考虑不均匀界面时混凝土弹性模量预测

提出了考虑不均匀界面时混凝土弹性模量预测的解析法。根据界面层上水泥颗粒的分布特性, 给出了界面层上任一点处的局部水灰比和孔隙率。将不均匀界面层划分成一系列同心球壳单元, 通过反演方法确定了每个球壳单元和水泥石基体的弹性模量。将三相混凝土分解成一系列两相复合子结构, 应用两相复合球模型的正确解导出混凝土弹性模量。通过与文献中的两组实验结果比较验证了本文方法的有效性。数值结果表明, 对于给定的骨料体积分数, 混凝土弹性模量随着最大水泥颗粒直径和水灰比的增大而减小, 但随着最大骨料直径的增大而增大, 骨料级配对混凝土弹性模量也有一定的影响。      

考虑界面影响的混凝土弹性模量的数值预测

提出了一种考虑界面过渡层影响的混凝土弹性模量的数值预测方法。将球形骨料与包裹它的界面过渡层作为二相复合球结构的等效颗粒,由广义自洽方法计算不同粒径骨料与界面过渡层组成复合球的有效模量。然后由等效颗粒生成的随机骨料模型建立体积表征单元,施加均匀位移边界条件,通过数值方法计算该体积表征单元中的应力和应变场,由细观力学数值均匀化方法预测体积表征单元的有效弹性模量。计算结果表明:对于不同骨料含量的混凝土,有效弹性模量的预测值与试验值非常接近,界面过渡层的厚度对混凝土的整体弹性性质有较大影响。     

骨料级配对二维模型混凝土单轴抗拉强度影响的理论研究

混凝土尺寸效应及其宏观力学非线性根源于其材料细观组成的非均质性。结合混凝土细观结构形式,将混凝土看作由骨料颗粒、砂浆基质及界面过渡区组成的复合材料。采用双线性弹性损伤模型来描述砂浆基质及界面过渡区的力学行为,假定骨料颗粒为弹性体而不发生破坏,进而推导并获得了单轴拉伸条件下不同骨料颗粒级配混凝土断裂裂缝扩展路径长度及其抗拉强度的理论解。最后,对比了建立的理论公式结果与细观尺度数值模拟结果,验证了构建的关于裂缝长度及抗拉强度理论解的准确性和合理性。     

考虑细观组分影响的混凝土宏观力学性能理论预测模型

混凝土宏观力学性能与其内部细观结构构造密切相关。该文建立了一类能够考虑细观组分影响的混凝土宏观力学性能理论预测模型。首先,采用细观力学数值试验法对理论模型中的参数进行了标定;进而,基于该模型对混凝土断裂能和单轴抗拉强度在材料层次的尺寸效应行为进行了分析。结果表明:混凝土断裂能和单轴抗拉强度均随骨料级配（即最大骨料粒径）发生变化,且受到界面特性的影响。当界面过渡区力学性能相对薄弱时,混凝土强度较低,断裂能和单轴抗拉强度随骨料级配增大而呈现减小的趋势;当界面过渡区力学性能较强时,混凝土强度较高,断裂能和单轴抗拉强度随骨料级配增大亦呈现增大的趋势。计算结果与试验结果吻合良好,验证了该文建立的理论预测模型的准确性和合理性。     

基于多尺度分析的再生混凝土有效氯离子扩散系数预测

将再生混凝土视为由砂浆相、再生骨料相和二者砂浆之间的界面过渡区相(ITZ-2)组成的非均质复合材料，其中砂浆相由细骨料、细骨料-新砂浆界面过渡区(ITZ-1)、硬化水泥浆体三相组成，而再生骨料相由旧骨料、附着砂浆及旧骨料与旧砂浆的界面(ITZ-3)三相组成。基于N层球夹杂理论，考虑微观相的影响，建立了再生混凝土有效氯离子扩散系数预测的五相多尺度模型，通过硬化水泥浆体、砂浆和再生混凝土的稳态扩散系数实测值与模型预测值对比分析，验证其模型的准确性和有效性；最后，进一步讨论了氯离子侵蚀时间、再生骨料体积分数和附着砂浆含量等关键参数对其有效扩散系数的影响。结果表明：有效扩散系数预测值与试验值吻合较好，说明模型对预测再生混凝土的有效氯离子扩散系数具有普适性，为氯盐环境下再生混凝土耐久性评估与寿命预测提供理论依据。     

三维混凝土细观模型构建与骨料形态对氯离子扩散影响的数值研究

氯离子侵蚀引起的钢筋锈蚀是影响混凝土结构耐久性的首要因素,而骨料自身特性对氯离子在混凝土中的传输行为有重要的影响。本工作提出了一种高效构建细观尺度下混凝土三维几何模型的方法,能够实现工程中常见碎石、卵石和片状骨料的生成和投放。将生成的几何模型进一步应用于氯离子扩散行为预测,并与第三方试验结果进行对比,验证了其可行性与准确性。本工作所提出的三维混凝土细观模型能够实现混凝土几何参数的精细控制,能够对骨料形状、体积分数、粒径以及连续级配等骨料形态学特征对氯离子传输的影响进行较全面的量化分析。此外,本工作还探究了实际中因振捣而导致的骨料不均匀分布对氯离子传输性能的影响。结果表明骨料的曲折度和体积分数的增大会降低氯离子的扩散速率;骨料级配连续的混凝土中小粒径骨料可填充在大粒径骨料的间隙中,相比于单一骨料级配的混凝土,其抗氯性能更高;混凝土振捣而产生的骨料不均匀分布对混凝土耐久性的影响同样不可忽视。     

考虑界面效应的复合泡沫塑料弹性性能数值仿真预测与试验研究

通过对不同空心陶瓷微珠含量的环氧基复合泡沫塑料进行准静态拉伸实验, 研究了填充微珠的体积分数对复合泡沫塑料弹性模量和泊松比的影响。基于其细观结构特征, 利用三维立方单胞有限元模型模拟了细观应力/应变场; 将内聚力单元引入细观有限元模型, 以此来模拟空心微珠与基体材料之间界面相的力学行为。将有限元预测结果以及两种传统的细观解析法与实验数据对比, 发现基于界面理想粘接假设的有限元模型和传统细观解析法均过高估计了复合泡沫塑料的弹性模量和泊松比; 复合泡沫塑料的弹性性能强烈地依赖于界面相的力学性质, 只有考虑界面效应的细观有限元模型才能给出较为精确的预测, 从而验证了文中细观建模方法的合理性。     

基于对混凝土破损过程的模拟研究

从细观力学层次出发,把混凝土看作是由骨料、砂浆基质及两者之间的界面过渡区组成的三相复合材料,通过引入细观损伤变量及损伤变量的演化规律模拟了混凝土的破坏过程。首先生成骨料位置随机分布且颗粒级配符合Fuller曲线的数值试件,然后对每一相材料分别赋以服从Weibull分布的随机力学参数(弹模、强度和泊松比等)并规定相应的破坏准则,将通过上述途径获得的混凝土数值试件导入有限元软件Abaqus进行数值模拟。与实验结果的对比显示,提出的随机损伤数值模型能够较好地模拟混凝土板式试件在单拉、单压下的应力-应变关系曲线以及混凝土中裂纹的萌生、开裂过程。     

考虑界面效应的复合泡沫塑料弹性性能数值仿真预测与试验研究

通过对不同空心陶瓷微珠含量的环氧基复合泡沫塑料进行准静态拉伸实验,研究了填充微珠的体积分数对复合泡沫塑料弹性模量和泊松比的影响.基于其细观结构特征,利用三维立方单胞有限元模型模拟了细观应力/应变场;将内聚力单元引入细观有限元模型,以此来模拟空心微珠与基体材料之间界面相的力学行为.将有限元预测结果以及两种传统的细观解析法与实验数据对比,发现基于界面理想粘接假设的有限元模型和传统细观解析法均过高估计了复合泡沫塑料的弹性模量和泊松比;复合泡沫塑料的弹性性能强烈地依赖于界面相的力学性质,只有考虑界面效应的细观有限元模型才能给出较为精确的预测,从而验证了文中细观建模方法的合理性.     

基于细观结构统计特征的混凝土几何代表体尺寸研究

该文在对混凝土细观结构统计特征深入研究的基础上,基于粗骨料含量、平均粒径、细度模数三个量的统计特征分析,给出了混凝土几何代表体的定义。利用体素的概念,提出了混凝土几何代表体尺寸的确定方法。以一级配混凝土为例,采用该文方法计算得到了基于细观结构的几何代表体尺寸。进一步分析了骨料级配、骨料体积含量等因素对混凝土几何代表体尺寸的影响规律,研究结果表明:随着骨料体积含量的增加,混凝土几何代表体尺寸呈下降趋势;在粗骨料体积含量达到40%以后,几何代表体尺寸变化幅度较小;一级配混凝土的几何代表体尺寸与最大骨料粒径的比值大于二级配混凝土的相应值。该文工作为混凝土细观机理研究、细观数值计算样本的选取等提供参考。     

An n-layered spherical inclusion model for predicting the elastic moduli of concrete with inhomogeneous ITZ

An n-layered spherical inclusion model is presented in this paper for predicting the elastic moduli of concrete with inhomogeneous interfacial transition zone (ITZ). In this model, concrete is represented as a three-phase composite material, composed of the aggregate, bulk paste, and an inhomogeneous ITZ. An analytical solution for the ITZ volume fraction is derived for the general aggregate gradation. By constituting a semi-empirical initial cement gradient model, the local water/cement ratio, degree of hydration, and porosity at the ITZ are estimated. The inhomogeneous ITZ is then divided into a series of homogenous concentric shell elements of equal thickness. The elastic moduli of concrete are determined by solving the n-layered spherical inclusion problem. Finally, the validity of the model is verified with three independent sets of experimental data and the effects of the maximum aggregate diameter, aggregate gradation, and ITZ thickness on the Young’s modulus of concrete are evaluated in a quantitative manner. The paper concludes that the proposed n-layered spherical inclusion model can be used to predict the elastic moduli of concrete.     

Prediction of the chloride diffusion coefficient of concrete

It has been experimentally verified that the structure of the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) in concrete differs from that of bulk cement paste. As such, concrete should be modeled as a three-phase material at a mesoscopic level. This paper presents a three-phase composite model for predicting the chloride diffusion coefficient of concrete. Taking the inclusion as aggregate and the matrix as cement paste, the composite circle model is established by adding an ITZ layer in between the inclusion and the matrix. Solving the asymmetrical problem analytically, a closed-form solution for the chloride diffusion coefficient of concrete is derived. After verifying this model with experimental results, the effects of the aggregate area fraction, the chloride diffusion coefficient of ITZ, the ITZ thickness, the maximum aggregate diameter and the aggregate gradation on the chloride diffusion coefficient of concrete are evaluated in a quantitative manner. It is found that the chloride diffusion coefficient of concrete decreases with the increase of the aggregate area fraction and the maximum aggregate diameter, but increases with the increase of the chloride diffusion coefficient and thickness of ITZ. It is also found that the aggregate gradation has a significant influence on the chloride diffusion coefficient of concrete.     

水泥基复合材料界面过渡区体积分数的定量计算

借助邻近函数公式, 给出了水泥基复合材料集料与浆体间界面过渡区体积分数的定量计算公式, 并采用随机点采样方法验证采用该定量公式计算水泥基复合材料界面过渡区体积分数的可行性。在此基础上, 预测了由符合Fuller 分布的集料制备的混凝土中界面过渡区体积分数随集料体积分数和集料粒径范围的变化曲线。讨论了界面厚度变化、集料体积分数变化以及集料粒径分布变化对界面过渡区体积分数影响的差别, 并给出了衡量界面过渡区重叠程度的定性和定量方法。结果表明: 在常规集料体积分数下, 三者中对界面过渡区体积分数以及界面过渡区重叠程度影响的主次顺序均为: 界面过渡区厚度变化带来的影响> 集料体积分数变化带来的影响> 集料细度变化带来的影响。      

An analytical solution for hydraulic conductivity of concrete considering properties of the Interfacial Transition Zone (ITZ)

As a composite material, hydraulic conductivity of concrete depends on conductivity of its components that are the mortar, aggregates and the Interfacial Transition Zone (ITZ). Since hydraulic conduction is analogous to heat and electrical conduction, analytical models from these analogous areas relating effective conductivity of composite to conductivity of its components can be used to find the effective hydraulic conductivity of concrete as a function of properties of its components, i.e., aggregate, mortar and the ITZ. However, effect of the conduction in the ITZ has not been considered in these models. This paper presents an analytical solution for the hydraulic conductivity of concrete as a three-phase composite material. The solution is an extension to the model originally proposed for conduction of composite media with randomly suspended spheres. Results of the proposed model compare well against the experimental results and those obtained from rigorous numerical analysis using the Finite Element (FE) method. The principal significance of this study lies in the development of a versatile analytical model that can be employed as a quick tool for assessment of hydraulic conductivity of concrete without the need for sophisticated FE models at the meso-scale level. It offers more insight into effect of different components of concrete on its overall conductivity.     

Influence of aggregate content on the migration coefficient of concrete materials using electrochemical method

In order to investigate the effect of coarse aggregate content on the chloride ion migration coefficient of concrete, specimens with different coarse aggregate volume fractions and two water/cement (w/c) ratios of mortar matrix were used. The chloride ion migration coefficient of concrete is obtained using the electrochemical technique to accelerate chloride ion migration in cement-based material and the experimental results were plotted as a function of the fine aggregate volume fraction. The results are analyzed comparing experimental results and theoretical models that represent the concretes as three-phase composite materials. The three phases are the mortar matrix, the coarse aggregate, and the interfacial transition zone between the two. The chloride ion migration coefficient is used to assess the dilution, tortuosity, interfacial transition zone (ITZ) and, percolation effects of coarse aggregate in concrete. It appears that the dilution and tortuosity effects are a dominant factor affecting the chloride ion migration coefficient of concrete in the low volume fraction of coarse aggregate. As the volume fraction of coarse aggregate increases to 40 and 20% in concrete of w/c ratio 0.35 and 0.45, respectively, the ITZ with percolation effects are significantly.     

Meso-scale numerical investigation on cracking of cover concrete induced by corrosion of reinforcing steel

Concrete cover cracking induced by corrosion of steel reinforcement is a major influencing factor for durability and serviceability of reinforced concrete structures. Here in this study, the influence of concrete meso-structure on the failure pattern of concrete cover is accounted for. The concrete is assumed to be a three-phase composite composed of aggregate, mortar matrix and the interfacial transition zone (ITZ). And a concrete random aggregate structure is established for the study on the mechanical behavior of radial corrosion expansion. In the present simulations, the plasticity damaged model is used to describe the mechanical behavior of the mortar matrix and the ITZ, and it is assumed that the corrosion of steel reinforcement is uniform. The cracking of concrete cover due to steel reinforcement corrosion is numerically simulated. The simulation results have a good agreement with the available test data and they are between the two analytical results. The failure patterns obtained from the macro-scale homogeneous model and the meso-scale heterogeneous model are compared. Furthermore, the influences of ratio of cover thickness and reinforcement diameter (i.e. c/d), the location of the steel reinforcement (i.e., placed at the middle and corner zones) and the concrete tensile strength on the steel corrosion rate when the concrete cover cracks are investigated. Finally, some useful conclusions are drawn.     

Insight into the inherent randomness of concrete properties using the stochastic micromechanics

The concrete properties inherently fluctuate even using the same manufacturing process. A Legendre polynomial based micromechanical framework is proposed to investigate the inherent randomness of the concrete’s elastic behavior. The three-phase composite model is employed to represent the concrete material at microscale level. The volume fractions of different constituents are reached using a simplified analytical approach. Predictions with and without particle interactions for the concrete properties are obtained through the two-level homogenization process. By describing the microstructures with high-dimensional random vector, the stochastic micromechanical framework is obtained based on the presented three-phase model to incorporate the concrete’s inherent randomness. The unbiased probability density functions (PDFs) of the properties are attained using efficient simulation framework consisting of the Legendre polynomial approximations, Monte Carlo simulations and the linear transformations. Numerical examples indicate that the proposed framework is able to describe the probabilistic characters of concrete properties from microscale level and obtain the material’s unbiased PDFs with high efficiency. Finally, the statistical effects of ITZ are discussed on the concrete’ s macroscopic probabilistic behaviors.     

Polymeric composite materials incorporating an elastomeric interphase: A mathematical assessment

A mathematical model based upon the method of cells is extended in order to describe three-phase composite materials containing an interphase. A parametric study is performed wherein the effective properties of the composites are determined as a function of interphase material properties, interphase thickness and fiber volume fraction. The simulation is designed in particular towards describing the behavior of model composites which incorporate elastomeric polymers as an interphase to bond carbon fibers chemically to a polymeric matrix. Two hypothetical interphases are considered: one whose properties are representative of elastomers (Young's modulus less than fiber and matrix) and one whose properties are intermediate with respect to the fiber and matrix. The two cases provide a broad assessment of how the interphase properties influence the effective composite properties.