碳纤维复合材料空间反射镜制造技术研究进展

碳纤维复合材料(CFRP)具有比刚度高、热稳定性好,可设计性强等特点,成为轻量化反射镜制造的新型理想材料,特别适合大口径、高分辨率空间反射镜的制造。简单介绍空间光学反射镜的国内外研究应用的现状。根据反射镜的特点介绍了碳纤维复合材料的材料选择要求,以及国外常用碳纤维复合材料预浸料体系。碳纤维复合材料反射镜制造方法与传统光学材料反射镜的制造不同,一般采用高效、快速、制造成本低的复制工艺来实现。总结了碳纤维复合材料反射镜的复制工艺和反射镜复制精度的影响因素,影响因素包括复制模具、预浸料铺层、反射镜变形、纤维印痕现象、尺寸稳定性以及反射镜尺寸等,并对前五项影响因素提出相应的控制措施来减小影响程度。重点阐述了反射镜纤维印痕现象的成因和解决方法,以及控制尺寸稳定性的关键。     

航空结构复合材料对碳纤维的需求

根据航空用结构复合材料的特点，论述了对碳纤维的需求，着重介绍了飞机用碳纤维的发展，指出用于结构复合材料的碳纤维要求质量稳定、分散性小、工艺性好、价格便宜、品种多、大、小丝束都应发展，在开发高性能碳纤维时，应注意解决使用中的问题。     

碳纤维复合材料与金属连接及接头力学性能测试

碳纤维复合材料因其强度高、质量轻、导热性能出众,在外空间和核工业等领域中的关键部件中得以应用.碳纤维复合材料与金属主要是通过螺栓、胶结、钎焊或扩散焊连接在一起.其中,在钎焊过程中,多数钎料在这类复合材料表面并不润湿,通常采用活性钎料,在高温和高真空的条件下进行;钎料的种类不同,钎焊接头的强度差异也很大.本文对碳纤维复合材料与金属铜、钛、铌、铝等金属的连接方法和相关研究进展作了总结,对其接头的力学性能测试方法作了介绍,并对该领域的研究方向发展做了展望.     

新型碳纤维筋可替代钢筋拓展海洋环境下工程应用空间

正近日,上海石化与哈尔滨工业大学等合作开发的新型结构材料碳纤维筋替代钢筋,在青岛某科教园工程项目中成功应用,为碳纤维复合材料在海洋环境下的工程应用拓展了新空间。碳纤维筋是采用特殊拉挤工艺将碳纤维与树脂结合制成的形似钢筋的新型高性能复合材料,具有强度高、质量轻、耐腐蚀等优点。之前在国内     

自适应光学在空间光学遥感器上的应用

阐述了在空间光学遥感器上应用自适应光学技术的必要性,介绍了国外的ＳＴ－ＭＴ,ＬＤＲ和Ｈｕｂｂｌｅ等几种空间光学遥感器应用自适应光学技术的情况,论述了轻小型和集成化的星载自适应光学系统的技术现状和发展趋势。进行了星载相机主镜温度变形的自适应光学校正实验,改善系数大于１０。这说明,对大口径、高分辨率空间相机采用自适应光学技术校正主镜由于温度场变化而产生的变莆,可以有效地改善波前质量。     

空间光学相机调偏流机构设计

为了减小偏流角对空间光学相机成像质量的影响,分析了偏流角对空间光学相机成像质量的影响,对偏流角产生的原因及其像移补偿原理进行了研究。根据某空间光学相机的特点,采用在相机上设计调偏流机构的方法进行偏流角的补偿。通过几种常用的调偏流机构的比较,确定了采用双向丝杆螺母驱动的调偏流方案实现焦平面偏流角的调整。对调偏流机构进行了有限元分析,分析结果表明调偏流机构具有较高的刚度和动态强度。对调偏流机构进行了振动试验,并在试验前后进行调偏流机构精度的闭环检测,检测结果表明调偏流机构精度优于1′,调偏流机构偏流角调整范围为+5°～-5°,满足设计要求,实现了高精度的偏流角补偿。该调偏流机构具有强度高、刚度高、结构紧凑、稳定性好等优点。     

碳纤维基材连续电镀

采用碳纤维连续电镀法，可以使镀镍碳纤维达到填充复合材料的技术要求。镀前碳纤维预处理是决定镀镍碳纤维质量的关键。     

纤维长度,取向对LAS基体力学性能的影响

本文研究了短切碳纤维增强LAS玻璃-陶瓷（以下简称C_sf／LAS）复合材料的制备工艺以及纤维长度、取向对其力学性能的影响．获得了短切碳纤维均匀分散并取向排列的复合材料,用扫描电子显微镜和光学显微镜观察了复合材料的断口形貌和显微结构．研究发现短切碳纤维增强LAS玻璃-陶瓷的主要强韧化机理是载荷传递和纤维拔出．     

空间反射镜新材料研究进展

传统的反射镜材料已满足不了反射镜大口径超轻量化的发展要求。碳纤维复合材料因其出众的性能优势,必将成为未来反射镜材料领域中的重要一员。综述了碳纤维增强SiC复合材料(C/SiC)、碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料(CFRP)、碳纤维增强碳基体复合材料(C/C)这3种具有巨大潜力的反射镜材料,并重点论述了这3种材料的性能特点、应用现状、制备方法及技术瓶颈等问题。最后展望了碳纤维复合材料在反射镜领域的发展前景。     

航天器用支架复合材料轻量化研究

支架是航天器总装设计的重要组成部分,目前主要采用金属材质铸造成型,质量较大,成品率较低。复杂的太空环境要求支架具有非常高的尺寸稳定性。因此为提高结构刚度和减重,选取典型结构的支架进行轻量化研究。首先,根据碳纤维复合材料的性能参数和支架边界条件建立有限元模型并进行仿真分析;其次,在突破复合材料支架成型技术的基础上完成了复合材料支架的制备;最后,制定试验方案,通过评估金属与碳纤维复合材料支架在正弦与随机振动时的响应,对比了2种支架的力学性能。结果表明:碳纤维复合材料支架具有更优异的力学性能和更轻的质量。      

Influence of Fabric Parameters on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and Failure Mechanisms in Carbon-Fibre Reinforced Composites

The effects of fibre/matrix bonding, fabric density, fibre volume fraction and bundle size on microstructure, mechanical properties and failure mechanisms in carbon fibre reinforced composites （plastic and carbon matrix） have been investigated. The microstructure of unloaded and cracked samples was studied by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, respectively whereas the mechanical behaviour was examined by 3- point bending experiments. Exclusively one type of experimental resole type phenolic resin was applied. A strong fibre/matrix bonding, which is needed for high strength of carbon fibre reinforced plastic （CFRP） materials leads to severe composite damages during the pyrolysis resulting in low strength, brittle failure and a very low utilisation of the fibres strain to failure in C/C composites. Inherent fabric parameters such as an increasing fabric density or bundle size or a reduced fibre volume fraction introduce inhomogenities to the CFRP＇s microstructure. Results are lower strength and stiffness whereas the strain to failure increases or remains unchanged. Toughness is almost not affected. In C/C composites inhomogenities due to a reduced bundle size reduce strain to failure, strength, stiffness and toughness. Vice versa a declining fibre volume fraction leads to exactly the opposite behaviour. Increasing the fabric density （weight per unit area） causes similar effects as in CFRPs.     

Effects of Shear‐Transverse Coupling and Plasticity in the Formulation of an Elementary Ply Composites Damage Model,Part II: Material Characterisation

Abstract: In this two‐part study, we examine the effects of neglecting plasticity and shear‐transverse coupling in a continuum damage mechanics model for composites. In part I, two models were formulated: one in which plasticity was neglected, and one in which both plasticity and shear‐transverse damage coupling were neglected, and the predictive capabilities for both models were examined. In this second part of the paper, the procedure and results of the experimental test series carried out to determine input parameters for the above two models are presented. Two materials were tested: one a carbon fibre‐reinforced plastic, the other an S2‐glass fibre‐reinforced plastic. Both material systems are currently used in the aerospace industry so the experimental results should be of interest to that community. Both materials exhibited non‐linear intralaminar shear behaviour, whereas the S2‐glass fibre‐reinforced plastic also exhibited a significantly non‐linear transverse response. Tests on ±45º and 10º off‐axis coupons indicated that a reasonable estimate of shear strength could be obtained from the ±45º test specimens. Some further insight is provided into the model predictions that were presented in part I.     

Für den weitesten Weg: Schichten im All

For the Longest Way: Thin Films in Space Thin films for space application have to operate under extreme conditions, reworks or replacement of components in general is not possible. The main challenges are extreme temperatures, bombardment by energetic particles (ionizing radiation) and sometimes mechanical stress. The ?toolbox“ of deposition processes ranges from Atomic Layer Deposition to low pressure plasma processes to electroplating. Due to its low specific weight carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP) is an often used construction material for space applications. The uniform deposition of copper on CFRP waveguides for the RADAR antennas of the Sentinel satellites has been an impressive demonstration for the generation of functional surfaces on complex shaped 3D substrates by electrochemical processes. Sometimes optimal solutions require hybrid processes. A heat reflector on components for the BepiColombo mission investigating the Hermean environment has been realized by a combination of sputtering and electroplating. Systems in space often have to observe with high precision and therefore need ?eagle eyes“. The continuous development of magnetron sputter technology during the past 10 years has enabled the deposition of optical interference systems with hundreds of individual layers and thickness precision in the ± 0,15 % range. As examples a beam splitter and a band pass filter for space missions are presented.     

增强体形态、分布对铝基复合材料力学循环特性的影响研究

制备了4种不同增强形式的铝基复合材料:SiCp均匀增强(A)、SiCp集中增强(B)、Si3N4网络骨架增强(C)以及碳纤维三维编织增强(D),研究了它们在各种循环应力幅度和循环次数下的力学响应规律以及预力学循环对常规力学循环性能的影响.研究表明,在力学循环过程中,材料A、B、C均存在循环硬化,并都在最初10次循环内达到稳定;存在一个特定的预加载应力幅σm8,能使材料的屈服强度达到最理想;作为非连续增强体SiCp增强材料A,其T6时效态的屈服强度明显优于其他材料;连续增强体Si3N4网络陶瓷增强材料C强度较高而塑性不足;SiCp集中增强材料B兼具了非连续增强体和连续增强体的塑性和韧性;碳纤维增强材料D由于内部碳纤维混乱排布导致在力学循环过程中产生了循环软化.     

Mechanical repair of timber beams fractured in flexure using bonded-in reinforcements

The flexural properties of strength class C16 spruce beams have been compared to the flexural properties of the same beams repaired with bonded-in reinforcements in the form of steel or composite pultruded rods. Reinforcing materials included rectangular sections of mild steel, pultruded carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP), glass fibre reinforced plastic (GFRP) and a thermoplastic matrix glass fibre reinforced polyurethane (FULCRUM). Grooves were routed into the faces of the fractured beams following straightening and the reinforcements adhesively bonded into the top, bottom or both faces of the beams. The steel and CFRP reinforcements are most effective in restoring the flexural strength which often exceeds its original value. These reinforcements are also effective in enhancing flexural strength but the CFRP reinforcement endows the greatest transformed flexural strength. The fracture mechanisms in the repaired beams depend on the placement of reinforcement and the quality of the adhesive to reinforcement bond. All properties are optimised by bonding reinforcement into both faces of the fractured beams.     

Querschnittseinfluss beim Zugversuch von siliziertem kohlenstoffkurzfaserverstärktem Kohlenstoff (C/C‐SiC)

On the influence of cross section in tensile tests of siliconized short carbon fibre reinforced carbon (C/C‐SiC) This study deals with the mechanical testing of a carbon short fibre reinforced ceramic. For this material group, which has already been successfully used in several applications, no valid testing specifications are existing at present. This is one of the reasons why manufacturers and research institutes often make use of test standards for monolithic or composite materials. In these tests, sample cross sections and testing volumes are choosen freely or on the basis of a standard and are accordingly adapted by an appropriate factor. This approach can lead to misinterpretations. Because of the broad variety in the different kinds of fibre reinforced ceramics, this study examines the influence of cross sections in tensile tests in an examplary study on a siliconized short carbon fibre reinforced carbon of the Schunk Kohlenstofftechnik GmbH labeled FU2952/1P77. In order to verify the test results, the fracture surfaces will be examined by means of incident light photography and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).     

Prediction of debonding strength of tensile steel/CFRP joints using fracture mechanics and stress based criteria

In this paper, the debonding strength of axially loaded double shear lap specimens between steel plates and carbon fibre reinforced plastic plates is investigated from the analytical, numerical and experimental point of view. Two steel plates were joined together by two carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP) plates and epoxy adhesive in order to realize double shear lap specimens of different length. Failure of the steel-adhesive interface was identified as the dominant failure mode and fracture mechanics and stress based approach are presented in order to estimate the relevant failure load. A good agreement between the analytical-numerical results and experimental data is achieved.     

大口径平面基准仪反射镜支撑技术

大口径平面基准仪是在大口径、大视场的空间光学遥感器光学系统装调过程中必须应用的基准工具,随着光学系统的口径和视场的不断增大,平面基准仪口径也不断增大,本文从满足大口径平面基准仪反射镜在复杂的工况下综合面形误差要求的角度出发,介绍了1 000 mm大口径平面基准仪反射镜及其支撑结构材料的选择,讨论了反射镜的柔性支撑结构的设计方法,并运用CAD/CAE工程分析软件进行分析及优化,应用有限元法优化出一种合理的反射镜柔性支撑结构。     

Möglichkeiten der Geruchsmessung und ‐minderung bei Naturfaserverbunden

Possibilities of Odour Measurement and Reduction of Natural Fibre Plastics The critical attitude of the German public concerning environmental questions has also invaded the world of odours. The evaluation and reduction of odours when using plastic materials has gained increasing significance in the last years. The packaging industry that produces wrapping materials for food and other consumables was the first to test for odours. During the last years the automobile industry has also shown increased interest in pinpointing and measuring odours, not only because of the increased usage of natural fibre reinforced plastics in car interiors, but also because of the general increase of concern over clean air. Natural fibre reinforced plastics, besides having advantages compared to glass‐ and carbon reinforced materials (mechanical properties/weight, CO₂‐equilibrium) also have properties that limit their application possibilities. Emissions and unpleasant odours at certain temperature and humidity conditions are of concern. To determine the origin of odour in bonded materials the single component, production step or their combination causing it has to be found. To achieve odour neutrality in plastics is difficult since production methods or additives can only be determined through prolonged testing and where the human nose is still more important than all the physical electronic measuring methods. The origin of odours and their importance for the well being and health of the population is questioned and forces not only the plastics industry to react. The is why both, plastics‐ and automobile industries are trying to react to the tendencies of the market place and it is the goal of the auto industry to deliver the most odour‐neutral new car.     

Kohlenstoff-Fäden und deren Verwendung in Verbundwerkstoffen

Carbon fibres and carbon fibre composite materials. Carbon fibres are a new reinforcement for high performance composite materials. Their most interesting property is the high Young's modulus. The tensile strength of carbon fibres exceeds 200 kp/mm², the Young's modulus 50,000 kp/mm². Carbon fibre reinforced plastics are mainly used where high stiffness is needed. In most cases, carbon fibre composite components are manufactured by filament winding burt also by lamination and moulding. Data about the different processes for the production of carbon fibres as well as mechanical properties are given. In addition to the different manufacturing methods of composite materials a survey about the today applications is given.