考虑岩石应变率效应的DDA程序

针对原经典DDA程序在研究岩石动力学问题时不考虑岩石的应变率效应,在DDA程序中引入与岩石应变率相关的动态强度表达式,将块体间接触弹簧破坏准则发展为动态破坏准则,进而完善DDA程序对岩石动力学破坏问题的处理能力。用原DDA程序和改进DDA程序对动载作用下岩石单轴拉、压破坏实验进行模拟,两者的模拟结果对比分析表明:在不同的加载速率作用下,原DDA程序得到的失效应力和破坏形式基本没有变化,这与实验结果不相符。但是,在不同的加载速率作用下,改进的DDA程序得到破坏形式能与实验结果相符,且能体现动载作用下岩石动态强度随加载速率的提高而增大的强度特性。     

三轴SHPB加载下砂岩力学特性及破坏模式试验研究

利用改造的三轴SHPB动静组合加载实验装置,对均质砂岩进行不同围压与不同应变率下三轴冲击压缩试验,作为对比利用RMT - 150C试验机也进行了部分准静态下三轴压缩实验.根据实验结果,分析围压对砂岩动态冲击性能的影响,并讨论冲击过程中岩石的破坏模式.研究结果表明,在围压一定情况下,岩石的动态压缩强度随应变率的提高而提高;在应变率相同情况下,岩石的动态压缩强度与弹性模量会随着围压的增大而增大.岩石发生破坏的临界入射能,随着围压的增大而增大.岩石单位体积吸收能与应变率之间呈线性递增关系,且递增的程度随围压的增加而增加.三轴冲击加载下,应变率较低时岩石内部形成压剪破裂面但整体不失稳,应变率很大时岩石破碎形成锥形块体形式.     

三轴SHPB加载下砂岩力学特性和破坏模式的试验研究

利用改造的三轴SHPB动静组合加载实验装置,对均质砂岩进行了不同围压和不同应变率下的三轴冲击压缩试验,作为对比利用RMT-150C试验机也进行了部分准静态下的三轴压缩实验。根据实验结果,分析了围压对砂岩动态冲击性能的影响,并重点讨论了冲击过程中岩石的破坏模式。研究结果表明,在围压一定的情况下,岩石的动态压缩强度随应变率的提高而提高;在应变率相同的情况下,岩石的动态压缩强度和弹性模量会随着围压的增大而增大。岩石发生破坏的临界入射能,随着围压的增大而增大。岩石单位体积吸收能与应变率之间呈线性递增关系,而且递增的程度随着围压的增加而增加。三轴冲击加载下,应变率较低时岩石内部形成压剪破裂面但整体不失稳,应变率很大时岩石破碎形成锥形块体形式。     

中低应变率下砂岩动力特性试验研究

为研究岩石在中低速冲击下的动力特性,利用MTS和落锤冲击试验系统进行了红砂岩准静态和动态单轴压缩试验,获得了10-2-101.7 s-1应变率范围砂岩全应力-应变曲线。结果表明,中低应变率加载条件下,砂岩经历典型压密、弹性变形、非稳定裂纹发展至脆性破裂后阶段。随着加载应变率的提高,砂岩峰值应力及其对应应变、残余应变均逐步增加,破坏模式则由X状共轭剪切破坏转变为劈裂破坏;动态强度增长遵循热活化和宏观黏性机制联合作用规律;中低应变率下岩石的吸收总能量和弹性应变能随变形演化规律基本一致,且弹性应变能和较耗散应变能的应变率效应更为显著。     

冲击荷载作用下花岗岩动力特性试验分析

利用SHPB试验设备,研究花岗岩在不同冲击气体压力下的压缩力学性能,讨论岩石类材料的应力-应变特性和破坏过程。结果表明,花岗岩的平均应变率与冲击气体压力有明显相关性,在不同冲击压力下,应变率时间历程曲线明显不同;岩石的应力-应变曲线可分成初始压密、稳定变形、非线性弹性与破坏4个阶段,且冲击气压存在一个使岩石破碎效果明显的合理值;其破坏形式大多以沿轴向的劈裂破坏为主,但在较高的冲击气压作用下,岩石则呈压碎破坏形式。     

纤维增强水泥基复合材料的动力拉伸性能研究

采用分离式霍普金森杆对聚乙烯醇(PVA)纤维增强水泥基复合材料(PRCC)、基体材料、不同相对掺量的钢纤维和PVA纤维混合增强水泥基复合材料(HFRCC)进行了四种不同应变率下的动态劈拉试验,通过对材料的劈拉强度、能量吸收和破坏形态等方面的对比分析,探讨了三种材料的动力拉伸性能,结果表明材料表现出应变率敏感性,随着应变率的提高,动态劈拉强度和能量吸收能力相应增加。HFRCC对基体材料的劈拉强度提高可达到34%,而PRCC材料提高约20%。PVA纤维对材料的耗能能力的影响比钢纤维具有更强的应变率敏感性。钢纤维掺量占总纤维掺量25%的HFRCC材料耗能能力比PRCC略低5%,而钢纤维掺量达到总纤维掺量的62.5%时,HFRCC材料的耗能能力比PRCC的耗能能力显著提高。HFRCC在动态劈拉强度和能量吸收能力方面更加均衡,具有更好抵抗冲击的能力。     

活性粉末混凝土的层裂性能研究

采用60%的超细工业废渣取代水泥制备了一种生态型的活性粉末混凝土(RPC),采用分离式霍普金森压杆装置对不同纤维掺量的RPC材料进行了层裂性能实验.研究得出了入射波强度和冲击次数对层裂过程中应力波传播的影响规律.按一维弹性波理论编写了入射压缩波和反射拉伸波在试件自由端附近相互作用的程序,计算出试件自由端附近拉应力的分布,由试件的层裂位置得到材料的层裂强度.结果表明,随着入射波强度的增加和冲击次数的提高,材料的拉伸损伤逐渐增加,反射拉伸波的强度逐渐降低.RPC材料层裂强度和破坏形态具有明显的应变率效应,层裂强度和破坏程度随着应变率的提高而增加.通过纤维的增强作用,层裂裂缝的宽度和深度都降低了.     

云顶风电场风机倒塌对埋地管道的冲击影响EI北大核心CSCD

针对中缅管道工程中面临的风机倒塌砸管的安全性问题,在总结风机倒塌的四种常见失效模式的基础上归纳三种工况,利用侵彻力计算公式,对风机倒塌的冲击力和冲击深度进行估算,并结合管道应变设计理论分析了冲击载荷作用下管道的应力应变等参数的变化规律,给出了安全性评价的结果。结果表明:仅风机倒塌冲击时,管道椭圆度变化较大,管道不被破坏,但难以保证管道正常运行;当风机和叶片或者叶片单独破坏时,下侵力较大,管道直接剪断。因此,建议适当加强管道上方叶片的连接强度,以防管道叶片破坏剪断中缅天然气管道事件发生。     

云顶风电场风机倒塌对埋地管道的冲击影响

针对中缅管道工程中面临的风机倒塌砸管的安全性问题,在总结风机倒塌的四种常见失效模式的基础上归纳三种工况,利用侵彻力计算公式,对风机倒塌的冲击力和冲击深度进行估算,并结合管道应变设计理论分析了冲击载荷作用下管道的应力应变等参数的变化规律,给出了安全性评价的结果。结果表明:仅风机倒塌冲击时,管道椭圆度变化较大,管道不被破坏,但难以保证管道正常运行;当风机和叶片或者叶片单独破坏时,下侵力较大,管道直接剪断。因此,建议适当加强管道上方叶片的连接强度,以防管道叶片破坏剪断中缅天然气管道事件发生。     

循环冲击作用下围压对斜长角闪岩动态特性的影响研究

利用带围压装置的直径为100mm的霍普金森压杆设备对围压条件下斜长角闪岩在循环冲击作用下动态力学性能进行试验研究,分析了斜长角闪岩的应力-应变曲线随冲击荷载循环作用次数的变化特性、动态杨氏模量与围压和应变率之间的关系,以及斜长角闪岩的能量吸收率与应变率和围压等参量之间的关系。研究结果表明,在围压和冲击荷载一定的情况下,随着冲击荷载循环作用次数的增加,岩石的杨氏模量变小。岩石破坏面上的正应力随围压的增加而增加,在裂隙摩擦滑移的作用下,围压状态下岩石的破裂面上会产生明显的粉末状岩粉。在吸收能量相同的情况下,围压越高,岩石破坏时形成的损伤面的面积越小,破碎程度越低。相同围压等级情况时,斜长角闪岩的能量吸收率随着应变率的增加而提高;当应变率相同时,斜长角闪岩的能量吸收率随围压的增加而减小。得到了能量吸收率随应变率和围压变化的关系式。     

Failure process and mechanism of sandstone under combined equal biaxial static compression and impact loading

The process and mechanism of impact fractures in sandstone were investigated under equal biaxial static compression. The cracking process was captured by a high‐speed video camera. The results indicate that the main crack propagates along the circumference and finally forms a crater‐shaped failure zone. The size of the crater‐shaped failure zone increases as the static stress and impact velocity increase. In addition, microscopic features of the fracture surface were observed using a scanning electron microscope. It was found that the microcracks expand after combination loading, making the rock more susceptible to damage. Finally, the influence mechanism of static loading on dynamic failure of the rock was revealed by theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

Bonded particle modeling of grain size effect on tensile and compressive strengths of rock under static and dynamic loading

The effect of grain (particle) size on the strength is an interesting subject in the rock engineering. Some investigations about the impact of particle size on static strength of rock have been conducted and reported in the literature. However, this issue has not received enough attention when high loading rates are involved. In this work, by utilizing the CA3 bonded particle - finite element computer program, the combined influence of loading rate and particle size on the compressive and tensile strengths of rock is examined. The bonded particle model is used to simulate the crack initiation and failure of the rock specimen and the finite element is utilized to model the elastic bars in the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) apparatus employed for the dynamic testing. Specimens with four different particle sizes were prepared. The results suggest that the particle size does not affect the rock strength under static and dynamic loading. However, the particle size modifies the nominal tensile strength of the notched Brazilian specimens. For the intact Brazilian specimens under high stress rates, the particle size contributes to the tensile strength and this contribution can be justified based on the principles of fracture mechanics. The theoretical reason for these observations is derived for a 3D bonded particle system and discussed.     

Numerical evaluation of failure mechanisms on composite specimens subjected to impact loading

Composite panels are in common use, especially in aeronautic and aerospace structures due to their high strength/weight and stiffness/weight ratio. The out-of-plane impact loading is considered potentially dangerous mainly because the damage may be left undetected and because the loading itself acts in the through-the-thickness direction of the laminated composite panel. This direction is the weakest in the composite since no fibres are present in that direction. The impact loading can lead to damage involving three modes of failure: matrix cracking, delamination and eventually fibre breakage for higher impact energies. Even when no visible impact damage is observed at the surface on the point of impact, matrix cracking and delamination can occur, and the residual strength of the composite is considerably reduced. The objective of this study is to determine the mechanisms of the damage growth of impacted composite laminates when subjected to impact loading. For this purpose a series of impact tests were carried out on composite laminates made of carbon fibre reinforced epoxy resin matrix. An instrumented drop-weight-testing was used together with a C-scan ultrasonic device for the damage identification. Two stacking sequences of two different epoxy resins and carbon fibres, representative of four different elastic behaviours with a different number of interfaces were used. A numerical evaluation of these specimens was also carried out, using static analysis only. Results showed that the delaminated area due to impact loading depends on the number of interfaces between plies. Two failure mechanisms due to impact were identified, which are influenced by the stacking sequence and by the thickness of the panels.     

中低应变率加载下弱胶结软岩动力学特性

我国西部侏罗系煤层上覆巨厚白垩系富水软岩,为了解此类软岩在冲击荷载作用下的力学本构关系及损伤演化规律,利用Hopkinson压杆装置对干燥、饱和红砂软岩进行中低应变率下的冲击试验,结果表明:红砂软岩峰值应力、峰值应变均表现出明显的应变率效应,其中峰值应力与应变率呈指数关系;相同应变率下,干燥红砂软岩的强度大于饱和状态,对冲击荷载表现出更强的抵抗能力,但饱和红砂软岩的宏观破坏强度大于干燥状态;低应变率加载下,干燥红砂软岩出现负损伤;结合微观机理分析,低应变率下,水对红砂软岩的弱化作用占据主导地位,随着应变率的增大,在惯性效应和水的Stefan效应共同作用下,饱和红砂软岩的动态强度得到强化;基于Z-W-T模型和应变等效原理,建立了服从Weibull分布的损伤本构方程,经验证能很好的反映红砂软岩的动态本构关系,具有一定的工程实际意义。     

循环荷载下大孔隙红砂岩的动力响应及损伤研究

为探究循环荷载下不同孔隙率红砂岩的动力特性和损伤规律,采用SHPB冲击实验系统,选取了2组不同孔隙率的红砂岩进行循环冲击实验,分析大孔隙率红砂岩的动力波形,本构曲线及损伤度,得到不同孔隙率红砂岩的变形模量、峰值应力、峰值应变及损伤度的变化规律。结果表明:不同孔隙率的红砂岩试件在循环荷载下的应力时程基本一致,随着循环次数的增加,岩石经历了孔隙闭合-裂隙开展-应力硬化-应变软化直至破坏的阶段,其变形模量和峰值应变呈现出先减小,再增大,再减小的趋势,峰值应力与速度呈正相关的关系。随着循环次数的递增,孔隙率大的岩石的峰值应力下降趋势大于孔隙率小的岩石,并且损伤累积使岩石在冲击破坏前表现出了较明显的塑性特征,不同孔隙率红砂岩的损伤度变化趋势基本是先增大后减小,孔隙率大的岩石累计损伤度大于孔隙率小的岩石,其损伤裂纹基本都是从透射杆端部开始,随着裂纹的产生扩展直至破坏。     

循环荷载下大孔隙红砂岩的动力响应及损伤研究

为探究循环荷载下不同孔隙率红砂岩的动力特性和损伤规律,采用SHPB冲击实验系统,选取了2组不同孔隙率的红砂岩进行循环冲击实验,分析大孔隙率红砂岩的动力波形,本构曲线及损伤度,得到不同孔隙率红砂岩的变形模量、峰值应力、峰值应变及损伤度的变化规律。结果表明:不同孔隙率的红砂岩试件在循环荷载下的应力时程基本一致,随着循环次数的增加,岩石经历了孔隙闭合-裂隙开展-应力硬化-应变软化直至破坏的阶段,其变形模量和峰值应变呈现出先减小,再增大,再减小的趋势,峰值应力与速度呈正相关的关系。随着循环次数的递增,孔隙率大的岩石的峰值应力下降趋势大于孔隙率小的岩石,并且损伤累积使岩石在冲击破坏前表现出了较明显的塑性特征,不同孔隙率红砂岩的损伤度变化趋势基本是先增大后减小,孔隙率大的岩石累计损伤度大于孔隙率小的岩石,其损伤裂纹基本都是从透射杆端部开始,随着裂纹的产生扩展直至破坏。     

Numerical simulation of reinforced concrete beams with different shear reinforcements under dynamic impact loads

The behavior of concrete/reinforced concrete structures is strongly influenced by the loading rate. Reinforced concrete structural members subjected to impact loads behave quite differently as compared to the same subjected to quasi-static loading. This difference is attributed to the strain-rate influence on strength, stiffness, and ductility as well as to the activation of inertia forces. These influences are clearly demonstrated in experiments. Moreover, for concrete structures, which exhibit damage and fracture phenomena, the failure mode and cracking pattern depend significantly on loading rate. In general, there is a tendency that with the increase of loading rate the failure mode changes from mode-I to mixed mode. Furthermore, theoretical and experimental investigations indicate that after the crack reaches critical speed of propagation there is crack branching. The present paper focuses on 3D finite-element study of reinforced concrete beams with different amount of shear reinforcement under impact. The experiments reported in literature are numerically simulated using the rate sensitive microplane model as constitutive law for concrete, while the strain-rate influence is captured by the activation energy theory. Inertia forces are implicitly accounted for through dynamic finite element analysis. However, the impact was modeled not by explicit modeling of two bodies but by incrementing the load point displacement till the maximum value and at the rate reported from the test. The results of the numerical study show that the numerical analysis using the procedure followed in this work can very well simulate the impact behavior of reinforced concrete beams. The static and dynamic reactions, crack patterns and failure modes as predicted in analysis are in close agreement with their experimentally observed counterparts. It was concluded that under impact loads, of the order as simulated in this work (blunt impact with velocity of around 1 m/s), the shear reinforcement does not get activated and therefore the dynamic reactions, unlike static reactions, are almost independent of the amount of shear reinforcement in the beams. However, the presence of shear reinforcement significantly affects the crack pattern and the cracks are well distributed in the presence of shear reinforcement, thus avoiding the formation of shear plugs.     

The static and fatigue response of metal laminate and hybrid fibre-metal laminate doublers joints under tension loading

Experimental and numerical studies have been undertaken on metal laminate (ML) doublers and hybrid fibre-metal (aluminium–Glare) laminate (FML) doublers to investigate their static and fatigue response under tension loading. Inevitably sheets in these laminates butt together and these butts can affect the joint strength. Progressive damage modelling, including the damage in the adhesive bondline, the butt, the metal and the fibre has been undertaken in both static and fatigue loading. This modelling was found to be in good agreement with the experiment data in terms both of the strength and the failure mechanisms. In ML, the butt influenced the static and fatigue response. In hybrid FML, the specimens either have the fibres parallel to the loading direction (spanwise) or perpendicular to the loading direction (chordwise). The spanwise specimen was found to have the highest strength followed by chordwise specimens without butts and finally chordwise specimens with butts. The most critical position for a butt was found to be adjacent to the doubler end. Without butts the static strength for spanwise and chordwise specimens was controlled by the failure in the Glare layer whilst the fatigue failure was precipitated by failure in the aluminium sheet.     

Failure mechanisms on composite specimens subjected to compression after impact

Composite panels are widely used in aeronautic and aerospace structures due to their high strength/weight ratio. The stiffness and the strength in the thickness direction of laminated composite panels is poor since no fibres are present in that direction and out-of-plane impact loading is considered potentially dangerous, mainly because the damage may be left undetected. Impact loading in composite panels leads to damage with matrix cracking, inter-laminar failure and eventually fibre breakage for higher impact energies. Even when no visible impact damage is observed at the surface on the point of impact, matrix cracking and inter-laminar failure can occur, and the carrying load of the composite laminates is considerably reduced. The greatest reduction in loading is observed in compression due to laminae buckling in the delaminated areas. The objective of this study is to determine the mechanisms of the damage growth of impacted composite laminates when subjected to compression after impact loading. For this purpose a series of impact and compression after impact tests were carried out on composite laminates made of carbon fibre reinforced epoxy resin matrix. An instrumented drop-weight-testing machine and modified compression after impact testing equipment were used together with a C-scan ultrasonic device for the damage identification. Four stacking sequences of two different epoxy resins in carbon fibres representative of four different elastic behaviours and with a different number of interfaces were used. Results showed that the delaminated area due to impact loading depends on the number of interfaces between plies. Two buckling failure mechanisms were identified during compression after impact, which are influenced more by the delamination area than by the stacking sequence.