/L碘酸钾或10.0 mg/L苯骈三氮唑稳定剂时,镀液稳定常数最高,为0.98;添加4.0 mg/L苯并咪唑稳定剂时镀速最快,达17.75 μm/h;添加50.0 mg/L碘酸钾稳定剂时,镀层磷含量最高,达12.22％.     

刷镀铁工艺研究与应用

刷镀铁与刷镀镍相比具有成本低、硬度高的优点.研究了刷镀铁镀液中主盐、配位体、缓冲剂、抗氧化剂、表面活性剂等添加剂的种类、浓度及电压、pH值、阳极等工艺条件对镀层性能的影响,确定了镀液配方和工艺.结果表明,在优化的镀液配方及工艺条件下,可获得了良好的镀铁层,镀层硬度为450～500 HV.采用铁屑和三氯化铁配制镀液,成本低、配制速度快、浓度易控制、对环境无污染、所得镀层硬度高、结合力好.     

电泳-电沉积Ni-Al2O3纳米复合层的微观结构及性能

为了改善纳米复合镀层的物理、力学性能,以电泳-电沉积工艺制备了具有较高纳米Al2O3含量的Ni-Al2O3纳米复合镀层.用SEM、TEM、显微硬度计等对复合镀层的表面微观形貌、显微硬度以及耐磨性能进行了分析;探讨了电泳液中α-Al2O3微粒浓度、电沉积电流密度对复合镀层表面微观形貌、显微硬度及其与基体的结合力的影响.结果表明:α-Al2O3纳米粒子弥散分布于镀层之中,并对基质金属晶粒产生细化作用;电泳液中α-Al2O3微粒浓度对复合镀层表面微观形貌影响较大,电沉积电流密度对微观形貌无明显影响;随着电泳液微粒浓度和电沉积电流密度的增大,复合镀层显微硬度均呈下降趋势,在电泳液微粒浓度8 g/L,电沉积电流密度0.5A/dm2时,复合镀层具有最大显微硬度442 HV,较纯镍镀层有明显提高.镀层中微粒体积分数约为30％时,镀层的耐磨性能及与基体的结合性能最为优异.     

NdFeB表面镀镍层不同脉冲参数时的形貌及性能

与直流电镀相比,脉冲电镀具有许多优点;而目前有关脉冲参数对NdFeB表面镀镍层耐蚀性影响的研究少有报道.以NdFeB为基体材料,以不同的电流密度和占空比脉冲电镀镍,利用扫描电镜(SEM)观察镀层表面形貌,在3.5％ NaCl溶液中进行极化曲线和交流阻抗谱测试考察镀层的耐蚀性能,并测量镀层硬度以及结合强度,以获得最佳脉冲电镀工艺.结果表明:NdFeB表面脉冲电镀镍层较直流电镀层晶粒更细,表面更光滑平整;电流密度为2 A/dm2,占空比为0.4时,镀层表面晶粒均匀致密,表现出良好的耐腐蚀性能;脉冲电镀层的硬度大于直流电镀层,且在电流密度2 A/dm2,占空比0.4时硬度最大,达497.5 HV0.98N,热震20次表现出良好的结合性能.     

三元配位体系对低磷复合化学镀镍-磷-纳米二氧化钛的影响

低磷复合化学镀镍层具有优异的耐碱腐蚀性和超高的硬度,但尚未应用到规模化生产中.以沉积速率、镀层磷含量、硬度及孔隙率为评价指标,在乳酸-丙酸二元配位剂的基础上,分别研究了采用三乙醇胺、苹果酸、丁二酸、乙二胺作为辅助配位剂时对低磷复合化学镀镍-磷-纳米二氧化钛的影响.镀液的基础配方和工艺条件为:NaH2PO2·H2O 23 g/L,NiSO4·6H2O 28 g/L,辅助配位剂适量,乳酸18 mL/L,丙酸4 mL/L,CH3COONa·3H2O 15 g/L,十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS) 40 mg/L,pH值4.8±0.2,温度(85±2)℃,施镀时间1h.结果 表明:采用乙二胺作为辅助配位剂时,镀层的综合性能良好.当乙二胺的用量为4 mL/L时,镀速为23.62 μm/h,镀层磷含量为3.53％,镀层镀态硬度为561.4 HV,孔隙率为0.35个/cm2.     

镁合金化学镀镍-磷镀速的影响因素及工艺优化

通过系列对比试验,研究了AZ91D镁合金化学镀镍磷镀速的影响因素.结果表明,镀液配方、pH值和温度等对镀速会产生不同的影响,而镀速的大小不仅体现了生产效率的高低,更影响了镀层的结合力与性能.根据分析结果调整工艺配方及工艺参数,对镁合金化学镀工艺进行了相应的优化改进.该优化工艺可在镁合金表面得到均匀、致密、无明显缺陷的Ni-P镀层,镀层中镍的质量分数为91.44%,磷的为8.56%.性能测试表明,镀层的显微硬度为460～520 HV,且具有良好的结合力.     

Effect of Permeable Crystalline Material on Steel Reinforcement Corrosion of Concrete

Permeable crystalline materialcan permeate into pores and cracks of concrete and catalyze the reaction between Ca(OH) 2and unhydrated cement to generate a great quantity needle non-soluble crystals, which can stop up the pores and cracks of concrete, and increase the impermeability of concrete. This paper reported the results of a study conducted to evaluate steel reinforcement corrosion of concrete specimens uncoated and coated with permeable crystalline material as well as mixed with the permeable crystalline material. The properties evaluated for corrosion test were water impermeability, water absorption, compressive strength and potential. The results of water impermeability, water absorption, compressive strength clearly showed that the permeable crystalline material could prohibit water, any soluble salts and moisture from penetrating the concrete to cause corrosion, leaking, and other problems, and it did increase the compressive strength, which was favorable for protection of corrosion of reinforcing steel. Moreover, it was concluded from the potential-time curve that the steel reinforcement of uncoated specimen was in the state of activation whereas that of other specimens coated and mixed with the permeable crystalline material was in the state of inactivation. Above all, it was indicated that the permeable crystalline materialis very effective to protect the steel reinforcement of concrete from corrosion.     

The Research and Application About "Dry Peeling Off" Technology for Airplane Surface Paint Layer

In this paper, the principle of spurting take off lacquer were introduced; and with orthogonal method the unsaturate polyester was prepared ;it was easy to peel airplane paint layer off with this material and equipment.     

Quality Study of Honeycomb Core Shaping Without Wax Stabilization

Sandwich panels utilizing honeycomb cores result in lightweight, high-strength units that are very rigid. Indeed, they give honeycomb panels the best strength-to-weight ratio of any construction type available. Conventionally, the wax is poured into the cell of the core to strengthen the structure and prevent the core from being crushed during milling. Much time and labor is required to wax, mill, and clean the cores. In this study, the process of pouring wax into the core was skipped. In other words, the cutter directly milled the core. Experiments showed that the compressive strength of the core produced without wax stabilization was only 3% lower than that of cores produced using the traditional method. In addition, the drum peel strengths of cores produced without wax stabilization were 38.4% higher than cores produced using the traditional method, in which residual wax seriously polluted the adhesive. It was also found that eliminating the wax process can reduce costs.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

In-process thermal treatment of polylactic acid in fused deposition modelling

Polylactic acid (PLA) is one of the most widely used open source fused filament fabrication materials due to its ease of extrusion, biodegradability, and mechanical strength. The mechanical strength of PLA largely depends on the proper growth of its semi-crystalline structure, which can be severely impaired by a low rate of crystallization, particularly in open source printers. This can be further aggravated by the non-uniform thermal distribution of heat that causes improper curing among the extruded beads of the printing material. As a result, PLA printed on open source printers does not achieve the best mechanical properties. This research, for the first time, proposes an additive-free solution implemented through a detailed set of experimentation to improve the curing rate through in-process temperature variations to cure the joints among the beads. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is used to confirm the improvements in the bead joints. This work is conducted in two phases of experiments. In the first phase, a full factorial ANOVA is used to investigate various process parameters and the important variables are used in the second phase to print test specimens in four different sets.     

Investigation of the Corrosion Behaviors of HVOF-Sprayed Carbide Cernet Coatings in Molten Al-Zn-Si Alloy Bath

In continuous hot-dip galvanization process the corrosion and chemical stability of the sink roll in the galvanizing bath are important problem which effects on the quality and productivity. In order to protect the sink roll the carbide cermet and/or ceramic coatings were deposited on the surface of the sink roll. The WC-, Cr3 C2-cermet coatings were deposited by high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) spray, respectively. The coating samples were immersed in molten Zn-alloy containing 50 wt % aluminum at 833 K for 24 hr and 144 hr, respectively. The inter-diffusion and inter-reaction of Zn, Al and elements in coating and corrosion behaviors of these coatings were investigated by XRD, SEM and EPMA etc. The corrosion mechanisms of the carbide cermet coatings and ceramic coatings in molten High Al-Zn-alloy were approached.     

Fundamental study of adhesion of ice to cooling solid surface (Discussion on influence of copper oxide layer on ice adhesion force)

In many situations, ice often adheres to a cooling solid surface, frequently causing serious accidents. It is critical to clarify the mechanism of ice adhesion to the cooling surface in order to prevent ice adhesion. In a past study, the shearing stresses of two kinds of test plates with a copper surface having the higher thermal conductivity were measured. The shearing stress corresponds to ice adhesion force. Both shearing stresses were significantly different; however, the cause remains unclear.Therefore, the present study focuses on an oxide layer as the main factor causing the difference of both shearing stresses; the influence of the oxide layer formed on shearing stress was discussed. And in the removal and reformation processes of the oxide layer, the time variation of the shearing stress was clarified. Moreover, the relationship between the state of the copper surface and the shearing stress was also clarified by surface analysis.     

＂Three Transformations＂ and Standardization

During his inspection in Henan Province in May, Chinese President Xi Jinping stressed to ＂push forward the transformation from China Speed to China Quality, from Made in China to Created in China, and from Chinese Products to Chinese Brand＂. The ＂Three Transformations＂ are the specific requirements and goal of China＇s national development in the context that market should play a decisive role in the allocation of resources.     

重塑标准推行格局 推动LED照明的普及（英文）

正When you are enjoying the green,energy-saving and healthy lighting of IKEA LED luminaire,you may not realize that most of IKEA’s LED bulbs are produced by the LED luminaire smart manufacturing system of Hangzhou Zhongwei Photoelectricity CO.,LTD(ZVISION).No longer enclosed in the laboratory,the product standards are brought into the factory workshop and even to the entire production process.Thus,the standards are promoted and applied in a favorable way by enterprises,benefitting consumers with high quality products.     

Chinese Experts Contribute to ISO＇s New Toy Standards

正The international standard,ISO 8124-6,Safety of toys–Part 6:Certain phthalate esters in toys and children’s products,was officially issued by ISO worldwide on August 15.It was the first time for Chinese experts to lead the ISO standard development in toys industry.The standard was drafted by a group of Chinese experts from SAC/TC for toys and relevant Chinese departments and finally completed by a dedicated international group of experts.ISO 8124-6 makes a substantive breakthrough in the aspects of the scope of toys,limitation of plasticizer types,control of test cost,accuracy of test,operation convenience,etc.,offering the operational guidance for toy manufactures and testing laboratories.