金融诈骗罪中的“非法占有目的”之思考

目的犯是指以具有超过罪过要素的一定主观目的行为为必要的犯罪，以此标准判断金融诈骗罪是目的犯，要求具有非法占有的目的。作为目的犯的金融诈骗罪立法上是不周全的，应当把金融诈骗罪中的非法占有目的全部规定为明示，司法中采用推定的方法，在立法中增加非目的化的金融诈骗犯罪。     

三基色荧光灯在刑事摄影中的应用

三基色荧光灯具有显色性好、光效高、稳定性高、寿命长、耗电省、安全性好等优点，可发展成为刑事摄影的主要光源。本文分析了三基色荧光灯的特性和目前刑事摄影光源存在的缺陷，论述了使用三基色荧光灯作为刑事摄影照明光源的优点及展望。     

LATENT IMAGES ON THE CAMERA’S WALL: Forensic aesthetics as photography

This paper examines the “algorithmic turn” in light of the “forensic turn” and seeks to consider the relevance of Forensic Architecture’s work for the theory of photography. First, I will analyze the role of photography as testimony in light of the concept of “forensic aesthetics,” and argue that with it, the role of photography as evidence is less related to its visible dimensions and more to its being a material trace—an invisible latent image that needs to be developed and animated. Second, I will diagnose the implication of the concept of “forensic aesthetics” in one of the agency’s first research projects: an investigation of US drone warfare in Pakistan from 2011 and argue that the concern that arose with the emergence of digital photography from a “post-photographic” era—in which the effect of digital technologies was perceived as the virtualization of the world—takes a material twist with forensic aesthetics. It is precisely the digitization of photography that enables it to maintain its indexical power, even at the cost of losing its limits as a medium.     

Significance of Angle in the Statistical Comparison of Forensic Tool Marks

In forensics, fingerprints can be used to uniquely identify suspects in a crime. Similarly, a tool mark left at a crime scene can be used to identify the tool that was used. However, the current practice of identifying matching tool marks involves visual inspection of marks by forensic experts which can be a very subjective process. As a result, declared matches are often successfully challenged in court. Hence, law enforcement agencies are particularly interested in encouraging research in more objective approaches. Our analysis is based on comparisons of profilometry data, essentially depth contours of a tool mark surface taken along a linear path. Chumbley et al. pointed out that the angle of incidence between the tool and the marked surface can have a substantial impact on the tool mark and on the effectiveness of both manual and algorithmic matching procedures. To better address this problem, we describe how the analysis can be enhanced to model the effect of tool angle and allow for angle estimation for a tool mark left at a crime scene. With sufficient development, such methods may lead to more defensible forensic analyses. Data and code are available as supplementary material online.     

ARCHIVAL VALUE

The term Conceptual Documentary has been used increasingly in recent years in response to certain shifts in documentary photography. By making sense of the world via an emphasis upon documentation, selection, editing and a cool, distanced and analytical aesthetic, Conceptual Documentary photography can be understood as a symptom of the archival impulse that pervades contemporary culture. This paper will address the particular implications of Conceptual Documentary photobooks as expressions of this archival impulse. With a focus on the books of the photographers Stephen Gill, Mathieu Pernot and Matthew Sleeth, it will assess the possibilities and limits of photobooks as alternative sites for the exhibition and reception of contemporary documentary photography.     

利用全光谱特种照相取证仪去除指印的背景干扰

目的：研究去除现场指印背景干扰的技术方法。方法：采用全光谱特种照相取证仪的主光源,以10—30度的入射角照射具有背景干扰的现场指印．并结合该设备的滤光系统进行分色照相。结果：显现出亮纹线暗背景的指印图像,指印背景无干扰。结论：采用全光谱特种照相取证仪可以消除指印的背景干扰,为指印显现提供了一种新的设备。     

THE IDIOSYNCRASIES OF SPEED

The history of photography has produced a fascinating wealth of theoretical narratives. However, a surprising proportion of existing narratives relies on a rather problematic assumption: that it is possible and appropriate to equate photography and vision. In this article, I demonstrate that this questionable equation depends on certain physical circumstances and particular technological operations dictated thereby, and mediated by various constraints of speed. I dwell on a number of strategic moments in the history of photography for a critical reading of these circumstances, the applications and the interpretations of various types of speed, and their relationship to photography. This article concludes with the claim that in recent decades, one important type of speed, namely shutter speed, has undergone a transformation that now makes it possible to challenge the ontological model binding vision and photography together. The probable disappearance of the shutter in the near future, moreover, retrospectively opens up an alternative media history of photography that renounces the traditional hierarchy in which photographic images are less important than the technological and conceptual systems producing them.     

Metropolitan Surveillance and Rural Opacity: Secret Photography in Nineteenth‐Century Ireland

This essay considers the significance of the Foucaultian notion of surveillance in accounts of the history of photography, raising the question whether Ireland's colonial placement during the nineteenth century led to a different history of the medium. The study focuses on Irish Special Branch's adoption of secret photography during the latter part of the nineteenth century in order to determine why this type of photography was considered useful. It also pays attention to the types of photographs collected by the Branch. The writer situates Special Branch's adoption of secret photography within a visual economy in Ireland where an alternative type of imagery (commercially produced eviction photographs) was employed to construct a different register for what constituted legitimacy and lawlessness. In addition, emphasis is placed on the role of photography in Ireland within a larger discursive framework of colonial policy making. Visibility is crucial to the Foucaultian model, and the failure to embed such signs in both the photographs produced and collected by Special Branch indicates that it was possible to produce lacunae in the power/knowledge paradigm. The writer concludes that the history of the deployment of secret photography in Ireland reveals how it failed to produce the required visual signs needed to win consent for control.     

Target Detection Algorithm in Crime Recognition Using Artificial Intelligence

Presently, suspect prediction of crime scenes can be considered as a classification task, which predicts the suspects based on the time, space, and type of crime. Performing digital forensic investigation in a big data environment poses several challenges to the investigational officer. Besides, the facial sketches are widely employed by the law enforcement agencies for assisting the suspect identification of suspects involved in crime scenes. The sketches utilized in the forensic investigations are either drawn by forensic artists or generated through the computer program (composite sketches) based on the verbal explanation given by the eyewitness or victim. Since this suspect identification process is slow and difficult, it is required to design a technique for a quick and automated facial sketch generation. Machine Learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) models find it useful to automatically support the decision of forensics experts. The challenge is the incorporation of the domain expert knowledge with DL models for developing efficient techniques to make better decisions. In this view, this study develops a new artificial intelligence (AI) based DL model with face sketch synthesis (FSS) for suspect identification (DLFSS-SI) in a big data environment. The proposed method performs preprocessing at the primary stage to improvise the image quality. In addition, the proposed model uses a DL based MobileNet (MN) model for feature extractor, and the hyper parameters of the MobileNet are tuned by quasi oppositional firefly optimization (QOFFO) algorithm. The proposed model automatically draws the sketches of the input facial images. Moreover, a qualitative similarity assessment takes place with the sketch drawn by a professional artist by the eyewitness. If there is a higher resemblance between the two sketches, the suspect will be determined. To validate the effective performance of the DLFSS-SI method, a detailed qualitative and quantitative examination takes place. The experimental outcome stated that the DLFSS-SI model has outperformed the compared methods in terms of mean square error (MSE), peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), average actuary, and average computation time.     

数码相机ISO感光度的调整对刑事案件中痕迹检验照相质量的影响

本文就数码相机功能中的ISO感光度数值的调整对图像质量的影响作一论述。ISO感光度数值越大，最后成像中的颗粒状就越明显，拍摄的客体细微处反映模糊。因此在使用数码相机进行案件检验照相时，在没有特别的要求情况下，应尽量避免使用较高的ISO感光度。     

Experiments In Endoscopic Photography

The literature concerning endoscopic photography and cinematography is briefly reviewed. The author concerns himself only with still photography of the larynx by the indirect approach, and discusses the two methods of examination of this organ. The practical problems for successful photography are examined, and a compromise solution offered. The apparatus is used by a single operator, who must be a clinician already expert in indirect laryngoscopy. The principles involved in the photographic side are applicable to all types of endoscopic work, but successful design depends more on the needs of the clinician than of the photographer.     

浅谈偏振光照相在现代刑事技术中的应用

偏振光照相技术在现代刑事科学技术领域运用广泛,发挥着重要的作用。本文阐述了偏振光照相的原理、操作的一般方法以及在指纹等痕迹物证检验、法医检验、微量物证检验中的应用。     

PHOTOGRAPHY

Disturbingly, one important constituent within the photographic habitus has remained conspicuously absent from most discussions in what has come to be called Post-Photography. This particular, which since the nineteenth century has routinely been considered a key stage in the photographic workflow, is the human photographer. Therefore, this article delineates the presence of the human photographer in photography, its first appearances, its rise to prominence and its subsequent fall. In doing so, it attempts to explain how we taught ourselves to think of photography as a human-centric form of art-making and whether we ought to continue thinking of it as such. It begins with historical accounts of photography’s “machinism”, it then discusses modernist accounts of photography as an act of artistic ingenuity, followed by several modalities that have recently become available through digital and networked technologies. The article concludes with an alternate account of photography today and the likely place of both human photographer and viewer within it in the foreseeable future.     

三维空间中的颅像关系及重合检验的科学性问题

本文从三维空间成像原理出发．全面阐述人头及颜面各部位在成平面像过程中的变形和对检验所产生的影响。对重合检验中的点位深度差诸多问题进行了分析。并指出，该项技术缺乏必要的科学依据，因而将其作为一种刑事检验手段是不相宜的。     

The Far-field Diffraction Properties of AperturesI. Circular Apertures with Besinc Correlated Illumination

Counterfeiting of valuable papers and identification documents made of paper or plastics, such as banknotes, credit cards, passports, etc., is presently inhibited through the use of inks of many colours, intricate engraved designs on special papers which sometimes contain watermarks or embedded coloured paper platelets or metal threads. These methods have not always offered adequate protection. It is proposed to use optical multilayer coatings to validate such documents. One property of such coatings is that their spectral characteristics vary with the angle of incidence of the light. For most applications this variation is a decided disadvantage and efforts are often made to minimize it. But by this property optical multilayers differ essentially from all known types of dyes, inks, pigments and paints used in printing, photography and colour-copying machines. This angular variation can be made use of to enable the man in the street to distinguish at a glance an authentic document bearing such a coating from even the best counterfeit lacking it. With the same coating it is possible also to provide ever more discriminating tests of the authenticity of the document for the shop or bank, and for the crime laboratory where more sophisticated equipment can be used. The calculated and actual performance of a number of coatings designed for this purpose are described. These include some that permit positive identification not dependent on colour vision.     

A LIFE MORE PHOTOGRAPHIC

Twenty‐two years since the arrival of the first consumer digital camera, Western culture is now characterized by ubiquitous photography. The disappearance of the camera inside the mobile phone has ensured that even the most banal moments of the day can become a point of photographic reverie, potentially shared instantly. Supported by the increased affordability of computers, digital storage and access to broadband, consumers are provided with new opportunities for the capture and transmission of images, particularly online where snapshot photography is being transformed from an individual to a communal activity. As the digital image proliferates online and becomes increasingly delivered via networks, numerous practices emerge surrounding the image's transmission, encoding, ordering and reception. Informing these practices is a growing cultural shift towards a conception of the Internet as a platform for sharing and collaboration, supported by a mosaic of technologies termed Web 2.0. In this article we attempt to delineate the field of snapshot photography as this practice shifts from primarily being a print‐oriented to a transmission‐oriented, screen‐based experience. We observe how the alignment of the snapshot with the Internet results in the emergence of new photographies in which the photographic image interacts with established and experimental media forms – raising questions about the ways in which digital photography is framed institutionally and theoretically.     

Integrated survey methodology for the crime reconstruction

The object of this study is to evaluate the applicability of photogrammetry and laser scanner techniques both on forensic ballistic reports and on reproduction of crime scene. In the first case, in a shooting range for small arms, photogrammetric and laser were used both for the acquisition of metric data related to the testing environment and for ballistic simulation on a suitable sample. The crime scene was specifically simulated in laboratory, while the room where a murder took place was re-created. Once the setting had been made, it was possible to perform the survey of the scene and the details in it by using laser scanner and photogrammetric techniques. Data acquisition has enabled authors to carry out a rapid reconstruction of the scene and detect several parameters using the available elements. Specifically, the processed data were also exported to a CAD and an image processing software.     

紫外照相技术在指纹检验中的应用

在犯罪事发现场,可以在玻璃、塑料、油漆家具,瓷器、地砖等物体上,找出罪犯、受害者、嫌疑犯或证人的指纹。这些指纹用普通照相方法难以摄取清楚的影像,而用特种紫外线照相技术却可获得清晰的影像,对刑事侦察极为有用。本文对此进行了简要介绍。     

Multidimensional Raman spectroscopic signatures as a tool for forensic identification of body fluid traces: a review

The analysis of body fluid traces during forensic investigations is a critical step in determining the key details of a crime. Several confirmatory and presumptive biochemical tests are currently utilized. However, these tests are all destructive, and no single method can be used to analyze all body fluids. This review outlines recent progress in the development of a novel universal approach for the nondestructive, confirmatory identification of body fluid traces using Raman spectroscopy. The method is based on the use of multidimensional spectroscopic signatures of body fluids and accounts for the intrinsic heterogeneity of dry traces and donor variation. The results presented here demonstrate that Raman spectroscopy has potential for identifying traces of semen, blood, saliva, sweat, and vaginal fluid with high confidence.