Quantitative risk assessment for accidental release of titanium tetrachloride in a titanium sponge production plant

This paper outlines the quantitative risk assessment for storage and purification section of a titanium sponge production facility. Based on qualitative HAZAN technique, which involves a detailed FETI and HAZOP study of the entire plant, the storage and the purification section were found to be the most hazardous sections. Titanium tetrachloride (TiCl(4)) is the major reactant used in this plant. TiCl(4) is a toxic, corrosive water reactive chemical and on spillage from containment creates a liquid pool that can either boil or evaporate leading to the evolution of toxic hydrogen chloride (HCl). Fault tree analysis technique has been used to identify the basic events responsible for the top event occurrence and calculate their probabilities. Consequence analysis of the probable scenarios has been carried out and the risk has been estimated in terms of fatality and injuries. These results form the basic inputs for the risk management decisions.     

水热合成高纯四方相钛酸钡纳米粉末研究

以廉价易得氯化钡,四氯化钛为原料,在240℃下仅用12h水热合成得到四方相钛酸钡纳米粉末,从而为纳米粉末的产生化提供了简便条件。水热产物经XRD,SEM,XRF等手段特征,发现提高氢氧化钠过量的浓度,降低反应物四氯化钛浓度有利于四方相钛酸钡纳米粉末的生成,同时在水热产物中没有发现碳酸根和氯离子等残余的杂质表明产物具有较高的纯度。产物粒度小于100nm,比表面积为12m^2/g.     

Quantitative analysis of polyethylene blends by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

The quantitative analysis of binary polyethylene (PE) blends by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy has been achieved based on the ratio of two absorbance peaks in an FT-IR spectrum. The frequencies for the absorbance ratio are selected based on structural entities of the PE components in the blend. A linear relationship between the absorbance ratio and the blend composition was found to exist if one of the absorbance peaks is distinct to one of the components and the other peak is common to both components. It was also found that any peak resulting from short-chain branching in copolymers (such as linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) or metallocene-catalyzed LLDPE (mLLDPE)), is suitable for use as the peak that is designated as being distinct to that component. In order to optimize the linearity of the equation, however, the selection of the second common peak is the most important and depends on the blend system studied. Indeed, under certain circumstances peaks that are not spectrally distinct can be used successfully to apply the method. The method exhibits potential for the routine analysis of PE blends that have been calibrated prior to its application.     

Quantitative analysis of the projectile impact on rock using infrared thermography

The transient process of rock, normally impacted by a gas gun, was monitored with a thermal infrared (TIR) imager. The geometric features and the radiant characteristics of the infrared thermography in target region were extracted and regressively analyzed. Both the projectile's impacting velocity and kinetic energy were back analyzed based on the extracted geometric features and the radiant characteristic parameters of target thermography. It was revealed that: (1) there is a critical velocity at which target thermography is regular and centrally symmetrical; (2) within the critical velocity, the impacting velocity is linearly correlated to the perimeter of target thermography and is quadratically correlated to the TIR temperature increment, while the projectile kinetic energy is linearly correlated to both the area and the increment of the TIR radiant flux of the target thermography; (3) for a quantitative back analysis of the impact-related parameters, both geometric features and radiant characteristics can be applied. It was suggested that the perimeter and the TIR radiant flux increment of the target thermography can applied as the principal indices (with an error of less than 5%), while the area and the TIR temperature increment of target thermography can act as other auxiliary indices (with an error of less than 15%). The possible mechanisms of variations in IR radiation for impact on rock are discussed. The results are of general significance for the impact on other types of rocks or solid materials, and might extend the application of infrared remote sensing from a static geosciences domain to a dynamic mechanical domain.     

Quantitative determination of moisture in lubricants by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

This paper describes the development of a practical Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) method for the determination of moisture in lubricants through the combined use of signal transduction and differential spectroscopy to circumvent matrix effects. The acid-catalyzed stoichiometric reaction of 2,2-dimethoxypropane (DMP) with moisture to produce acetone was used to provide IR signals proportional to the amount of moisture present in oils. Calibration standards were prepared by spiking polyalphaolefin (PAO) gravimetrically with water using dioxane as a carrier. For FT-IR analysis, standards and samples were diluted with acidified isooctane and then split, with one aliquot treated with DMP and the other with a blank reagent. The spectra of the two aliquots were collected, and a differential spectrum was obtained so as to ratio out the invariant spectral contributions from the sample. Quantitation for moisture was based on measurement of the peak height of the nu(C=O) absorption of acetone at 1717 cm(-1), yielding a standard error of calibration of approximately 40 ppm H2O. The method was validated by standard addition of water in dioxane to PAO containing added base as well as to new and used oils. In all cases the method responded quantitatively to standard addition, the average standard error of prediction being approximately 80 ppm, with the results showing only a minor dependence on the oil formulation. From an analytical perspective, the FT-IR method is both more reproducible and more accurate than Karl Fischer methods and has advantages in terms of environmental considerations, sample size, and speed of analysis as well as the variety of oil types that can be handled. Signal transduction/differential spectroscopy may have broader utility as an alternative means for the determination of low levels of moisture in complex matrices.     

Quantitative analysis of hemoglobin content in polymeric nanoparticles as blood substitutes using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

Based on the penetrability of IR within the polymeric nanoparticles, a novel Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) method, with polyacrylonitrile (PAN) as the internal reference standard, was developed to quantify the hemoglobin (Hb) content in Hb-based polymeric nanoparticles (HbPN). The HbPN was fabricated by double emulsion method from poly(ethylene glycol)–poly(lactic acid)–poly(ethylene glycol) triblock copolymers. Depending on the characteristic un-overlapped IR absorbances at 1540 cm⁻¹ of Hb (amide II) and at 2241 cm⁻¹ of PAN (–C≡N), calibration equations, presenting the peak height ratio of Hb and PAN as a function of the weight ratio of Hb and PAN, were established. This new quantification method is validated and used to the determination Hb content in HbPN. Due to the good results of this calibration strategy, the proposed simple FTIR approach with minimal sample-needed and solvent-free makes it useful for routine analysis of protein content and could be also applied to any other drug/protein encapsulated particles.     

Quantitative analysis of boron in solids by autoradiography

A non-destructive method of quantitative analysis for boron is described. The method, which depends on the use of a plastic film to record tracks from the ¹⁰B(n, )⁷Li reaction, is in general applicable to any solid material but is here described in detail for the analysis of ferrous alloys. Boron contents from 1 ppm to 10% may be determined, and the technique may be applied also to microanalysis of individual features such as precipitates and grain-boundaries in the metal structure.