镍基高温合金电子束焊接热影响区微裂纹特征分析

利用金相分析和扫描电镜对镍基高温合金电子束焊接热影响区微裂纹行为进行了分析.研究发现,熔合线附近的热影响区产生大量液化裂纹和沿晶扩展的固相裂纹.液化裂纹起源于MC碳化物的组份液化而形成的晶界连续或半连续的低熔点共晶液化膜,固相裂纹形成的则是高能电子束流的快速瞬态热冲击效应的直接结果.通过改善焊缝成形和提高焊接线能量有助于减小两类热影响区微裂纹倾向.     

Al—Li合金的焊接性及其改进途径

本文对Ai-Li合金焊接性的研究现状作了扼要评述。重点是阐述商用Al-Li合金2090和8090焊接时发生的热裂纹敏感性,焊区气孔和接头力学性能等特性。文中对如何改善Al-Li合金焊接性的可能途径进行了讨论。     

基于纳米压痕技术的Ti_2AlNb焊接接头力学性能

焊接热过程产生的组织及相变会改变材料的力学性能,使接头不同微区之间产生力学性能不均匀性,对接头的破坏行为有重要影响。为获得Ti_2AlNb基合金电子束焊接头不同区域的力学性能,采用纳米压痕技术,通过对压头压入材料表面过程的有限元模拟,建立了压痕响应与焊接接头材料本构关系参数之间的无量纲函数,构建了一种逆向获得材料微区弹塑性本构关系的新方法。基于该方法反演获得了Ti_2AlNb电子束焊接头不同微区的本构关系参数及其分布,分析了组织变化对接头微区性能的影响及接头的弱化区间。     

Ti17合金电子束焊接接头的性能及组织分析

分析了Ti17合金真空电子柬焊接接头的显微组织结构及其显微硬度分布规律，并结合室温和高温拉伸试验结果分析了焊接接头的力学性能。结果表明，用电子束焊接方法焊接的Ti17合金其焊缝区和热影响区显微组织为β相基体上分布着细长针状α相，母材为典型的α＋β双相网篮组织，焊后焊缝晶粒细化，焊接接头的焊缝区硬度最高，焊缝的抗拉强度和缺口敏感性均高于母材。     

高强钢焊接接头显微组织的研究进展

综述了热输入、合金元素、冷却速率和应变速率对高强钢焊接接头显微组织的影响和高温共聚焦显微镜原位观察高强钢显微组织的最新研究进展,总结了高强钢焊接接头粗晶热影响区显微组织的转变机理。结果表明:通过延长冷却时间、减少热输入量、控制合金元素的含量和采用预处理提高应变速率等方法,可以调控高强钢焊接接头显微组织中马氏体、粒状贝氏体和针状铁素体的含量达到最佳比例,从而优化高强钢焊接接头的力学性能。通过高温共聚焦显微镜可以观察到高强钢相变的动态过程,从而得出高强钢的相变原理,为高强钢焊接工艺的制定提供指导。     

深潜器用Ti80厚板电子束焊接接头组织性能研究

采用电子束焊接方法焊接深潜器用56 mm厚Ti80合金,并对焊接接头的组织结构和力学性能进行研究。结果表明,焊接接头成形良好,无缺陷;焊缝组织为马氏体α相和残余β相组成的网篮组织;熔合区界线明显,过热区十分窄;热影响区组织由初生α相、马氏体α相和β相组成;焊接接头各区域显微硬度值分布不均匀,由焊缝至母材显微硬度值逐渐下降;拉伸断裂发生在远离焊缝的母材处,接头抗拉强度为935.3 MPa,大于原始母材的911.8 MPa;焊缝冲击吸收功为36.3 J,由焊缝至母材冲击吸收功值逐渐增大,接头各区域冲击断裂方式均为韧性断裂。     

热处理对粉末冶金Inconel 718合金TIG焊接的组织和性能的影响

用真空感应熔炼惰性气体雾化法(Vacuum induction melting inert gas atomization, VIGA)制备预合金粉末,然后用热等静压(Hot isostatic pressing, HIP)工艺制备粉末冶金Inconel 718板材。用钨极惰性气体保护焊(Tungstun inert gas arc welding, TIG)将板材连接并进行焊后固溶时效、均匀化和热等静压处理。用SEM和EBSD表征焊接接头的组织并测试接头区域的显微硬度,研究了焊后热处理对接头显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,母材为细小的等轴晶,晶粒尺寸约为28μm,拉伸强度接近对同牌号变形高温合金的要求。在粉末冶金Inconel 718合金的接头处未观察到宏观气孔和夹杂等焊接缺陷,热处理后接头的强度与母材的性能相当。均匀化处理后Laves相基本上溶解了,组织均匀、塑性明显提高;热等静压处理可消除焊接后板材的显微孔洞,使力学性能的稳定性提高。在拉伸过程中合金的焊接接头优先在Laves相与基体的界面产生微气孔,其聚集产生微裂纹并最终发生断裂。     

热输入对Inconel 617镍基高温合金激光焊接接头显微组织与力学性能的影响EI北大核心

采用两种热输入不同的焊接工艺参数对3 mm壁厚的Inconel 617镍基高温合金进行激光焊接。通过光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对焊接接头显微组织进行观察分析,并测试了焊接接头在室温(25℃)及高温(900℃)下的拉伸性能。结果表明:激光焊接热输入对Inconel 617焊接接头显微组织及力学性能影响明显。在高热输入(200 J/mm)条件下,焊缝正面宽度3.88 mm,熔化区中部晶粒尺寸粗大,取向杂乱,树枝晶二次枝晶间距较大(6.71μm),枝晶间碳化物颗粒尺寸较为粗大,枝晶间Mo,Cr等合金元素的凝固偏析较为严重。焊接接头热影响区宽度约0.29 mm,在晶界和晶内形成了γ+碳化物共晶组织,这是由于焊接升温过程中,热影响区内球状碳化物颗粒与周边奥氏体发生组分液化,并在焊后凝固过程中形成共晶。低热输入(90 J/mm)工艺参数获得的焊缝正面宽度为2.28 mm,焊缝呈沿熔合线母材外延生长并沿热流方向定向凝固形成的柱状晶形态。焊缝中部树枝晶二次枝晶间距较小(2.26μm),枝晶间碳化物颗粒尺寸细小,热影响区宽度约0.15 mm。室温(25℃)拉伸测试表明:高热输入下获得的焊接接头由于焊缝中固溶元素偏析造成的局部组织弱化,从焊缝中部破坏,强度与伸长率有所降低,低热输入条件下获得的焊接接头从母材破坏。而高温实验条件下(900℃),母材晶界发生弱化导致所有试样均从母材破坏。     

X70埋弧焊钢管焊接接头热影响区冲击吸收能量波动分析

高钢级管线钢焊接接头热影响区冲击试验结果分散性较大,为了研究其冲击吸收能量波动的影响因素,对X70埋弧焊钢管焊接接头熔合线位置的冲击试验结果进行了分析。结果表明:X70埋弧焊钢管焊接接头热影响区熔合线位置冲击吸收能量较低,但在-10℃试验温度下,熔合线位置平均冲击吸收能量也达到了100J以上;X70埋弧焊钢管焊接接头热影响区熔合线冲击吸收能量的显著波动是由刻槽位置的偏差及裂纹扩展走向的不确定性引起的。     

Q345D钢结构梁腹板对接接头裂纹分析

Q345D钢结构梁腹板对接接头热影响区出现了长约100mm的裂纹。采用金相方法观察了接头热影响区和母材的组织以及裂纹的宏观形貌，采用扫描电镜观察了裂纹的微观形貌以及对微区的化学成分分析。分析结果表明，焊接接头热影响区没有形成淬硬组织。裂纹两侧出现了一定宽度的脱碳层，脱碳层内部出现了二次氧化产物。该裂纹并不是焊接过程产生的裂纹，而是钢坯轧制以前其表面已存在微裂纹所致。     

Single pass laser joining of Inconel 718 superalloy with filler

Abstract

Microstructure and mechanical property of CO₂ laser beam welded IN 718 superalloy were studied by electron microscopy and hardness testing. The use of a welding filler wire produced a sound fusion zone with no cracking but grain boundary microfissuring occurred in the heat affected zone (HAZ) and was observed to be significantly influenced by pre-weld heat treatment and laser welding speed. Crack-free weld was produced by a pre-weld heat treatment that minimised non-equilibirum grain boundary boron segregation and inhibited grain growth. While post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) reduced the difference between the hardness values of the base alloy, HAZ and the fusion zone, it resulted in increased HAZ cracking, which was likely aided by pre-existing cracks. The PWHT cracking was, however, avoided by subjecting pre-weld material to the heat treatment condition that produces crack-free weld during welding process.     

Formation and evolution of layered structure in dissimilar welded joints between ferritic-martensitic steel and 316L stainless steel with fillers

Dissimilar high-energy beam (HEB) welding is necessary in many industrial applications. Different composition of heat-affected zone (HAZ) and weld metal (WM) lead to variation in mechanical properties within the dissimilar joint, which determines the performance of the welded structure. In the present study, appropriate filler material was used during electron beam welding (EBW) to obtain a reliable dissimilar joint between reduced-activation ferritic-martensitic (RAFM) steel and 316 L austenitic stainless steel. It was observed that the layered structure occurred in the weld metal with 310S filler (310S-WM), which had the inferior resistance to thermal disturbance, leading to severe hardening of 310S-WM after one-step tempering treatment. To further ameliorate the joint inhomogeneity, two-step heat treatment processes were imposed to the joints and optimized. δ-ferrite in the layered structure transformed into γ-phase in the first-step normalizing and remained stable during cooling. In the second-step of tempering, tempered martensite was obtained in the HAZ of the RAFM steel, while the microstructure of 310S-WM was not affected. Thus, the optimized properties for HAZ and 310S-WM in dissimilar welded joint was both obtained by a two-step heat treatment. The creep failure position of two dissimilar joints both occurred in CLAM-BM.     

Analysis of laser beam weldability of Inconel 738 superalloy

The susceptibility of pre-weld heat treated laser beam welded IN 738 superalloy to heat affected zone (HAZ) cracking was studied. A pre-weld heat treatment that produced the minimal grain boundary liquation resulted in a higher level of cracking compared to those with more intergranular liquation. This deviation from the general expectation of influence of intergranular liquation extent on HAZ microfissuring is attributable to the reduction in the ability of the base alloy to accommodate welding tensile stress that accompanied a pre-weld heat treatment condition designed to minimize intergranular liquation. Furthermore, in contrast to what has been generally reported in other nickel-based superalloys, a decrease in laser welding speed resulted in increased HAZ cracking in the IN 738, which can be attributed to exacerbated process instability at lower welding speeds.     

Effect of electron beam welding on the microstructures and mechanical properties of thick TC4-DT alloy

Electron beam welding (EBW) was applied to 50 mm thick damage-tolerant Ti–6Al–4V (TC4-DT) alloy, and microstructure, microhardness and tensile properties of the defect-free welded joints were examined. The results indicated that the microstructure of the base metal is composed of primary α phases and the lamellar (α + β) bimodal structure. For the EBW joint, martensite basketweave microstructure is formed in fusion zone (FZ). Moreover, the heat affected zone (HAZ) near FZ consists of acicular martensite and a small portion of primary α phase. The HAZ near base metal consists of primary α phase and transformed β containing aciculate α. It is found that the boundary of the two portions of the HAZ was dependent on the β phase transus temperature during weld cooling. Microhardness values for FZ and HAZ are higher than that of base metal, and there are the peak values for the HAZ near the weld metal. The fracture locations of all the EBW tensile specimens are in base metal, and the ultimate tensile strength of the joints may reach about 95% of the base metal. In addition, with the depth increasing along the weld thick direction, the grain size of the FZ decreases and microhardness increases.     

Thermographic Assessment of the HAZ Properties and Structure of Thermomechanically Treated Steel

Thermomechanically processed steels are materials of great mechanical properties connected with more than good weldability. This mixture makes them interesting for different types of industrial applications. When creating welded joints, a specified amount of heat is introduced into the welding area and a so called heat-affected zone (HAZ) is formed. The key issue is to reduce the width of the HAZ, because properties of the material in the HAZ are worse than in the base material. In the paper, thermographic measurements of HAZ temperatures were presented as a potential tool for quality assuring the welding process in terms of monitoring and control. The main issue solved was the precise temperature measurement in terms of varying emissivity during a welding thermal cycle. A model of emissivity changes was elaborated and successfully applied. Additionally, material in the HAZ was tested to reveal its properties and connect changes of those properties with heating parameters. The obtained results prove that correctly modeled emissivity allows measurement of temperature, which is a valuable tool for welding process monitoring.     

Microstructural analysis of fusion and heat affected zones in electron beam welded ALLVAC 718PLUS™ superalloy

The fusion zone and heat affected zone (HAZ) microstructures of electron beam welded superalloy 718PLUS™ (718 Plus) that has been newly developed by ATI ALLVAC were examined. The microsegregation pattern during solidification of the fusion zone indicated that while Fe, Co, W, and Cr segregated to the core of the gamma dendrites, Nb, Ti, and Al were extensively rejected into the interdendritic liquid. Electron diffraction and X-ray microanalysis using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the fusion zone showed that the major secondary phases that formed from the interdendritic liquid were gamma/MC type carbide eutectic and gamma/Laves eutectic constituents. HAZ microstructure showed partially melted zone immediately adjacent to the fusion zone and intergranular microfissuring associated with resolidified products which suggested that HAZ cracking in this alloy occurred by liquation cracking. Microstructural examination of the HAZ using analytical scanning electron microscope showed resolidified gamma/Laves eutectic on the cracked and backfilled grain boundaries. Fine resolidified MC type carbide particles were also observed in the HAZ. Causes of grain boundary liquation were identified and the solidification of intergranular liquid in the HAZ was discussed.     

A study on mechanical and microstructure characteristics of the STS304L butt joints using hybrid CO2 laser-gas metal arc welding

In order to examine mechanical characteristics of the stainless steel (STS304L) hybrid welded butt joints, two-dimensional thermal elasto-plastic analysis has been carried out. To this end, a 2D simulation model has been developed considering hybrid welding features. Based on thermal history data obtained from this heat source model, the residual stress distribution in weld metal (WM), heat affected zone (HAZ) and base metal (BM) characteristics have been calculated and found to be in reasonable agreement with the experimentally measured values. In order to investigate the effect of welding process, thermal elasto-plastic behaviour of the hybrid welded joints was compared with a welded joints obtained by conventional submerged arc welding (SAW) process. The results show that the longitudinal residual stress in the hybrid welded joints is less (13–15%) than that of the SA welded joints. Weld metal formed in both welding processes shows very fine dendritic structure. Due to higher heat input in SAW, the HAZ size of the SA welded joints is more than twice that of the hybrid welded joints. Therefore, from mechanical and metallurgical point of view, it could be confirmed that it makes a good sense to use SAW instead of hybrid CO₂ laser-gas metal arc welding (GMAW) for butt joint of the STS304L thick steel.     

Heat affected zone cracking in cast inconel 718

Electron beam welding parameters have been shown to influence heat-affected zone (HAZ) microfissuring behavior in cast Inconel 718 (Inconel is a trademark of INCO Alloys). Travel speed was shown to be the most significant factor in influencing HAZ cracking behavior by modifying the thermal gradient(s) and subsequently the stress state in the HAZ. This has been shown previously to be related to a change in weld pool geometry and to the effect of speed on heat flow in the weld zone.

Microfissuring in the HAZ was observed to occur intergranularly in areas containing Laves phase. Liquation of the Laves phase and subsequent wetting of the grain boundary is believed to be but one element of the complex interactions occuring in the HAZ during the weld thermal cycle.     

Weldability and properties of martensitic/austenitic stainless steel joints

Abstract

A series of studies has been carried out to examine the weldability and properties of dissimilar steel joints using martensitic and austenitic stainless steels F6NM (OCr13Ni4Mo) and AISI 347, respectively. This type of joint requires good mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and a stable magnetic permeability in addition to a good weldability. Weldability tests include weld thermal simulation of the martensitic steel to investigate the influence of weld thermal cycles and post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the heat affected zone (HAZ); implant testing to examine the tendency for cold cracking of martensitic steel; and rigid restraint testing to determine hot crack susceptibility of the multipass dissimilar steel joints. The simulation results indicated that the toughness of the martensitic steel HAZ did not change significantly after the weld thermal cycles. The implant test results indicated that welds produced using nickel based filler show no tendency for cold cracking, whereas welds produced using martensitic or ferritic filler show such a tendency. Based on the weldability tests, a welding procedure (tungsten inert gas welding for root passes with HNiCrMo-2B wire followed by manual metal arc welding using ENiCrFe-3B coated electrode) was developed and a PWHT at 600°C for 2 h was recommended. Joints produced using the developed welding procedure are not susceptible to hot and cold cracking. After PWHT the joints exhibit both satisfactory mechanical properties and stress corrosion cracking resistance.

MST/1955