核-壳结构界面对纳米Ag掺杂BaTiO3@PDA/P(VDF-HFP)复合膜介电和储能性能影响

为改善聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）基复合材料界面相容性,提高其电性能,利用聚多巴胺（PDA）成功包覆了纳米钛酸钡（BaTiO₃）,并引入纳米Ag离子制备出具有核-壳结构的Ag镶嵌BaTiO₃@PDA-Ag颗粒。以介电聚合物聚偏氟乙烯-六氟丙烯（P（VDF-HFP））为基体,采用溶液流延法制备了BaTiO₃@PDA-Ag/P（VDF-HFP）复合材料厚膜。利用FTIR和XPS验证了BaTiO₃@PDA-Ag/P（VDF-HFP）复合材料结构和形貌,并用宽频介电频谱仪和铁电测试仪分别比较了PDA包覆前后的不同BaTiO₃含量的BaTiO₃@PDA-Ag/P（VDF-HFP）复合膜在低电场下的介电性能和高电场下的电极化性能。结果表明,BaTiO₃@PDA-Ag质量分数为20wt%的BaTiO₃@PDA-Ag/P（VDF-HFP）复合膜在10 Hz下介电常数（ε_r）达到了25,介电损耗（tanδ）仅为0.1,在175 M·Vm-1电场下电极化强度（D_m）为6.2 μC·cm-2,200 M·Vm-1时储能密度（U_e）达到了6.9 J·cm-3,高于其它界面未处理复合膜。以上结果可为此类介电复合材料界面结构处理和电性能研究提供参考。      

增强型管状聚偏氟乙烯/石墨烯纳米纤维膜制备与性能

以聚酯纤维编织管为支撑体,聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)为成纤聚合物,石墨烯(GE)为掺杂剂,采用静电纺丝技术制备增强型管状PVDF/GE纳米纤维膜,通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、接触角(CA)滴定仪和孔径分布仪等对其结构进行了分析和讨论,研究了GE含量对管状PVDF纳米纤维膜的结构及其对油水混合物分离性能的影响。结果表明,掺杂GE可显著增强纳米纤维膜的疏水性,其掺杂量为0.1%(质量分数)时,纳米纤维膜水接触角可达147.6°,表现出优异的疏水性能,同时煤油通量高达20367 L/(m~2·h)。油水分离实验表明,聚酯纤维编织管赋予纳米纤维膜良好的拉伸及抗压性能,使其在负压下可实现连续油水分离,且油(煤油)/水分离效果优异,分离效率可达99%以上。膜每运行一个周期后,用无水乙醇清洗膜表面,循环使用10次后分离效率仍可达96%以上。     

聚丙烯超疏水纤维膜的制备及其在油水分离中的应用

利用磁控溅射法在聚丙烯(PP)纤维膜上溅射SiO2纳米粒子,制备超疏水超亲油纤维膜,用于油水分离领域中。在PP纤维膜上溅射SiO2纳米粒子增加表面粗糙度,降低表面能达到超疏水的效果。通过调节溅射功率,改变疏水效果,当溅射功率为100W时,纤维膜的疏水性能最好,对水的接触角高达162.8±2.1°,对油的接触角为0°。更重要的是,PP-SiO2纤维膜在油水分离过程中仅仅依靠重力驱动,能够使油和水快速分离并且重复使用10次之后依然保持超疏水性,分离效率保持在90%左右,这将在工业油污和海洋溢油处理中,提供了新的材料。     

用于油水分离的静电纺纳米纤维膜研究进展

近年来,石油泄漏以及工业含油废水的排放对生态环境造成了严重的损害,高效节能的新型油水分离材料已成为研究热点。具有特殊亲液性的静电纺纳米纤维膜是一种可用于油水分离的新型膜材料,它具有较高的比表面积和孔隙率,既可以自发实现油水分离,又能减少能源消耗。主要介绍了超亲水疏油、超疏水亲油、智能切换亲水/亲油以及单向导油纳米纤维膜,及纤维膜的制备方法、亲液性以及油水分离过程和分离效率;并对静电纺油水分离纳米纤维膜所面临的挑战和应用前景进行了展望。     

MOF原位生长改性聚对氯甲基苯乙烯-聚偏氟乙烯正渗透复合膜及其对乳化油废水的抗污染性

金属-有机框架(MOF)材料有望提高正渗透(FO)膜的水通量和抗污染性，以提高其对乳化油废水的分离性能。为将MOF引入FO膜，首先通过相转化法制备聚对氯甲基苯乙烯-聚偏氟乙烯(PCMS-PVDF)共混底膜，以底膜中的氯甲基基团(-CH₂Cl)为反应位点与2-甲基咪唑(Hmim)中的仲胺或叔胺反应，接着与硝酸锌(Zn(NO₃)₂)反应，以在膜表面原位生长金属有机骨架沸石咪唑酯骨架-8 (ZIF-8)，最后经界面聚合制备抗污染FO复合膜。通过SEM、XPS、FTIR和接触角测定仪等对底膜和FO膜的表面化学结构及膜亲/疏水性能等进行表征。结果表明：ZIF-8均匀生长在PCMS-PVDF底膜表面，且该纳米粒子为形状较规则的立方晶体。由于ZIF-8的存在使底膜表面较疏水，但界面聚合后形成的聚酰胺层重新使膜表面变为亲水。对膜的渗透分离和抗污染性研究表明，在FO模式下，以1 mol/L的NaCl为汲取液时，未经ZIF-8改性的FO膜(PCMS-PVDF-FO)水通量仅为12.4 L·m^-2·h^-1     

不同孔径陶瓷膜硅烷改性及油水分离性能研究

具有低表面能的疏水陶瓷膜常用于含水油液分离,而渗透通量的提高是提升膜分离过程经济性的关键.本文通过有机硅烷接枝改性制备疏水陶瓷膜,研究硅烷改性对不同孔径陶瓷膜结构及油水分离性能的影响。以孔径为1 000 nm、100 nm、10 nm的3种陶瓷膜为研究对象,考察不同孔径陶瓷膜硅烷化改性前后膜表面微观形貌、润湿性及渗透阻力的变化,评价3种孔径疏水陶瓷膜在溶剂、酸碱等环境下的稳定性,并将3种孔径硅烷改性的陶瓷膜用于油包水乳液分离.结果表明,孔径越小的膜硅烷化改性后渗透阻力增幅越大,尤其是当孔径达到10 nm,改性前后渗透阻力相差近3倍;原膜孔径对改性膜润湿性影响不大,且均表现出良好的耐溶剂性、耐酸碱性.低压高流速的操作方式有利于提高改性膜通量;对于水含量1 000μL/L的W/O乳液,3种改性膜对水的截留率均超过93%,渗透液水含量低于70μL/L,其中1 000 nm改性膜通量最高,达375 L/(m²·h),而10 nm膜更不易被污染;对于水含量10%(体积分数)的W/O乳液,1 000 nm改性膜污染非常严重,通量迅速下降为14.1 L/(m²     

部分碳化PTFE/PVDF中空纤维膜的制备及油水分离性能研究

聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)是一种强疏水的氟碳材料,很难用相转化成膜。本文将PTFE粉体分散在聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)溶液中得到PTFE悬浮液,首先用干湿相转化法制得PTFE/PVDF中空纤维膜胚;然后在氮气气氛下进行部分碳化,制得部分碳化PTFE/PVDF中空纤维膜.用热重分析法、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和扫描电镜研究了PTFE/PVDF中空纤维膜胚的碳化工艺、膜碳化前后表面元素和微观结构变化情况;最后测试了膜的亲疏水变化和油水分离性能.结果表明：PTFE/PVDF中空纤维膜胚中的PVDF在360～450℃时发生C-H断裂,PTFE保持原结构,可以得到部分碳化PTFE/PVDF中空纤维膜.经部分碳化工艺制得的中空纤维膜孔径减小,形成连续、完整的微孔结构.当PTFE含量为40%时,碳化后制得的膜接触角达到102°,疏水性提高;对10%的模拟含油废水的渗透通量达到30 L/(m²·h)(跨膜压差：0.1 MPa)、分离效率达到80%,呈现出较好的油水分离性能和商业应用价值.     

酯类添加剂对非溶剂致相分离法聚偏氟乙烯膜结构与性能的影响

以聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）为成膜聚合物、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺（DMAc）为溶剂、邻苯二甲酸二辛酯（DOP）和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）为酯类添加剂，采用非溶剂致相分离（NIPS）法制备PVDF平板膜。通过扫描电子显微镜和膜孔径分析仪对PVDF膜的形貌和结构进行了分析和讨论，研究了不同比例DOP/DBP对PVDF膜结构与性能的影响。当m(DOP)/m(DBP)=2/1时，制备的PVDF膜水接触角为112.2°，油下水接触角为142.4°，煤油液滴可在1231.8 ms内完全浸润膜表面，说明该膜具有优异的超亲油疏水性。此外，纯油通量高达945.9 L/(m2·h)，油包水乳液分离效率可达99.3%，在油水分离方面具有广阔的应用前景。     

PVDF/PBS纤维膜的制备及其在油水分离中的应用:基于静电纺丝

通过静电纺丝制备疏水性PVDF/PBS纤维膜,并利用PVDF对PBS进行疏水改性。研究表明,PVDF的引入能使纤维膜的水接触角从86.5°转变至137.4°,表明PVDF能够有效改善PBS的疏水性。并且,PVDF的引入能够显著提高纤维膜的成膜性能与油水分离效率,并使纤维膜的油通量最高可达582L/(m~2·h)。     

静电纺聚苯乙烯纳米纤维膜的制备及其性能

采用静电纺丝方法制备了疏水性聚苯乙烯(PS)纳米纤维膜。研究了添加0.5wt.%十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)对PS纺丝溶液性能以及纳米纤维膜形貌结构的影响,内容涉及PS纳米纤维膜厚度对膜的平均孔径和孔径分布的影响分析,该膜的水接触角和孔隙率的测试等。最后,采用直接接触式膜蒸馏(DCMD)装置测试了不同厚度PS纳米纤维膜在蒸馏水和35g/L NaCl溶液中的水通量和截留率。研究结果表明了平均孔径约为0.19μm、厚度约为150μm、孔隙率约为84%、接触角约为114°的PS纳米纤维膜的水通量约为19.4kg/m~2h,截留率大于99.99%,适合应用于DCMD领域用于盐溶液和海水淡化。     

Structural and optical properties of AlxOy/Pt/AlxOy multilayer absorber

We report on the microstructure and optical properties of Al_xO_y–Pt–Al_xO_y interference-type multilayer films, deposited by electron beam (e-beam) deposition onto corning 1737 glass, silicon (1 1 1) and copper substrates. The structural properties were investigated by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. The optical properties were extracted from specular reflection/transmission, diffuse reflectance and emissometer measurements. The stratification of the coatings consists of a semi-transparent middle Pt layer sandwiched between two layers of Al_xO_y. The top and bottom Al_xO_y layers were non-stoichiometric with no crystalline phases present. The Pt layer is in the fcc crystalline phase with a broad size distribution and spheroidal shape in and between the rims of Al_xO_y. The surface roughness of the stack was found to be comparable to the inter-particle distance. The optical calculations confirm a high solar absorptance of ∼0.94 and a low thermal emittance of ∼0.06 for the multilayer stack, which is attributed not only to the optimized nature of the multilayer interference stacks, but also to the specific surface morphology and texture of the coatings. These optical characteristics validate the spectral selectivity of the Al_xO_y–Pt–Al_xO_y interference-type multilayer stack for use in high temperature solar-thermal applications.     

Synthesis of a new perovskite Pb(Li14Nb34)O3

A high-pressure technique was adopted to obtain perovskite-type $\text{Pb(Li}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>4</mtext>}}\text{Nb}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>3</mtext><mtext>4</mtext>}}\text{)}\text{O}{}_3$. A new perovskite $\text{Pb(Li}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>4</mtext>}}\text{Nb}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>3</mtext><mtext>4</mtext>}}\text{)}\text{O}{}_3$ was characterized to have a cubic symmetry with $\text{a}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>o</mtext>}}\text{= 4.069}\text{A}\text{?}$; Li and Nb ions in the B-site of perovskite lattice may be in a random arrangement.     

Bulk crystalline BaPb34Bi14O3: A ceramic superconductor

The preparation conditions of the high T_C ceramic superconductor Ba(Pb,Bi)O₃ is correlated with the superconducting transition. Transition onsets of all materials are similar, but transition widths and transition completeness is strongly dependent on firing temperature. Only materials prepared over a narrow temperature range, resulting in a nearly ideal weight loss, have a complete and narrow transition.     

Optimization of AlxOy/Pt/AlxOy multilayer spectrally selective coatings for solar-thermal applications

Spectrally selective Al_xO_y/Pt/Al_xO_y multilayer absorber coatings were deposited onto corning 1737 glass, Si (111) and copper substrates using electron beam (e-beam) vacuum evaporator at room temperature. The employment of ellipsometric measurements and optical simulation was proposed as an effective method to optimize and deposit multilayer solar absorber coatings. The optical constants (n and k) measured using spectroscopic ellipsometry, showed that both Al_xO_y layers, which used in the coatings, were dielectric in nature and the Pt layer was semi-transparent. The optimized multilayer coatings exhibited high solar absorptance α ∼ 0.94 ± 0.01 and low thermal emittance ? ∼ 0.06 ± 0.01 at 82 °C. The Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) data of Al_xO_y/Pt/Al_xO_y multilayer absorber indicated the Al_xO_y layers present in the coating were nearly stoichiometry. The scanning electron microscope analysis (SEM) result indicated that the average diameter and inter-particles distance of Pt grains were statistically about 146 ± 0.17 nm and 6-10 ± 0.2 nm respectively.     

Electrostriction in Pb (Zn13Nb23)O3

The electrostriction in $\text{Pb (Zn}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>3</mtext>}}\text{Nb}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>2</mtext><mtext>3</mtext>}}\text{)}\text{O}{}_3$ crystals has been investigated using a strain gauge method. In the ferroelectric phase below 140 C, the strain vs the electric field shows a hysteresis, which is ascribed to the effect of ferroelectric domains. A quadratic relation holds between the strain x and the electric polarization P as x = QP² above about 170 C in the paraelectric phase. Values of the electrostrictive Q coefficients are determined from the measurements near 190 C, as Q₁₁ = 1.6·10^?2m⁴/C², Q₁₂ = ?0.86·10^?2m⁴/C², and Q₄₄ = 0.85·10^?2m⁴/C².     

Magnetic,electrical and thermal studies on the V1−xMox02

The monoclinic-to-tetragonal structure transition of oxides V_1?xMo_x0₂ with $\text{0≤}\text{x}\text{≤0.20}$ has been studied by means of DTA, X-ray diffraction, magnetic susceptibility (powder samples) and electrical conductivity (single crystals) measurements within the temperature region 80 K to 400 K. A linear decrease of the transition temperature of 11 K per atom % Mo was observed. The magnetic susceptibility of the low temperature phase was found to be temperature independent paramagnetic for all preparations. Electrical conductivity measurements on the same phase showed crystals with $\text{x}\text{? 0.04}$ to be semiconducting, while a metallic behavior was observed in the region $\text{0.10 ?}\text{x}\text{? 0.14}$.     

n-PbTep+−Pb1−xSnxTe heterojunctions prepared by a modified hot wall technique

$\text{n-PbTe}\text{p}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{?}\text{Pb}{}_{\mathrm{1?x}}\text{Sn}{}_{\mathrm{x}}\text{Te}$ heterojunctions with a long wavelength spectral cutoff (λ_c ≈ 6 μm) were prepared using the double-channel hot wall technique. The electrical and photoelectrical properties of the heterojunctions at 77, 197 and 300 K were investigated. Detectors with R_oA equal to 170 Ω cm² and a quantum efficiency of 25–40% were obtained. Reasons for the shift of the long wavelength spectral cutoff of the heterojunctions towards shorter wavelengths are given.     

Reactive plasma deposited SixCyHz films

Si_xC_yH_z films have been prepared at 200°C by reactive plasma deposition from SiH₄ and CH₄ diluted in helium in a tubular reactor. These films have a ratio s (equal to $\text{Si}\text{(}\text{Si+C}\text{))}$ ranging from 0.2 to 0.8, a refractive index ranging from 1.96 to 2.6 and an optical energy band gap in the range 2.7-2.2 eV. The total quantity of hydrogen in the film is 40% when s=0.5. Infrared analysis shows that these films have large fractions of homonuclear bonds and that this material is best described as a polymer. Mass spectrometric measurements of the gaseous products formed in the SiH₄-CH₄-He plasma have been performed and the results are related to the composition of the deposited layers.