线性相位有限冲激响应滤波器的实现

介绍线性相位滤波器的一种实现方法,即采用有限冲激响应（FIR）滤波器的窗函数法设计线性相位的数字滤波器。     

基于时频分析和改进差分进化的多点泄漏定位方法

当管道同时发生多个泄漏点时,多个泄漏点的声波信号出现混叠,从而影响泄漏声信号的传播和衰减规律。在多点泄漏声波信号混叠的情况下,传统的泄漏定位方法无法对多个泄漏点进行有效定位。为此,提出了一种基于时频分析和改进差分进化的多点泄漏定位方法。由于变分模态分解(variational mode decomposing, VMD)的分解模态个数对特征提取有影响,因此采用能量函数估计分解模态个数,从而对VMD改进。然后采用改进VMD对多点泄漏声波信号进行处理。另外,通过时频分析(time-frequency analysis, TFA)估计多个泄漏点数量,从而得到多点泄漏的定位函数。差分进化(differential evolution, DE)算法易陷入局部最优,在进化后期收敛速度较慢,采用粒子群优化(particle swarm optimization, PSO)算法提高DE的全局收敛速度,并通过改进的差分进化算法估计多个泄漏点的位置。在管道现场进行多点泄漏的模拟试验,试验结果表明该方法能够准确地估计多点泄漏位置,泄漏定位的最小误差为18 m。     

心电信号滤波后相位延迟的消除

针对心电信号中采用FIR数字滤波器滤波后产生相位延迟的现象,由FIR数字滤波器的相位特性出发,分别从窗口长度为奇数和偶数两种情况分析并推导产生这种现象的原因,得到FIR数字滤波器的阶数和相位延迟的关系。采用数据扩展的方法对滤波后的信号进行处理,很好的消除这种相位延迟的现象。在MATLAB环境下的仿真实验证实所推导的阶数和相位延迟的关系。采用数据扩展的方法可以完全消除相位延迟,用MATLAB仿真证明可以得到与初始信号相位一致的波形,从而满足滤波实时性的要求。     

基于输气管道泄漏声发射信号特征的小波基构造研究EI北大核心CSCD

小波分析是目前管道泄漏检测中应用极为广泛的降噪方法,但使用的均为通用小波基函数,不能有效匹配具体的管道泄漏声发射信号,从而降低了降噪效果。针对该问题,通过数学解析模型计算得到管道泄漏声发射仿真信号,再以此信号为基础,构造出了适合管道泄漏特征的小波基函数。利用构造的小波基对试验泄漏信号进行降噪并做互相关计算,结果表明,当小波消失矩为3或4、滤波器支撑长度为8时的泄漏定位误差最小,仅为3.62%。将此构造小波基与通用小波基系列分别对试验泄漏信号进行降噪并做互相关计算,结果表明,采用构造小波基时的泄漏定位误差是最小的。这说明该小波基符合管道泄漏声发射信号的基本特征,从而可以更有效地抑制噪声,降低管道泄漏定位的误差。     

管道泄漏数学模型及测试技术

通过分析建立管道泄漏数学模型,研究泄漏引发的瞬态负压波在管道中的传播过程,编制离线软件模拟管道泄漏事故.在此基础上,运用瞬态负压波法在实验环道上进行泄漏监测实验.实验数据采集系统由HB26S型扩散硅压力传感器和PCI-1800L型A/D采集转换芯片组成,采集设在环道首末端处监测点的压力信号,并以此信号判断泄漏是否发生.运用信号相关处理方法对环道首末端监测点的压力信号进行处理,得到泄漏引发的瞬态负压波传播到环道首末端监测点的时间差,实现漏点的定位.实验结果验证了瞬态负压波泄漏检测方法的有效性和极性相关漏点定位法准确性.     

基于迭代递推的供水管道多泄漏点声定位方法

针对多泄漏点产生的声发射信号及环境噪声对供水管道泄漏定位的影响,进行供水管道多泄漏点声定位方法研究。发展了一种基于迭代递推的供水管道多泄漏点声定位方法,研究迭代递推中品质因数阈值、信噪比阈值、相位偏移量的寻优区间和泄漏相关时频点的判定阈值等参数选择对泄漏定位效果的影响,并优选出适合的参数值。在此基础上,进行供水管道多漏点检测实验;结果表明,该方法可以实现管道上多个泄漏检测和定位,且定位误差小于1 m。研究工作为实际供水管道多泄漏点检测及定位提供了可行的解决方案。     

管道结构中含同轴穿孔管时的声传播特性

本文着重分析研究管道结构中含同轴穿孔管时的声传播特性，借助成熟的管道声学理论对典型结构作了严格的分析，阐明了结构内的存在两种类型声波：一为普通的平面声波，声压的相位和振幅在穿孔管内外区域保持相同；另一为特殊的声波，它由于穿孔管壁的耦合作用而产生，其声压的相位在内外区域正好相反，而振幅与截面积成反比，并且波数也与平面波的波数有所不同。文中对含同轴穿孔管的一些典型结构，作了定量分析，导出进口界面上声阻     

气液混输管道段塞流泄漏声波产生机理研究EI北大核心CSCD

气液混输管道的泄漏检测问题是油气混输管道安全运行的重要保障,段塞流是常见流型,同时也是研究难度最大的流型。为研究气液混输管道段塞流型下泄漏声波信号产生的机理,基于Fluent动网格以及UDF模拟泄漏发生的全过程,从气动声学与涡声理论出发分析泄漏全过程的流场、涡量以及声压变化,并与试验采集的声波信号与模拟信号进行类比,得到泄漏过程声波产生的机理。研究结果表明,气液混输管道段塞流泄漏后声波幅值增大,泄漏声源以偶极子声源为主;管道持续泄漏时,声源声压幅值随气塞与液塞交替到达泄漏口而呈周期性脉动;气液混输管道泄漏声压与总压波动趋势一致,可通过测量流体压力波动的方式获得泄漏声源产生的声波波动。泄漏孔径、气液流量是段塞流型下气液混输管道声波波动的主要影响因素。动网格仿真模拟与试验结合的方法可用于研究气液混输管道段塞流泄漏声波产生的机理。     

混合干涉型分布式光纤天然气管道泄漏检测及定位方法研究

介绍了一种基于马赫-曾德尔和萨格纳克混合干涉仪原理的分布式光纤天然气管道泄漏检测系统.阐述了检测系统的检测原理及泄漏定位方法,在泄漏点距法拉第旋转镜为6 032m处进行了气体管道泄漏检测实验并重复做了20次试验,测试了传感光纤与泄漏点不同夹角对检测系统性能的影响.实验结果表明,该系统可以检测出管道内气体压力为0.3MPa、泄漏孔径为2.5mm的微小泄漏信号并进行定位,平均相对定位误差为1.29%.在40mm的管道外径下,传感光纤与泄漏点夹角在0～180°范围内,检测系统均能检测出泄漏信号并进行定位.     

泄漏声振动传播信道辨识及其在泄漏点定位中的应用

在基于声振动信号处理的传统泄漏定位方法中,已知振动信号在被测管道中的传播速度是该类方法的应用前提,但在实际检测中发现,该声速很难准确获知。采用盲系统辨识方法估计泄漏信号传播信道响应函数,并从中提取源信号从漏点传播到采集点的时间信息,从而不依赖泄漏信号传播速度定位漏点。盲辨识中,采用O verlap-Save和相关函数配准原理构建代价函数,解决高阶信道估计和信道间的病态问题;采用遗传算法对多目标函数进行全局最优化,避免梯度算法收敛陷入局部最小点。应用表明,通过泄漏声振动传播信道辨识,在声速未知情况下,泄漏定位平均误差在1 m以内。     

Reliability Enhancement in Nondestructive Evaluation: Development of Practical Rules for Vacuum Type Helium Leak Tests

In helium leak testing, reliability is an important factor and while attempting to improve this, lot of challenges are being faced. There are contributors for bringing in variations in leak meter readings obtained during system sensitivity check and actual leak test which ultimately affect the final measured leakage rate of test object and they need to be controlled for obtaining reliable results. Response times of leaks are affected by vacuum side volumes, contaminations in vacuum side, leaked gas travel path restrictions on vacuum side and nature of actual leak paths and their gas flow impedances. Hence, actual consideration of real responses of leaks is to be practiced for a reliable test. The traditional concept of using estimate for percentage helium concentration in test hoods is modified by a novel method for its exact determination which improves reliability in tests. Also, practical rules are derived for the reliable identification of leak locations from response time concept. Spurious indications caused by leaks in temporary test rig joints or due to leaks from joints or passages not in the scope of test are other impediments for a reliable test. The response of system changes instantly by spurious indications and hence they require elimination by adopting innovative methods.     

Numerical analysis of wall shear patterns on the external wall of an API 5L X42 natural gas pipe

Natural gas pipeline is designed and constructed according to stringent international codes and standards, thus it hardly to rupture or leaks. However, erosive water jet from leaked water pipeline is able to erode the pipe surfaces and lead to its failure. Due to complications in understanding the subsurface hydrodynamics of buried pipe condition, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is commonly used to predict its characteristics to provide multifaceted overview of the erosion phenomenon. In this study, CFD simulation of multiple water leakage surface of 0.05 m diameter at 9 atm water pipeline pressure was performed with separation distance of 0.05 m, using standard k–epsilon model (SKE) of turbulent model. Simulation results were obtained using discrete random walk to determine the instantaneous fluid velocity. It was found that different region of water shear and sand shear on natural gas pipelines was formed due to the strikes of erosive slurry at different angles. The CFD simulation results showed that sand was the primary cause of the natural gas pipe wall shear, causing cutting and deformation region on the surface of gas pipe. The erosion pattern of the three ruptured holes from the incident sites had a similar trend with those from simulated CFD results of water jetting source at angles of 45°, 60°, and 75°.     

The Effect of Phosphate on the Properties of Copper Drinking Water Pipes Experiencing Localized Corrosion

Extensive localized or pitting corrosion of copper pipes used in household drinking water plumbing can eventually lead to pinhole water leaks that may result in water damage, mold growth, and costly repairs. Water chemistry has been recognized as the cause of some community-wide copper pinhole leak outbreaks. A large drinking water system in Florida recently switched from pH adjustment and orthophosphate addition to a blended ortho-polyphosphate chemical to address this problem. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of phosphates on the morphology and elemental composition of the interior surface of failed copper pipes removed from homes in the community. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis of pipe surfaces revealed the build-up of phosphorus over time. Phosphorus was most greatly concentrated over areas of localized corrosion attack. Examination of the corrosion by-product mounds that covered corroding pits showed that phosphorus had migrated to the region adjacent to the copper pipe wall. Distinct copper–phosphorus solids were identified under SEM magnification; however, no crystalline copper–phosphate compound was identified by x-ray diffraction analysis.     

输流管道耦合动力特性分析

管道中流体和弹性体之间的相互作用是引起管道振动的主要原因,这种流固耦合作用对管道动力特性有直接影响。通过实验和数值分析研究输流管道在流固耦合作用下的振动模态、幅频响应等动力特性的变化规律。根据流体三维波动方程和管道动力学方程之间的耦合关系建立空间输流管道系统的直接流固耦合动力有限元模型,进行管道系统有无流体两种工况下的模态实验。通过和实验结果的对比,验证了输流管道耦合动力学模型的合理性和流体对管道模态的影响,研究了不同频率下流固耦合特性对管道幅频响应的影响及作用机理。发现水介质流体显著降低了管道固有频率,但是在不同频率下流体对管道幅频响应的作用效果并不相同。     

Failure analysis of a welded steel pipe at Kullar fault crossing

The seismic response of a 2200-mm-diameter welded steel pipe at strike slip Kullar fault crossing in Izmit, Kocaeli during 1999 Kocaeli earthquake is investigated. The pipe was crossing the fault-line with an angle of 55° and suffered leaks due to 3.0 m of right lateral movement of fault, which imposed compressive axial strain in the pipe. The backfill material of the trench was native soil which was non-homogenous (soft and stiff clay) with respect to fault line-soft material on the North side, stiff material on the South side. Field observations revealed two major wrinkles with finger width cracks and a minor wrinkle on the soft soil side of the fault. Large plastic strains and local folding were observed at wrinkles due to compressive strains. The case is known as one of the best documented fault crossing examples.The failure behavior of the Thames water pipe during 1999 Kocaeli earthquake is simulated by utilizing a 3D nonlinear continuum FE model. The numerical model considers contact surface at soil pipe interface and performs large deformation analyses of the pipe. The locations of wrinkles as well as axial displacements/rotations demands due to fault rupture are predicted. It is observed that once wrinkle initiates, strain in the pipe away from the wrinkle reduces after initial local buckling and additional shortening of the pipeline tends to accumulate at the wrinkle causing large plastic strains and rotation demands associated with fault rupture, an observation consistent with field observations and 2005 ALA guidelines.     

Simple models for evaluating effects of small leaks on the gas barrier properties of food packages

A detailed theoretical analysis and calculations were made for providing a simple and explicit means to evaluate the effects of small leaks on the barrier properties of food packages. Small leaks, such as pinholes and channel leaks, were approximated as cylindrical pores with diameters of 50–300 μm. The first part of the current study proposes a simple mathematical model based on Fick's law of diffusion, which accounts for both the gas leakage across small leaks and the gas permeation across package walls. The model uses an effective permeability that depends on leak dimensions, type of diffusing gas, type of packaging material and gas conditions around the leak ends. In the second part of the study, three practical cases are presented to illustrate the application of the proposed model in examining the significance of leaks. These demonstrate in a simple and explicit manner that for LDPE packages: (a) leaks affect the oxygen transfer more than the water vapour transfer; (b) leak effects are more significant at lower storage temperatures; and (c) that for high gas barrier packages, the effect of leaks is very important and should not be neglected. The model can be also used to arrive at conclusions about the significance of leaks in other packaging situations (e.g. other than LDPE packaging materials) and to correct the shelf‐life estimation of gas‐ and water vapour‐sensitive foods for errors from package leaks. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

组合声源测试消声器传递损失的噪声信号修正方法

针对某些传递损失较大的消声器,现有白噪声测试设备的单一噪声源发生器无法满足消声量的测试需求。通过采用低频和中频两种声源发生器,利用过渡管道与测试管道垂直连接的方式,实现了两种声源组合发声对消声器声学性能的测试。为了解决过渡管道与组合声源系统连接处声阻抗变化,导致输出的噪声信号频谱特性随机波动的问题,提出了一种噪声信号的修正方法。该方法基于四传感器法测量过渡管道声阻抗,根据过渡管道传递矩阵,以随机白噪声为激励源输出的管口噪声作为输出声压信号,得到组合声源系统的输入声压信号,实现了对组合声源系统声音信号的补偿。实验结果表明,与传统均衡器调节方法相比,该方法能够在较宽的测试频率范围内输出平稳的声压信号;其次,利用修正前后的声学信号对扩张腔的传递损失进行测量,修正后得到的测试曲线与理论值吻合度较高,证明了该方法的可行性。     

Statistical models for the analysis of water distribution system pipe break data

The deterioration of pipes leading to pipe breaks and leaks in urban water distribution systems is of concern to water utilities throughout the world. Pipe breaks and leaks may result in reduction in the water-carrying capacity of the pipes and contamination of water in the distribution systems. Water utilities incur large expenses in the replacement and rehabilitation of water mains, making it critical to evaluate the current and future condition of the system for maintenance decision-making. This paper compares different statistical regression models proposed in the literature for estimating the reliability of pipes in a water distribution system on the basis of short time histories. The goals of these models are to estimate the likelihood of pipe breaks in the future and determine the parameters that most affect the likelihood of pipe breaks. The data set used for the analysis comes from a major US city, and these data include approximately 85,000 pipe segments with nearly 2500 breaks from 2000 through 2005. The results show that the set of statistical models previously proposed for this problem do not provide good estimates with the test data set. However, logistic generalized linear models do provide good estimates of pipe reliability and can be useful for water utilities in planning pipe inspection and maintenance.     

Sectional lumped parameter model using bond graph and simulation for hot asphalt pipelines

ABSTRACT

In order to achieve the matching control of hot asphalt and foaming water and improve the quality of foamed asphalt, fully considering the characteristics of the asphalt pipeline is necessary. Our dynamic model of the hot asphalt pipeline system was constructed by a sectional lumped parameter method, and the dynamic characteristics of the hot asphalt pipeline system were analyzed using Simulink software. The results showed that with decreasing pipe diameter and increasing pipe length and asphalt viscosity, the fluid pressure, flow vibration frequency, and amplitude reduced at the pipeline nozzle, whereas the loss increased. Under these conditions, the dynamic response of the pressure and flow reached the steady state faster. In contrast, with increasing pipe diameter and decreasing pipe length and asphalt viscosity, the fluid pressure, flow vibration frequency, and amplitude increased at the pipeline nozzle, whereas the loss decreased. The dynamic response speed of the pressure and flow attained steady state at a slower pace.     

组合声源管路信号失真的自适应修正方法研究

针对使用外置声源模拟汽车进气、排气噪声进行空气声传递路径分析的试验中,现有低频声源无法发出进排气时频率为30 Hz的低频噪声,同时由于低频声源体积过大需要过渡管道才能将噪声信号传输至排气尾管.为了解决声源系统引入过渡管道带来的声阻抗变化,提出了一种自适应预滤波的噪声修正方法.该方法采用最小均方误差自适应算法对系统逆传递...