机械合金化法制备W—Cu合金的研究

采用高能球磨的机械合金化法制备W—Cu合金,对其在实验过程中的工艺条件进行了研究。结果表明：随着球磨时间的延长,粉末的粒度逐渐细化,比表面积逐渐增大。球磨过程分为三个阶段。最佳工艺条件是：当球料比为5：1,W：Cu为8：2,球磨时间达到30h时,铜粉和钨粉基本形成固溶体。球磨过程加入少量的无水乙醇,防止在球磨过程中粉末被氧化。     

Cu纳米晶块体的制备及纳米晶粒长大动力学研究

采用高能球磨的方法制取金属纳米晶粉末，然后利用放电等离子烧结（SPS）技术制备出金属纳米晶块体材料。设计系列实验研究金属纳米晶材料的晶粒长大行为，获得了纳米晶粒长大的动力学规律。根据已有的工作基础和对实验结果的深入分析，确定动力学参数对稳定相晶粒长大行为的影响。实验发现了高能球磨配合SPS技术制备的Cu纳米晶块体发生快速晶粒长大的临界温度，并结合纳米晶界过剩体积与过剩自由能的关系，分析了纳米晶粒组织的能量因素对晶粒长大行为及动力学的影响。     

纳米晶钨粉对液相烧结93W合金组织性能影响

采用高能机械球磨方法制备了超细钨粉,经冷等静压和1465℃分解氨气氛中液相烧结制得高密度钨合金.研究了纳米晶亚微米颗粒钨粉对烧结态93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe高密度钨合金微观组织及性能的影响.研究表明:采用超细钨粉与低温液相烧结技术,获得了高相对密度(大于99.7%)的烧结态高密度钨合金,且细钨颗粒组织均匀分布于粘结相中;与采用亚微米颗粒钨粉的烧结态钨合金相比较,不仅微观组织弥散分布,而且具有较高的力学性能;液相烧结态钨合金的力学性能主要与原始钨粉粒度及烧结温度有关.     

固液反应球磨工艺

介绍了一种固液反应球磨专利技术,即在一定温度区间,磨球介质直接对熔融金属或合金进行球磨,磨球直接和金属液体反应生成固相的金属间化合物粉末.综合报导了采用Fe、Cu、Ni、Ti等材质的磨球对熔融Sn、Sb、Zn、Al金属及其合金进行固液反应球磨的结果.研究了固液反应球磨工艺,并探讨了固液反应球磨的机理.     

流化床法制备太阳能级多晶硅用沉积硅粒的性能研究

在流化过程中,为保证硅粒在流化床中分布状态良好,提高硅的沉积产率,同时要达到产生太阳能级纯度的多晶硅,对流化床中流化的硅粒的粒径和纯度要求是非常严格的,本文采用球磨技术,通过正交实验,对球磨时间、球磨介质、球的均匀度工艺参数对沉积硅粒的粒径影响及球磨污染程度和形貌特征进行试验研究。试验表明：选择合适的球磨罐和球磨介质,以高纯工业硅进行实验,制得的硅粒平均粒径处于145—166um和166—180um之间时,在进行流态化试验时,完全满足太阳能级多晶硅用沉积硅粒在流化床中流态化分布的要求。     

纯钨零件的粉末注射成形工艺研究

本文以高能球磨钨粉和高纯钨粉为原料,采用粉末注射成形技术成功制备出具有复杂形状的纯钨及添加稀土的钨零件。重点研究了注射成形工艺参数对其微观结构及其力学性能的影响规律。研究结果表明,以高能球磨后的钨粉和Y2O3为原料,采用注射成形工艺可制备出烧结密度为18．26g／cm^3,相对密度为94．61％的钨零件,较佳的工艺参数为：粉末装载量为52％,注射温度为165℃,注射压力为65MPa,烧结温度为2300℃。研究结果还表明：稀土元素氧化物的添加,可显著提高注射成形钨零件的烧结密度,明显细化烧结后样品的晶粒。这是由于稀土氧化物作为第二相粒子弥散分布于晶界处,阻碍了位错的运动和高温烧结时晶粒的长大。     

ZrO2亚微粉的搅动球磨研究

用自制的实验室小型搅动球磨机对工业ＺｒＯ＿２粉进行了球磨参数的正交试验，同时进行了搅动球磨与振动球磨动力学的对比实验，得出了两者的动力学回归方程为：０．５５７－０．１６８１ｇｔ０．７６０－０．２２２１ｇｔ研究认为，在球磨诸参数中，影响粒度显著性按以下顺序递减：球磨时间→搅棒转速→球径→球料比。研究同时得出，尽管振动球磨已是一种高效强力球磨方法，其研磨效率远高于普通滚动球磨，但仍数倍、甚至数１０倍地低于搅动球磨。在给定参数下，搅动球磨ｌｈ即可获得～０．５μｍ的ＺｒＯ＿２粉，而用振动球磨却需１６ｈ。     

Nb和N2在球磨过程中的固—气反应

利用改装后可充一定压力气体的球磨罐,装入一定量的高纯金属,经抽真空后充入一定压力的氮气,在室温下进行球磨产生固－气反应制备出金属氮化物的超细微粒,以金属铌为例,用XRD和TEM分别对生成物的晶粒尺度和相结合进行了分析测量,从热力学讨论了金属氮化的形成机制,在固－气反应中氮气分子在金属清洁表面的化学吸附起着重要作用,球磨过程中产生的大量缺陷对金属－氮气的反应有重要影响。     

高能球磨制备TiB_2/TiC纳米复合粉体

研究了通过高能球磨制备ＴｉＢ２／ＴｉＣ纳米复合粉体的反应过程和机理,对粉体的显微结构进行了表征．实验结果表明,采用金属 Ｔｉ和 Ｂ４Ｃ为原料,在球磨过程中, ＴｉＣ先于 ＴｉＢ２形成．球磨５ｈ后Ｔｉ与Ｂ４Ｃ反应生成ＴｉＢ２和ＴｉＣ,在随后的长时间高能球磨过程中ＴｉＢ２和ＴｉＣ两相保持稳定．球磨 ３０ｈ后,直径约 ８ｎｍ的 ＴｉＣ纳米粒子分布在 １００～２００ ｎｍ的 ＴｉＢ２粒子中,形成均匀分布的纳米ＴｉＢ２／ＴｉＣ复合粉体．     

高能球磨制备TiB2/TiC纳米复合粉体

研究了通过高能球磨制备TiB2/TiC纳米复合粉体的反应过程和机理,对粉体的显微结构进行了表征。实验结果表明,采用金属Ti和B4C为原料,在球磨过程中,TiC先于TiB2形成。球磨5h后Ti与B4C反应生成TiB2和TiC,在随后的长时间高能球磨过程中TiB2和TiC两相保持稳定。球磨30h后,直径约8nm的TiC纳米粒子分布在100-200nm的TiB2粒子中,形成均匀分布的纳米TiB2/TiC复合粉体。     

A cortical bone milling force model based on orthogonal cutting distribution method

In orthopedic surgery, the bone milling force has attracted attention owing to its significant influence on bone cracks and the breaking of tools. It is necessary to build a milling force model to improve the process of bone milling. This paper proposes a cortical bone milling force model based on the orthogonal cutting distribution method (OCDM), explaining the effect of anisotropic bone materials on milling force. According to the model, the bone milling force could be represented by the equivalent effect of a transient cutting force in a rotating period, and the transient milling force could be calculated by the transient milling force coefficients, cutting thickness, and cutting width. Based on the OCDM, the change in transient cutting force coefficients during slotting can be described by using a quadratic polynomial. Subsequently, the force model is updated for robotic bone milling, considering the low stiffness of the robot arm. Next, an experimental platform for robotic bone milling is built to simulate the milling process in clinical operation, and the machining signal is employed to calculate the milling force. Finally, according to the experimental result, the rationality of the force model is verified by the contrast between the measured and predicted forces. The milling force model can satisfy the accuracy requirement for predicting the milling force in the different processing directions, and it could promote the development of force control in orthopedic surgery.The full text can be downloaded at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40436-020-00300-7     

Experimental investigation on low-frequency vibration-assisted µ-ED milling of Inconel 718

The microelectric discharge (µ-ED) milling is a competent process for the fabrication of complex 3-D shapes, but longer machining time limits the wide applications of the process. Therefore, in this work, a novel approach of low-frequency workpiece vibration-assisted µ-ED milling has used intending to improve the process performance. The experimental investigation has been performed using Taguchi L-16 orthogonal array to examine the effects of low-frequency workpiece vibration assistance in the µ-ED milling while fabricating microchannels on Inconel 718. The gap voltage, capacitance, and vibration frequency were selected as input parameters while material removal rate (MRR) and frontal electrode wear (FEW) were chosen as response variables. It has been observed that the MRR increases and FEW decreases with an increase in vibrational frequency up to an optimal value and then decreases for further increase in vibration frequency. The results disclose a positive influence of the low-frequency workpiece vibration of both MRR and FEW during µ-ED milling of Inconel 718. Finally, the effects of vibration and discharge energy on surface quality of fabricated microchannels were analyzed using field emission scanning electron microscopic images.     

Effect of milling time,MWCNT content,and annealing temperature on microstructure and hardness of Fe/MWCNT nanocomposites synthesized by high-energy ball milling

Nanocrystalline pure Fe and Fe/MWCNT nanocomposites powders with 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 10 wt% MWCNT contents were synthesized by high-energy ball milling (HEBM). The as-milled powders were cold-compacted and annealed at 400 °C and 600 °C for 1 h in Ar atmosphere. The effect of ball milling on pristine MWCNT and Fe/MWCNT composite powders was also investigated as a function of milling time up to 20 h. The physical properties of MWCNT were imaged by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) before and after HEBM. The structural damage of MWCNT as a function of milling time and MWCNT content was studied using Raman spectroscopy. The structural characterization of MWCNT and Fe/MWCNT composites was conducted by X-ray diffraction (XRD) as a function of milling time, MWCNT content, and annealing temperature. The chemical properties of the synthesized composite powders were investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The microhardness test was performed to assess the effect of milling time, annealing temperature, and MWCNT content on the mechanical properties. The results indicated that after the ball milling process, the structure of MWCNT was destroyed, and the formation of the amorphous carbon phase was observed, which was confirmed by XRD and TEM analyses. In addition, decreased defect and carbon intensity ratios (I_D/I_G) were calculated from the Raman results with longer ball milling processes, which is attributed to the destruction of carbon bonds. The XPS results confirmed the presence of FeC bonds as a result of the formation of carbide phases. A fine dispersion of precipitated carbides determined by TEM is found to promote the grain size stability below 100 nm in the nanocrystalline Fe matrix. The results from the micro-hardness tests showed that Orowan particle strengthening resulting from the carbide formation, as well as grain size hardening, is an important contributor to strengthening in Fe/MWCNT composites.     

Tool path modification for optimized pocket milling

Many operations in CNC milling tasks are performed using pocket milling which has two main types of tool path trajectories, contour parallel path and direction parallel path. Hence there have been a lot of works on geometrically efficient algorithms to generate tool paths. Although the conventional tool path obtained from geometric information has been successful to make a desirable shape, it seldom considers physical process concerns like cutting forces and chatters. In order to cope with these problems, an optimized tool path, which maintains as constant MRR as possible in order to achieve constant cutting forces and to avoid chatter vibrations at all time, is introduced and the result is verified. Additional tool path segments are appended to the basic tool path obtained by geometric shape by using a pixel-based simulation technique. The algorithm has been implemented for two-dimensional contiguous end milling operations, and cutting tests are conducted by measuring spindle current, which reflects machining situations, to verify the significance of the proposed method.     

改进固相法对LiFePO_4/C正极材料的优化合成

使用改进固相法,通过正交实验,考察了锂铁比、葡萄糖加入量,焙烧温度、焙烧时间四因素对LiFePO4正极材料电化学性能的影响.在优化LiFePO4合成条件下合成出具有优良电化学性能的LiFePO4/C正极材料,此方法避免使用球磨机,有利于工业化生产.使用XRD、SEM、循环伏安、交流阻抗对合成产物进行一系列性能分析,室温下0.1C倍率首次放电比容量139.6mAh/g,循环活化后容量上升并稳定至148mAh/g左右,30次循环后容量仍保持在147.4mAh/g.     

球磨法制备天然辣椒素粉体工艺研究

以天然辣椒素和硅胶为原料和辅料,采用球磨法制备天然辣椒素粉体,采用正交实验法,对球料质量比、天然辣椒素与硅胶的质量比、球磨时间、球磨机转速等参数进行4因素3水平的正交实验设计,研究这些工艺参数对球磨法制备天然辣椒素粉体的影响。结果表明,制备天然辣椒素粉体的最佳工艺为球料质量比为5∶1,天然辣椒素与硅胶的质量比为4∶6,球磨时间为20 min,转速为300 r/min,在此条件下,制备的天然辣椒素粉体中粒径小于10μm的颗粒的体积分数为94.98%。     

Finite element analysis of chip formation and residual stresses induced by sequential cutting in side milling with microns to submicron uncut chip thickness and finite cutting edge radius

In this paper,the effect of four sequential cuts in side milling of Ti6Al4 V on chip formation and residual stresses(RS) are investigated using finite element method(FEM).While the open literature is limited mainly to the studies of orthogonal sequential cutting with the constant uncut chip thickness greater than 0.01 mm,it is suggested herein to investigate not only the variable uncut chip thickness which characterises the down milling process,but also the uncut chip thickness in the sub-micron range using a finite cutting edge radius.For the resulting ductile machining regime,the characteristics of the chip morphology,the force profiles,the plastic deformation and temperature distributions have been analyzed.Furthermore,this study revealed that the RS should be extracted toward the area where the insert exits the workpiece in the FE simulation of the down-milling process.The simulation of a number of sequential cuts due to the consecutive engagements of the insert is required in order to capture the gradual accumulation of the RS before reaching an asymptotic convergence of the RS profile.The predicted RS are in reasonable agreement with the experimental results.     

Mechanical behavior of bulk nanocrystalline copper alloys produced by high energy ball milling

Copper alloys with different amounts of zinc were synthesized via high energy ball milling at liquid nitrogen and room temperature. Bulk samples were produced in situ by controlling the milling temperature. It is shown that temperature plays an important role in formation of artifact-free consolidated samples via its effect on defect formation and annihilation during the milling process. The mechanical behavior of Cu–Zn nanocrystalline alloys was examined using Vickers microhardness and tensile tests. The nanostructure of the alloys was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The hardness results of processed alloys vary as a function of the alloying elements. Considering typical low ductility of nanocrystalline materials, the improved ductility with the high strength observed in these alloys suggests that they are artifact-free and may have several deformation mechanisms, which may include dislocation activity and nano-twinning.     

Fabrication of ultrafine W – Cu powders by mechanical alloying

Abstract

Ultrafine composite powders of W – 15 wt-%Cu, W – 25 wt-%Cu, and W – 35 wt-%Cu have been fabricated by mechanical alloying. The effects of type of mill, process control agent, temperature of milling, and ball/powder ratio on the final products have been evaluated. The results show that the planetary ball mill possesses a higher impact energy intensity than that of the vibratory ball mill. The optimum milling time is confirmed by the formation of a nanocrystalline microstructure in the planetary ball mill after optimisation of the milling parameters. A steady state between cold welding and fracture is attained with a milling time of up to 25 h in the planetary ball mill under optimised conditions. Crystallites with sizes of 7 – 8 nm for W – Cu composite powders have been obtained after 25 h of ball milling. The powders obtained after mechanical alloying have been characterised in terms of their size, shape, phase constitution, and microstructural features using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy.