两种含氢钛合金的疲劳断裂特性

对含氢的两种新型钛合金Ti 4Al 2V和Ti 2Al 2 .5Zr拉 拉疲劳断裂特征进行了金相和断口观察。当材料承受大应力疲劳加载时 ,两种钛合金断口形貌除可见到疲劳弧线外 ,与静拉伸断口类似 ,氢含量不同对疲劳断口形貌的影响很小。充氢以后 ,疲劳载荷越低 ,裂纹源越多。不充氢的角裂纹通常以穿晶方式萌生 ,而充氢的角裂纹一般以准解理方式形核。Ti 4Al 2V在裂纹扩展区可见大量清晰的疲劳辉纹 ,而Ti 2Al 2 .5Zr的疲劳辉纹很少 ,且疲劳辉纹的间距比Ti 4Al 2V小得多。面裂纹一般在氢化物位置形核 ,然后穿晶扩展 ,具有沿晶和穿晶混合形貌。氢化物的含量越大 ,萌生面裂纹的几率越大     

4.5Ni钢表面裂纹的低周疲劳扩展行为研究

采用悬臂弯曲加载方式，以总应变范围作为受检和控制参数，分析了高强度４．５Ｎｉ钢表面裂纹的低周疲劳扩展行为，给出了裂纹扩展速率ｄ（２ａ）／ｄＮ与总应变范围ΔεＴ的关系式及关系曲线。同时对弯曲加载条件下低周疲劳损伤断口微观形貌进行了观察分析。指出４．５Ｎｉ钢的低周疲劳裂纹扩展方式主要是穿晶，疲劳辉纹为晶体学延性辉纹，疲劳裂纹扩展属于塑性钝化模型机制。     

轨道交通用6082-T6铝合金MIG焊接接头组织与疲劳性能

对轨道交通用6082-T6铝合金进行MIG焊接,使用光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计分别对焊接接头的显微组织、相结构与显微硬度进行观察与分析。结果表明,熔合区为柱状晶组织,焊缝主要由树枝晶和胞状晶组成,焊缝中心为等轴晶,焊缝体现出联生结晶的特点。母材相组成为基体α-Al固溶体、β-Mg2Si以及单质Si,焊缝金属相组成主要为α-Al固溶体。热影响区的宽度达31mm,且存在一个软化区。设定应力比R=0,测试了铝合金的疲劳寿命,通过拟合试验数据得到S-N曲线,得到MIG焊接6082-T6铝合金焊接接头的条件疲劳极限为99MPa,为母材的72.26%。用扫描电镜对疲劳断口进行观察和分析,结果表明,疲劳断口分布的二次裂纹促进了疲劳裂纹萌生和扩展,第二相粒子对疲劳裂纹的萌生起着重要的作用,焊缝中的气孔则容易成为疲劳源。稳态扩展区出现大量呈平行趋势且具有规则间距的疲劳条带,瞬断区存在大量韧窝和撕裂棱,体现出韧性断裂的特征。     

316L不锈钢焊接接头高温低周期疲劳显微结构变化和断裂特征

本研究对316L奥氏体不锈钢母材和焊缝分别进行高温低周疲劳试验,对试样的微观结构和裂纹扩展形貌进行观察,分析母材和焊缝在高温低周疲劳循环应力响应下的位错结构和损伤机制。结果表明,316L奥氏体不锈钢母材在试验过程中由于位错增殖和位错湮灭导致发生循环硬化和循环稳定,在焊缝中由于位错湮灭导致发生循环软化。母材和焊缝在连续低周疲劳试验中裂纹主要以穿晶方式扩展,焊接接头处孔洞的连接是最终导致焊接接头疲劳断裂的主要机制。     

U75V重轨钢弯曲疲劳裂纹扩展行为EI北大核心

为明确珠光体钢轨的疲劳裂纹扩展行为,测定U75V重轨钢轧态和热处理态两种条件下的三点弯曲疲劳裂纹扩展速率,采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、EBSD对钢轨的微观组织、片层、断口形貌及裂纹扩展轨迹进行观察。结果表明:轧态和热处理态钢轨的疲劳辉纹平均间距分别为253,215 nm,轧态钢轨的疲劳断口呈现解理台阶与河流花样形貌,且河流花样趋于合并,而热处理态钢轨的疲劳断口呈现大量的解理台阶及较多的微裂纹和撕裂棱,河流花样以支流为主;热处理态钢轨的疲劳裂纹扩展速率远低于轧态,到达裂纹失稳阶段也较滞后;轧态和热处理态钢轨的疲劳裂纹扩展都是以穿晶断裂为主的穿晶断裂和沿晶断裂混合扩展方式进行,轧态和热处理态钢轨的珠光体片层间距分别为272,148 nm,其中热处理态钢轨的珠光体片层细密且方向多样,存在显著的珠光体团簇,裂纹扩展轨迹中出现较多的分支裂纹和裂纹桥接现象,对扩展起到阻碍作用,是热处理态钢轨抗疲劳裂纹扩展能力优于轧态的重要原因。     

高速列车用铝合金型材激光-MIG复合焊工艺特性和接头性能

激光-MIG复合焊是实现高速列车铝合金车体优质、高效、低成本焊接制造的理想技术。针对高速列车铝合金车体用的3 mm厚6A01-T5铝合金型材，开展激光-MIG复合焊工艺试验，研究工艺参数对焊缝成形及气孔缺陷的影响规律，分析接头的组织特征、硬度分布、拉伸及疲劳性能。结果表明:在满足焊缝熔透条件下，较小的激光功率、较小的电弧电流或较低的焊接速度有益于减少气孔缺陷;接头组织从焊缝中心到母材依次是等轴晶区、柱状晶区、半熔化区、过时效区和母材区，相比电弧主要作用区，激光主要作用区的等轴晶尺寸更小且半熔化区宽度更窄。接头存在软化现象，焊缝区硬度最低，热影响区宽度约1.5 mm;接头的平均抗拉强度达197.5 MPa，为母材抗拉强度的80.6%，试样断裂于焊缝区，表现为明显的韧性断裂特征;接头的疲劳强度为93.5 MPa，裂纹萌生于焊缝表面的组织疏松处，裂纹扩展区断口呈现明显的韧性断裂和脆性断裂的混合断裂特征。     

自回火对重轨钢疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响

针对重轨钢在线淬火后自回火造成的抗疲劳裂纹扩展能力降低的问题,在淬火冷速分别为3℃/s、5℃/s、8℃/s,终冷温度为450℃条件下,研究了自回火对重轨钢疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响,测算了疲劳裂纹扩展速率的Paris公式,采用扫描电镜及硬度计分别对自回火后钢轨的疲劳断口进行观察及硬度测试.结果表明:经过自回火后,钢轨的疲劳裂纹扩展速率增快、硬度降低,且自回火之前钢轨的淬火冷速越大,自回火后其硬度降低越显著,硬度的降低增加了裂纹扩展的可能性;自回火后钢轨在Ⅰ区的疲劳裂纹扩展速率远大于直接淬火试样,使钢轨疲劳裂纹扩展的整体进程缩短,这是疲劳裂纹扩展速率增快的重要原因.不同淬火冷速后的自回火试样在应力强度因子范围 ΔK(ΔK=Kmax-Kmin)为10 MPa·m1/2时,断口的疲劳辉纹、解理面和二次裂纹较少,河流花样数量较多、面积小、沟壑浅,而在ΔK=13.5 MPa·m1/2时,断口的疲劳辉纹间距增大,解理面和二次裂纹较多,河流花样数量增多、面积增大,疲劳裂纹扩展速率da/dN较快.     

2219铝合金TIG和FSW接头力学及疲劳性能

目的 研究钨极氩弧焊(TIG)和搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)对2219铝合金(母材)力学及疲劳性能的影响。方法 通过拉伸试验，得到了母材、TIG和FSW接头的抗拉强度和伸长率;通过疲劳性能试验测试了母材、TIG和FSW接头在不同应力下相应的疲劳寿命，根据疲劳试验结果绘制了其试样的S-N曲线;使用扫描电子显微镜观察并分析了疲劳断口的形貌特征。结果 未焊接的铝合金母材抗拉强度和伸长率最高，分别为506 MPa和15.92%;TIG接头抗拉强度和伸长率分别为330 MPa和7.65%，FSW接头抗拉强度和伸长率分别为310 MPa和8.74%。母材、TIG和FSW接头等3种疲劳试样在2×10⁶次循环下的疲劳强度分别为129、108、115 MPa，其疲劳断口均可分为裂纹源区、裂纹扩展区和瞬间断裂区，疲劳裂纹分别起始于试样表面的局部变形区、第二相夹杂物和“吻接”缺陷。疲劳裂纹扩展区的主要形貌为疲劳辉纹和二次裂纹，瞬间断裂区以脆性断裂为主。结论 TIG和FSW等2种焊接工艺均导致了2219铝合金的强度、塑韧性和疲劳性能降低，其接头表面的第二相夹杂物和“吻接”缺陷促进了疲劳裂纹的萌生。     

TNM-Ti Al合金室温高周疲劳性能研究

采用升降法与成组法对TNM-TiAl合金试样进行了应力比R=-1的室温拉压疲劳和R=0.1的室温拉伸疲劳试验，得到TNM-TiAl合金的P-S-N曲线，并对断口进行了分析。结果表明:TNM-TiAl合金对应力十分敏感，R=-1和R=0.1时的曲线整体呈较为平直的斜线，R=-1时的疲劳极限为414.7 MPa,R=0.1时的疲劳极限为285.6 MPa。R=0.1的S-N曲线远低于R=-1的S-N曲线;R=-1时，应力幅与疲劳寿命的关系满足Basquin方程。疲劳试件宏观断口较为粗糙，静态拉伸宏观断口平整，两者差异较大。拉伸断口整体分为裂纹萌生区与扩展区，其中起裂源均位于试样表面或板状试件的边角棱线处，起裂源区域包括γ相的解理断裂面、片层团的沿层解理面以及β₀相平整的穿晶断裂平面等特征。疲劳断口整体分为裂纹萌生区、扩展区与瞬断区，其中裂纹萌生区分为表面沿层起裂和γ相起裂。TNM-TiAl合金的疲劳断裂为脆性断裂，主要体现在扩展区上大量的片层团穿层断裂、扭折撕裂、γ相解理断裂和β₀相穿晶断裂。同寿命量级下，R=-1的断口与R=0.1的断口断裂类型...     

奥氏体不锈钢的高温低周疲劳亚临界裂纹传播特性和断口形貌

本文用测定疲劳辉纹平均间距的定量断口金相分析法,分析、研究了在高温低周条件下奥氏体不锈钢的亚临界裂纹扩展速率与裂纹长度的关系和温度、晶粒度、介质等因素对亚临界裂纹扩展速率的影响、并介绍了疲劳裂纹扩展各阶段的断口形貌特征。     

Comparison of fatigue properties between friction stir welds and TIG welds

对比分析了搅拌摩擦和氩弧焊两种工艺方法对铝合金焊接接头疲劳性能的影响,建立了焊接接头的S-N曲线,结果表明：在相同的载荷条件下,搅拌磨擦焊接接头的疲劳性能优于氩弧焊接头。搅拌摩擦焊接头疲劳寿命N=106次的疲劳强度值约为59~65MPa之间。对焊接接头显微组织的分析表明：搅拌摩擦焊接接头具有比氩弧焊接头更为细小的晶粒和狭窄的焊接热影响区,阻碍了滑移带的形成和裂纹的扩展,从而提高了接头的疲劳性能。TIG焊接接头疲劳端口分析显示,焊接缺陷是主要的疲劳裂纹源。     

搅拌摩擦与氩弧焊铝合金接头疲劳性能的比较

建立了铝合金焊接接头的S-N曲线,对比分析了搅拌摩擦和氩弧焊两种工艺对其焊接接头疲劳性能的影响,结果表明:在载荷相同的条件下,铝合金搅拌磨擦焊接接头的疲劳性能优于氩弧焊接头,搅拌摩擦焊接头的疲劳寿命N=106次的疲劳强度为59-65 MPa,搅拌摩擦焊接接头具有比氩弧焊接头更为细小的晶粒和狭窄的焊接热影响区,阻碍了滑移带的形成和裂纹的扩展,从而提高了接头的疲劳性能,铝合金焊接接头的缺陷是主要的疲劳裂纹源.     

超声冲击法提高焊接接头疲劳特性研究进展

焊接结构的失效以疲劳断裂为主,且焊接结构强度主要是由焊接接头的疲劳强度决定的。因此,改善焊接接头疲劳性能将显著提高焊接结构的整体性能。超声冲击处理是一种有效改善焊接接头疲劳性能的表面强化技术。研究表明,该技术通过改善焊接接头几何外形,细化表层晶粒及引入有益残余压应力可大幅度提高焊接接头的疲劳强度和疲劳寿命。综述了超声冲击处理对焊接接头疲劳性能影响的研究现状,分析了影响焊接接头疲劳性能的因素,总结了超声冲击改善焊接接头疲劳性能的结果,对目前研究过程中存在的问题进行探讨,最后展望了超声冲击表面纳米化技术的应用前景。     

Corrosion-Mechanical Properties of Materials for Reactor Vessels

We established that, in the course of electrolytic hydrogenation, an aqueous medium of boron regulation with pH 8 significantly accelerates the growth of fatigue cracks in 15Kh2MFA and 15Kh2NMFA hull steels, especially in the metal of welded joints, as a result of hydrogen embrittlement at the tip of a crack. An increase in the strength of steels by means of heat treatment, a decrease in the frequency of alternating loading, and an increase in the stress ratio significantly accelerate the growth of fatigue cracks. We discovered the strongest influence of hydrogenation in the near-threshold region for low values of the stress intensity factor. The tendency toward passivation and the anticorrosive properties of 15Kh2MFA steel (i _cor = 5 mA/m²) are higher than those of 15Kh2NMFA steel (i _cor = 20 mA/m²), which can be explained by the higher inhomogeneity of the structure of the latter. The metal of welded joints has the lowest cyclic corrosion crack resistance and the highest tendency toward hydrogen embrittlement under conditions of stable or transient modes.     

Fatigue crack propagation rates and threshold stress intensity factors for welded joints of HT80 steel at several stress ratios

Fatigue crack propagation rates and threshold stress intensity factors were measured for welded joints and base metal by using 200 mm wide centre-cracked specimens. The fatigue crack propagation properties of welded joints were similar in spite of the different zones in which the cracks propagated (ie, in the heat-affected zone and in the weld metal) and the different welding process used (submerged arc welding and gas metal arc welding). They were, however, inferior to those of the base metal. It was revealed by observation of the crack closure that the fatigue cracks were fully open during the whole range of loading, due to the tensile residual stress distribution in the middle part of the welded joints. This observation also explains the lack of a stress ratio effect on the fatigue crack propagation properties of welded joints, and their inferiority to those of the base metal.     

TC4钛合金薄板激光焊接头疲劳性能研究

研究了TC4钛合金薄板母材及其激光焊接头的拉伸和疲劳性能.结果表明:与母材相比激光焊接头的强度升高,延伸率下降;拉伸试样均断在母材.激光焊接头的疲劳寿命在低应力水平时高于母材,而在高应力水平时低于母材.在疲劳扩展区,母材为韧性穿晶断裂,熔合区则呈现出韧性和脆性相混合的断裂形貌;在瞬断区,母材由等轴韧窝组成,而熔合区主要为粗大的穿晶解理平面.     

EFFECT OF AN ELASTIC-PLASTIC SHOCK WAVE PART A: ON THE FATIGUE STRENGTH OF WELDED JOINTS

Fatigue data for welded joints subjected to an explosion treatment (ET) were obtained using rotary bending fatigue specimens. The fatigue fracture surfaces were observed by SEM and the dislocation morphologies by TEM. Mechanical properties have been quantitively studied by considering elastic and plastic shock wave characteristics. The test results indicate that the fatigue strength of welded joints subjected to ET is apparently improved due to the action of elastic or plastic stress waves while the ductility of the welded joints, i.e., reduction in area, is greatly increased.     

Fatigue strength improvement of longitudinal fillet welded out-of-plane gusset joints using air blast cleaning treatment

Blast cleaning treatments are used widely in newly built steel structures to clean forged surfaces and increase the adhesive properties of subsequent coatings. On the other hand, the beneficial effects of a blast cleaning treatment, which are similar to shot peening, on the fatigue strength of welded steel structures are not considered in the fatigue design procedure. In this study, fatigue tests were carried out on as-welded and blast-treated longitudinal fillet welded out-of-plane gusset joints subjected to three different cyclic loading conditions: uniaxial tension, out-of-plane bending and in-plane bending stress cycles. The effect of the blast cleaning treatment on the fatigue strength of the gusset joints was studied. The fatigue tests showed that the blast cleaning treatment increased the fatigue strength of the gusset welded joints, particularly at the lower stress range. A 19% increase in fatigue strength at 2 million cycles and 66% increase in fatigue limit could be realized using the blast cleaning treatment.     

TIG与FSW焊接工艺下2219铝合金疲劳裂纹扩展性能研究

目的 研究钨极惰性气体保护焊(TIG)和搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)对2219铝合金焊接接头疲劳性能的影响,并探究这2种不同焊接技术条件下焊接接头疲劳裂纹的产生与裂纹扩展原理,了解2种焊接接头的抗裂纹扩展能力,为工程实践应用提供数据参考。方法 采用疲劳裂纹扩展试验方法,测试上述2种焊接工艺条件下焊缝金属和热影响区组织的疲劳裂纹扩展速率da/dN和阈值,使用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察并分析金相组织和疲劳断口形貌特征。结果 疲劳裂纹倾向于沿裂纹处萌生,裂纹的存在成为主要的裂纹扩展源头,有利于加速裂纹向前延伸。热影响区由于组织结构不均匀,不同位置的晶粒尺寸存在明显差异,疲劳裂纹扩展路径倾向于沿靠近焊缝一侧向靠近母材区域扩展。TIG焊接工艺下焊缝金属和热影响区的裂纹扩展速率明显低于FSW焊接工艺下的焊缝金属和热影响区,与此同时,TIG焊接接头表现出优良的抗疲劳裂纹扩展性能。结论 通过此研究,建议2219铝合金焊接接头采用TIG焊接工艺,抗疲劳裂纹扩展效果更佳。     

A numerical approach to fatigue assessment of spot weld joints

This paper deals with the fatigue strength of spot welds investigated by means of an implicit gradient approach. The material is assumed linear elastic and an effective stress for the fatigue life estimation is considered as a transformation of the maximum principal stress field, which is defined by an inhomogeneous Helmholtz equation. The effective stress is calculated by following the same procedure and by using the same characteristic length of the material, previously considered for the fatigue assessments of thick‐walled arc welded joints. About 450 experimental data under constant fatigue loading, mainly lap‐shear joints, peeling joints, coach‐peel joints and shear‐bending joints, were analyzed. The experimental data relative to these spot‐welded joints, in terms of effective stress, fall into the previous scatter band obtained for transverse fillet welded joints by supplying a possible comprehensive approach to fatigue strength assessment of welded joints.