任意倾斜的硬地层声速测量(折射法)

本文讨论了应用折射法对任意倾斜地层进行声速测量的有关问题，从Adachi的折射声线时距曲线的一般表达式出发，结合声线示踪的几何方法导出了计算具有任意倾斜面的硬地层声速的表达式，对声速测量的误差问题作出了定量的研究，得到了误差估计公式为声测量系统的设计提供了依据，从而提出了一个能够消除地层倾斜角不确定笥对测量精度影响的双激发声速测量方法。     

超声水浸法高精度测量玻璃材料声速的研究

材料的声速与其杨氏模量和密度有关,通过测量材料的声速可以评价材料的特性。相关研究表明,超低膨胀玻璃的声速是评价其热膨胀系数的关键参数,通过测量声速可以实现对超低膨胀玻璃热膨胀系数的间接无损测量。针对市售的超声声速测量仪器存在系统复杂且不易集成化的问题,结合高精度的数据采集卡设计了超声信号采集显示软件,并基于超声水浸脉冲反射法搭建了高精度的声速测量系统,系统结构简单,操作方便且较易集成化。采用该测量系统对制备的超低膨胀玻璃样品的声速进行了测量,结果表明该系统具有较高的声速测量分辨率,声速分辨率可达为0.2 m.s^-1,为使用超声声速法高精度测量超低膨胀玻璃的热膨胀系数奠定了研究基础。     

差分飞行时间法精密测量高压液体声速的研究

基于差分飞行时间法建立了一套可直接测量高压液体声速的实验装置,自主设计和研制了双超声腔体,建立了精密声速测量系统、高压液体充注系统、精密压力和温度测量系统以及数据采集和分析系统。在此系统上,开展了303~353 K,压力高至10 MPa的纯水声速测量研究,声速测量相对标准不确定度为0.018%(k=1),纯水声速测量结果与国际标准状态方程及已有实验数据具有良好的一致性。研究成果为后续开展其他液体如海水、新型燃料等工质的精密声速测量奠定了基础。     

超声仿人体组织材料声学参量测量研究

为了准确可靠地测量超声仿人体组织材料的声学参数，测量和评价仿组织体模中的填充材料，本文搭建了基本声学参数测量装置，编制了数据采集处理软件，实现了对材料声速、声衰减和超声背向散射系数的自动测量。针对不同成份的样品模块，利用本文所述系统对样品声学参数进行了测量。结果表明，声速和声衰减测量结果与理论值基本一致，背向散射系数随着超声频率的提高有所增大。     

高精度海水声速测量系统设计

根据超声波渡越时间法超声波声速测量的原理,采用ARM微控制器结合高精度时间间隔测量芯片,设计了一种高精度海水声速实时测量系统。该系统将海水中声速的测量转成对超声波飞行距离和时间的测量,同时通过差值计算消除系统电路延时对测量结果的影响。文章介绍了系统的各个模块,且对渡越时间法海水声速测量系统的关键技术——高精度时间间隔测量方法进行重点阐述。测试结果表明系统对海水声速的实时测量精度达到了0.019 m/s。     

超声波声速测量技术及其在材料评价中的应用

介绍两种测量声速的方法，阐述这两种方法的原理和区别，并列举了利用声速评价材料性能的实例。     

海水声速测量方法及其应用

在水声研究和海洋工程中,广泛地需要测量海水声速。纵观水声技术的发展历史,声速及其测量方法和手段一直是水声研究的基本问题。从水下声传播速度的物理特性出发,介绍了典型海洋声速剖面的特征,以声速剖面对声传播的影响为关注对象,示例说明了其对声纳最佳探测深度及声纳探测距离的影响,以及声速测量在大洋测温中的应用。在声速剖面测量方法方面,介绍总结了国内外的声速测量设备的原理、技术发展趋势以及主要产品。最后给出了海洋声速剖面测量的发展展望。     

基于群延时分析的海水声速测量

在海水声速测量过程中,测量系统存在群延时,影响测量精度.建立声速直接测量系统信号传输模型,分析系统群延时及换能器群延时.建立声速直接测量系统并在恒温水槽中完成测量实验,所测量的声速值与某高精度声速仪测量声速值相差小于0.3 m/s,与经验公式计算声速值相差小于0.1 m/s.实验结果表明,系统群延时分析方法可用于声速测量.     

声速经验公式的适用范围分析

声速经验公式是海水中温度、盐度和静压力的函数,通过对直接测量声速和间接测量声速的分析,并应用近年来收集的南海声速剖面仪SVP和CTD数据,对九种声速经验公式计算的声速与直接测量声速的差异进行了分析,得出了声速经验公式的计算差异范围,结果表明各个声速经验公式各有优势,不同的公式适用的范围也不一样,并给出了在不同的范围内应用何种声速经验公式能获得较高精度的结论。     

SS—1智能型声速深度仪

一、引言 海洋中的声速深度分布直接关系到声波在海中的传播,因而影响水声设备的使用。对于海军反潜作战来说,声速的深度分布是很重要的参数之一。在海洋开发中,当涉及到水下定位时,也必须考虑因声速梯度引起的声线弯曲。总之,海洋中的声速分布是反映海水介质特性的一个重要参数,人们都很重视对它的测量。早期海水声速通过测量海水温度、盐度和深度来计算。为此,人们给出了一系列海水中声速的计算公式。[1][2]到了五十年代出现了利用“声环鸣”方法现场测量声速的设备[3]。人们就广泛使用声速仪来现场直接测量声速。到目前为止,“声环鸣”方…     

不同参数下的单、双层圆柱壳体速度场研究

研究圆柱壳体表面速度场的重构：疗法对潜艇水下辐射噪声的预报具有重要的意义。采用了分区段重构轻外壳速度场的思想，在此基础上建立无限流体中的有限长单、双层加肋圆柱壳模型，分析了壳体表面速度场随不同结构参数的变化规律，并对单、双层圆柱壳体，以及双层圆柱壳体内、外壳的振动响应性能作了一定的比较。得到了单区段壳体长度的选取、模型刚度特性以及不同频段内壳体间耦合作用等对壳体速度场的影响，为研究潜艇轻外壳速度场重构方法提供了理论依据。     

视波速确定方法与行波效应研究

通过对地震波在单一土层和不同土层之间传播规律的研究,提出基于岩土层剪切波速的视波速计算方法,并给出多土层视波速简化计算公式,便于工程应用。对于均质土层,地面某点的视波速仅与该点震源深度、震中距和土层的剪切波速有关,视波速恒大于剪切波速。采用结构中点的视波速取代根据其两端点得到的视波速,可以避免结构各方向长度不同的影响,计算简便,误差可以忽略不计。在震源深度范围内,地壳厚度通常远大于覆盖层厚度,多土层的等效剪切波速与震源所在岩层剪切波速较为接近,场地类别对视波速的影响较小。算例结果表明,文中给出的多土层视波速简化计算方法,与视波速方程数值解的误差一般在5%以内。根据95%构件内力影响系数的最大值确定地震行波效应的放大系数,可以避免由于构件内力过小引起行波效应异常增大。厦门新机场分析结果表明,考虑多点激励地震效应后,航站楼结构底部总剪力变化很小;虽然框架柱、支承屋盖钢管柱和大跨度屋盖杆件内力的平均值减小,但部分构件内力可增大约5%~10%。     

Shear waves in a piezoceramic layered structure

The propagation of SH-type wave is studied in a composite structure consisting of alternating polymeric layers and porous piezoelectric layers. The porous piezoelectric materials of the composite structure are assumed to have 6mm symmetry and their poling direction is along z-axis. Layers of the polymer are considered as isotropic dielectric elastic material. Solutions of the field equations for the porous piezoelectric material and for the polymeric material are obtained. Two cases, first when the direction of propagation of the SH-type wave is taken along the direction normal to the layering of the composite structure, and second when the propagation direction is taken along the layering, are considered for the derivation of the phase velocity. The dispersion and the stop-pass band behavior of the Floquet wave is also discussed. Numerical results for phase velocity and stop band effect are presented for a periodic system of alternating PZT-5H and polythene layers. The influence of volume fraction on phase velocity and stop band effect is discussed.     

Experimental study of perforation of multi-layered targets by hemispherical-nosed projectiles

In this paper, perforation of single and three layered metallic targets by hemispherical-nosed cylindrical projectiles are studied experimentally. The circular targets of Al 1100 have a diameter of 220 mm and the hemispherical-nosed projectiles are silver steel cylinders with a mass of 12.15 g which are hardened to 56RC. The single layer target is 3 mm thick and the thicknesses of layers of the three layered targets are 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mm. The multi-layered targets are tested both when the layers are in-contact and spaced (with air gaps). Tests are carried out using a one stage gas gun. The ballistic limit velocity is obtained and the effects of order of layers and the width of air gaps between them on the ballistic limit velocity are investigated. The results show that the single layer targets have greater ballistic limit velocities than multi-layered targets. Furthermore, the ballistic limit velocity of in-contact layered targets is greater than that of spaced layered targets.     

Effects of shroud gas injection on material properties of tungsten layers coated by plasma spraying

Coated tungsten layers on stainless steel substrates were are produced by atmosphere plasma spraying. A shroud gas injection method was employed to reduce the ambient air entrainment into the plasma jets. The effects of shroud gas on the material properties of the tungsten layers were investigated by finding the dependence of oxide content, coating thickness and porosity on the injection velocity, shielding width, and mass flux of the shroud gas. The high injection velocity was more effective than thick shroud shielding in protecting the plasma jets from ambient air engulfment, and the mass flux of the shroud gas showed negligibly small effects on the suppression of air entrainment. Therefore, in order to produce a thick tungsten coating with low porosity and oxide contents, high injection velocity with a limited flow rate is a desirable operating condition for shroud gas injection in atmospheric plasma spraying.     

Power law and log law velocity profiles in fully developed turbulent pipe flow: equivalent relations at large Reynolds numbers

Summary The classical two layers (the inner and outer layers) from open equations of mean turbulent motion, in a fully developed pipe flow, at large Reynolds number in MMX are matched by the application of the Millikan-Kolmogorov hypothesis. In the overlap region, the classical solution of the open functional equation for the velocity profile is the log law region. It is shown here that the open functional equation also possesses another functional solution, the power law velocity profile in the overlap region. The non-unique nature of the solution of the open functional equation predicts both a power law and log law velocity profile. At large Reynolds number the equivalence of the power law and log law is analysed. The comparison of the theory with classical data of Nikuradse and super-pipe data of Zagarola is encouraging.     

Modeling System Effects in Ballistic Impact into Multi-layered Fibrous Materials for Soft Body Armor

An analytical model is developed to study various ‘system effects’ during impact of a flat-faced, cylindrical projectile into a flexible, multi-layered target with no bonding between layers. Each thin layer is assumed to have in-plane, isotropic, elastic mechanical properties. The model allows variation of the mechanical properties from layer to layer as well as the spacings between the layers in order to study their combined effects on the ballistic performance of the system. In particular, we consider such performance measures as the V₅₀ limit velocity, the number of layers penetrated when impacting below this limit, and the residual projectile velocity after complete penetration above this limit. The V₅₀ performance of the target is found to degrade progressively as the spacings between layers are increased relative to the sum of layer thicknesses without spacing. A second finding is that for a given set of layers with differing mechanical properties, both the V₅₀ and the residual velocity depend on the order of layer placement. A third finding is that among systems with identical layers of a given in-plane tensile strength, the V₅₀ velocity increases with increasing strain-to-failure of the layers. However the relative magnitude of this increase diminishes with increasing target-to-projectile areal density ratio. The model builds on the authors’ previous analysis for impact into a single elastic membrane and the results have important design implications for armor design especially for hybrid material configurations.     

Application of a stress sharing model to simulation of particle/fluid parallel flow

Summary A set of linear partial differential equations governing particle/fluid two phase parallel flows is developed based on a stress sharing continuum model. The equations are solved in closed form for parallel plate and circular ducts. Some interesting features of the solutions are that the fluid phase leads the particle phase in an average sense for horizontal flows, the transition from upward average relative velocity to downward average relative velocity occurs at neutral buoyancy in vertical flows with no particle/wall interactions, the average relative velocity is downward for upward flows of negatively buoyant suspensions, and that wall boundary layers are produced by particle/wall interactions.     

Phase correction of SAW ILRACs and RACs using Langmuir-Blodgett films

A novel method of adjusting surface-acoustic-wave (SAW) velocity in reflective array pulse compressors (RACs), including in-line devices (ILRACs) and hence correcting fabrication errors, is described. The velocity change is effected by depositing Langmuir-Blodgett films (LBFs) on the surface of the device. An accurate, stepped thickness profile can be created, enabling position-dependent velocity errors to be corrected. Experimental results for the velocity perturbation per LBF layer are first given together with data on temperature, humidity and age dependence. This is followed by the theory required to calculate the necessary thickness profile, including retrofitting to existing devices and allowing for the limitation to positive integer numbers of layers. Finally, experimental results are presented. In one device, simulated compressed pulse sidelobe levels are reduced by 19 dB.     

爆炸驱动多层球形破片初速场分析

为准确计算多层球形破片在爆炸驱动下的初速场,通过对装药结构的等效分析,基于Gurney假定和相邻层颗粒之间力和力的波动量等概率传递假定,忽略排列方式引起的孔隙率变化,应用动量和能量守恒建立了破片初速场的理论计算模型。该模型反映了炸药参数和破片的密度、层数和直径等因素对破片初速的影响;针对典型的爆炸驱动前向多层破片模型,用LS-DYNA3D非线性有限元程序对多层钨球破片的爆炸驱动过程进行数值模拟,开展了相关验证试验并分析了理论计算值与试验误差产生的原因,分析讨论了不同球形破片直径和不同破片层数下破片初速的变化情况。结果表明:理论计算值与数值模拟及试验结果吻合较好;随着相同直径破片层数的增大,破片初速减小,相邻层间破片的速度差值更大;层数相同时,随着破片直径的减小,破片初速增大,但相邻层数破片的速度差值更小。