挤压镁合金AM60的腐蚀疲劳

研究了加载频率、溶液pH值、氯离子浓度和氟化物转化膜等对挤压镁合金AM60疲劳寿命的影响,讨论了疲劳机理及AlMn相的作用.结果表明:在空气中10 Hz以下,疲劳寿命与频率有一定的关系;而在10 Hz以上,疲劳寿命与频率无关.AM60在中性溶液中疲劳寿命最短,在碱性溶液中疲劳寿命最长.氯离子能明显地降低疲劳寿命,含氟转化膜提高腐蚀疲劳寿命的作用不明显.断口分析表明,挤压镁合金AM60疲劳裂纹的形成与AlMn相粒子有关.在空气中,疲劳裂纹源为AlMn相粒子;而在溶液介质中,腐蚀疲劳裂纹萌生于AlMn相粒子周围的点蚀坑.     

铸态AZ80A 镁合金热加工图及高温变形行为研究

目的采用Instron5500R热模拟试验机,研究铸态AZ80A镁合金在变形温度为270~410℃、应变速率为0.001~0.5 s-1条件下的热加工图及高温变形行为。方法利用双曲正弦本构函数模型描述了铸态AZ80A镁合金的高温变形行为,计算获得了该合金的变形激活能,构建了应变量为0.3和0.6时的热加工图。结果得到了合金热变形本构模型及加工图,变形激活能为203.5k J/mol,确定了应变为0.3和0.6时的动态回复区域为与动态再结晶区域。结论铸态AZ80A镁合金在330~380℃,0.001~0.01 s-1时发生了动态结晶,这是该合金最佳的热加工工艺参数范围。     

循环扩挤变形AZ80镁合金的组织、织构与力学性能

采用循环扩挤(Cyclic expansion-extrusion,CEE)变形工艺对AZ80镁合金的块状材料进行热挤压加工,观察试样的微观组织与织构,并测试了力学性能。结果表明:AZ80镁合金经过CEE变形后,晶粒的尺寸明显细化,第4道次CEE变形之后,晶粒尺寸从150~230 μm细化至2 μm,整体分布均匀且呈等轴晶;2道次变形后,随着挤压道次的增加,晶粒的细化程度减慢;同时经过CEE变形的AZ80镁合金织构包括了(0001)基面平行于挤压方向与(1120)棱柱面垂直于挤压方向的两种不同纤维织构,随着挤压道次的增加,织构总体强度出现先减后增再减的变化;力学性能相对于均匀化态有着明显的变化,第1道次CEE变形之后,抗拉强度与屈服强度分别达到各自的最大值,为290 MPa和180 MPa,第2道次CEE变形之后,强度出现不随晶粒细化而增强的现象(反Hall-Petch理论),这是因为织构的软化作用强于晶粒的细化作用,而伸长率随着挤压道次的增加而提高。     

AZ31镁合金的变形织构和协调变形机理

进行变形速率可控的单向拉伸试验,研究了变形织构与滑移和孪生等协调变形机理对AZ31镁合金综合性能的影响。结果表明:在沿挤压方向拉伸过程中,变形织构使{0002}晶面Schmid因子较低,基面滑移难以开动,屈服强度高。在沿45°拉伸过程中,变形织构使柱面取向晶粒处于发生{0002}滑移的最佳位置,基面取向晶粒的棱柱面滑移也处于最佳位置,屈服强度低而延伸率高。沿横向拉伸的力学性能主要受孪晶影响,由于大量孪晶诱发裂纹,延伸率最低。试样在45°和横向拉伸时产生的大量拉伸孪晶,是出现{0002}双峰织构的诱因。     

镁合金腐蚀机理方面的研究进展

本文综述了镁合金腐蚀机理方面的研究,同时提出防止腐蚀的一些措施和建议,从而为改善镁合金在工程中的耐蚀性,设计新合金提供理论基础。     

超声振动压缩AZ91镁合金的组织演变与变形机理研究

目的 探究室温超声振动压缩(UVC)作用下镁合金的成形和应用潜力,研究AZ91固溶镁合金经UVC加工后的微观组织和力学性能演变规律,并探究其变形机理.方法 在室温、频率 20 kHz和气压100 kPa条件下对固溶态AZ91 镁合金进行不同时间(0～1 s)的UVC加工,利用光学显微镜、XRD、SEM、TEM和显微硬度等手段研究UVC后合金的微观组织、力学性能和变形机理.结果 在室温UVC加工过程中,AZ91合金的圆周伸长率和真应变逐渐增加.加载时间为 1 s时,合金的圆周伸长率和真应变分别达到 80%和1.2,显著高于传统压缩.UVC过程中所需的最大应力仅为 37.18 MPa,温度最高达 243℃.随着UVC时间的延长,合金中出现大量变形带,且变形带内析出亚微米级的 Mg17Al12 第二相.合金中的位错密度显著提升,逐步发生动态回复和动态再结晶细化晶粒.UVC 后,合金的显微硬度由固溶合金的 70.6HV 显著提升至102.1HV.UVC 作用下能够实现固溶镁合金高应变速率、大应变量变形的主要原因是合金中变形带和孪晶的快速增殖.此外,变形带内第二相的迅速析出、动态回复和再结晶也对合金的变形起到促进作用.结论 固溶AZ91镁合金在超声振动压缩作用下展现了良好的变形能力和成形潜力,通过改进超声工艺有望在室温下实现镁合金的高应变速率大应变量超塑性成形.     

AZ31镁合金冷压缩变形再结晶的研究

对取自铸态的AZ31镁合金进行不同变形量的压缩变形,然后在不同温度下保温不同时间进行退火处理,观察微观组织,获得变形量、退火温度和保温时间对AZ31镁合金微观组织的影响规律.结果表明:在退火过程中,变形量大(12.5%和15%)的试样可以发生完全再结晶,变形量为2.5%和5%的试样未观察到再结晶的发生.随着退火温度的升高,再结晶过程加快,孪晶界是新的再结晶形核地点.     

不同状态AZ80镁合金的金相试样制备方法

镁合金的硬度低、易氧化,严重影响了镁合金金相试样的制备和观察分析,限制了镁合金进一步的研究和使用。以提高镁合金的金相观察质量为目的,通过优化和细化AZ80镁合金金相试样的制备技巧,阐述了镁合金金相试样的制备、磨制、机械抛光和电解抛光的过程。并针对镁合金的不同微观组织状态的特点,分别给出了AZ80镁合金的铸态、固溶态和时效态相应的电解抛光工艺和制备技巧,提高了不同组织状态的镁合金的金相观察质量。     

变形镁合金疲劳性能的研究进展

总结了近年来变形镁合金疲劳性能的最新研究进展,指出夹杂、孔洞和刀痕促进变形镁合金疲劳裂纹的萌生,采用合适的整体(包括合金化、形变强化和热处理)和表面(包括喷丸、滚压和涂层)改性技术是改善变形镁合金疲劳性能的重要途径.此外,加载频率、腐蚀性介质类型及pH值等对变形镁合金的疲劳性能也有重要影响.最后,根据变形镁合金疲劳性能的研究现状指出了今后的研究方向.     

汽车发动机冷却液中AZ91D镁合金的腐蚀行为

近来AZ91 D镁合金被用到汽车发动机中,而以往对其在冷却液中腐蚀行为的报道较少.采用浸泡和电化学测试方法,研究了汽车发动机用材AZ91D镁合金在不同体积分数乙二醇模拟冷却液中的腐蚀行为及腐蚀机理.结果表明:随着乙二醇体积分数的增加,AZ91D镁合金的腐蚀速率呈现先降低后增加的趋势,在乙二醇体积分数为80％时腐蚀速率最小,合金的腐蚀速率随着腐蚀时间的延长呈降低趋势;AZ91D镁合金在乙二醇-水溶液中会形成具有自愈合作用的MgO/Mg (OH)2腐蚀产物膜,可以对合金表面起到良好的保护作用;AZ91D合金在乙二醇-水溶液中以析氢腐蚀为主,而在纯乙二醇中以Mg和乙二醇的化学腐蚀为主.     

Corrosion fatigue behavior of extruded AZ80, AZ61, and AM60 magnesium alloys in distilled water

Rotary bending fatigue tests were conducted in laboratory air and distilled water using three extruded magnesium (Mg) alloys AZ80, AZ61, and AM60 with different chemical compositions. In laboratory air, the fatigue strengths at high stress levels were similar in all alloys because cracks initiated at Al-Mg intermetallic compounds, whereas AZ80 with the largest Al content exhibited the highest fatigue strength at low stress levels, which was attributed to the crack initiation due to cyclic slip deformation in the matrix microstructure. In distilled water, fatigue strengths were considerably decreased due to the formation of corrosion pits in all alloys, and the difference of fatigue strength at low stress levels among the alloys disappeared, indicating that the addition of Al that improved the fatigue strength in laboratory air was detrimental to corrosion fatigue. __________ Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 1, pp. 141–145, January–February, 2008.     

Effects of extrusion and equal channel angular pressing on the microstructure,tensile and fatigue behaviour of the wrought magnesium alloy AZ80

The microstructure, mechanical properties, fatigue life and fatigue crack propagation rate of Mg‐8Al‐0.5Zn‐0.3Mn (AZ80) magnesium alloy were investigated after extrusion and equal channel angular pressing (ECAP). The highest ultimate and yield strengths and a large enhancement in the fatigue lifetime were obtained after two passes of ECAP. These were decreased with further pressing, although the grain size became finer. There was a correlation between the fatigue and ultimate strengths of AZ80 alloy. The transition from twinning to dislocation slip has also occurred at an average grain size of 7.9 μm. Simultaneous influences of the grain size and the yield strength caused an almost the same threshold of the stress intensity ratio for different process conditions. Moreover, the enhanced ductility of the ECAPed alloy resulted in an increase in the crack growth resistance because of its better ability to accommodate plastic strains during cycling.     

Effects of humidity and temperature on the fatigue behaviour of an extruded AZ61 magnesium alloy

Load‐controlled fatigue tests were performed at 20 and 50 °C using two relative humidity levels of 55 and 80% to characterize the influence of humidity and temperature on the fatigue behaviour of an extruded AZ61 magnesium alloy. Fatigue tests were also conducted at 150 °C. No significant variation in fatigue properties was noticed with respect to temperature over the range from 20 to 50 °C for both the humidity levels. Fatigue limits in the range 140–150 MPa were observed for relative humidity of 55%. Fatigue strength decreased significantly with increase in temperature to 150 °C. Further, a significant reduction in fatigue strength with a fatigue limit of ～110 MPa was observed with increase in relative humidity to 80% at 20 and 50 °C. The crack initiation and propagation remained transgranular under all test conditions. The fatigue fracture at low stress amplitudes and high relative humidity of 80% results from the formation of corrosion pits at the surface and their growth to a critical size for fatigue‐crack initiation and propagation. The observed reduction in fatigue strength at high humidity is ascribed to the effects associated with fatigue–environment interaction.     

Influence of neodymium on microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ31B wrought magnesium alloy

Abstract

The influences of rare earth neodymium on microstructure and mechanical properties of as cast and hot rolled AZ31B wrought magnesium alloy were investigated. The results show that the mechanical properties of both as cast and hot rolled AZ31B alloys decrease due to Nd addition. Nd reacts with Al to form Al₂Nd phase when Nd is added. Bulky and brittle Al₂Nd intermetallic degrades the mechanical properties. Moreover, the addition of Nd weakens the grain refining effect of Al on as cast AZ31B alloy, resulting in grain coarsening. Coarse grains also cause the decline of the mechanical properties of as cast AZ31B–Nd alloy. The negative influence of the bulky and brittle intermetallics on mechanical properties of AZ31B alloy can be relieved by large deformation because the intermetallics can be sufficiently broken up during the deformation process.     

Realization of high strength and high ductility for AZ61 magnesium alloy by severe warm working

Extruded Mg–6%Al–1%Zn (AZ61) alloy bar was subjected to 4-pass Equal Channel Angular Extrusion (ECAE) processing at 448–573 K. At the processing temperature of 448 K, extremely fine grains with the average grain size of 0.5 mm are formed as a result of dynamic recrystallization originated by fine Mg₁₇Al₁₂ (b) phase particles having 50–100 nm diameter dynamically-precipitated during ECAE processing. The sizes of both α matrix and β phase decrease with decreasing processing temperatures. In tensile test at room temperature under the strain rate of 1×10^—3 s^—1, tensile strength increases with decreasing ECAE processing temperatures due to fine grains, fine precipitates and residual strain hardening. Especially, highest strength of 351 MPa was achieved in the specimen ECAE-processed at 448 K. In addition to such high strength, elongation reaches 33% in that specimen. This specimen exhibits clear strain rate dependencies of both flow stress and elongation even at room temperature. As a result, higher elongation of 67% is obtained under low strain rate of 1×10^—5 s^—1.In such specimen, non-basal slip and grain boundary sliding occur in addition to basal slip. Furthermore, there are grains with no dislocations, suggesting the occurrence of dynamic recovery. The contribution of all the deformation mechanisms would cause high ductility in fine-grained AZ61 alloy specimen with high strength.     

Rapid evaluation of fatigue limit in AZ31B magnesium alloy using acoustic emission

Acoustic emission (AE) was used in a fatigue experiment to characterise AE signals and to rapidly determine the fatigue limit of AZ31B magnesium (Mg) alloy. The AE signals during fatigue were characterised according to waveforms and frequency. Meanwhile, the energy dissipation in the process of fatigue, which was represented by the accumulative AE energy, can be used to determine the fatigue limit. Based on the AE parameters, the fatigue limit was 97?MPa, with an 8% error value when compared with the results obtained by the conventional S–N curve method. This model only requires the accumulated energy of the signals during strain hardening. Therefore, the fatigue limit can be determined rapidly.     

An investigation on the high stress sensitivity of fatigue life of rolled AZ31 magnesium alloy under constant amplitude fatigue loading

In the present work, an investigation on the high stress sensitivity of the fatigue life of the AZ31 rolled magnesium alloy under constant amplitude fatigue loading has been carried out. Different damage parameters were involved to quantify fatigue damage accumulation at the various scales of material volume corresponding to the changing fatigue damage mechanisms that prevail at the various stages of the fatigue life. The experimental work included mainly nano‐indentation measurements to evaluate hardness evolution at the nano‐scale due to cyclic plasticity, results of micro‐crack monitoring by using the replication technique and fractographic analysis to obtain the fracture characteristics of the fatigue specimens after failure. The hexagonal close‐packed structure of the alloy and the resulting difficulty for the activation of five independent slip systems required for homogeneous plastic deformation were considered to determine the high stress sensitivity of the fatigue life observed for the rolled AZ31 alloy under the investigated loading conditions.     

AZ91D镁合金化学镀Ni-P/Ni-W-P双层镀层研究

为了提高镁合金的耐磨耐蚀性,研究了一种镁合金直接化学镀Ni-P/Ni-W-P双层镀层的方法.采用扫描电镜(SEM)和X-射线衍分析射仪(XRD)分析了镀层的微观结构.对镀层进行了极化曲线分析,并进行了盐酸腐蚀试验和结合力试验.结果表明,该复合镀层组织致密无孔,具有较高的显微硬度和高耐蚀性.镀层硬度可达622HKV,试样在10%的HCl溶液中可保持近3h不腐蚀基体,对镁合金起到很好的保护作用.     

Mechanisms for corrosion fatigue crack propagation

ABSTRACT The corrosion fatigue crack growth (FCG) behaviour, the effect of applied potential on corrosion FCG rates, and the fracture surfaces were studied for high‐strength low‐alloy steels, titanium alloys, and magnesium alloys. During investigation of the effect of applied potential on corrosion FCG rates, polarization was switched on for a time period in which it was possible to register the change in the crack growth rate corresponding to the open‐circuit potential and to measure the crack growth rate under polarization. Due to the higher resolution of the crack extension measurement technique, the time rarely exceeded 300 s. This approach made possible the observation of a non‐single mode effect of cathodic polarization on corrosion FCG rates. Cathodic polarization accelerated crack growth when the maximum stress intensity (K_max) exceeded a certain well‐defined critical value characteristic for a given material‐solution combination. When K_max was lower than the critical value, the same cathodic polarization, with all other conditions (specimen, solution, pH, loading frequency, stress ratio, temperature, etc.) being equal, retarded or had no influence on crack growth. The results and fractographic observations suggested that the acceleration in crack growth under cathodic polarization was due to hydrogen‐induced cracking (HIC). Therefore, critical values of K_max, as well as the stress intensity range (ΔK) were regarded as corresponding to the onset of corrosion FCG according to the HIC mechanism and designated as K_HIC and ΔK_HIC. HIC was the main mechanism of corrosion FCG at K_max > K_HIC (ΔK > ΔK_HIC). For most of the material‐solution combinations investigated, stress‐assisted dissolution played a dominant role in the corrosion fatigue crack propagation at K_max < K_HIC (ΔK < ΔK_HIC).