砂土统一本构模型研究及其三维数值实现

基于广义塑性理论与临界状态概念,研究提出了一个统一三维砂土本构模型,通过一组参数实现了砂土由压缩至剪切过程中状态参量的统一表述。基于ABAQUS提供的用户自定义材料子程序UMAT接口,利用Fortran语言编程实现了该三维弹塑性本构关系模型在软件中的二次开发。分别利用Toyoura砂、Fuji River砂以及Tokachi砂的剪切试验数据与数值模拟结果进行对比,结果表明:提出的有限元计算模型可以有效反映加载过程中不同围压和砂土初始密度对应力-应变曲线的影响,能够准确描述密砂的剪胀特性与应变软化特性以及松砂的剪缩特性与应变硬化特性,从而更加真实地反映三维应力状态下土的变形和强度特性。研究成果进一步扩展了ABAQUS在岩土工程中的应用范围,能够为岩土工程领域的数值分析计算提供更加快捷的解决方案。     

基于SMP破坏准则的土体弹塑性动力本构模型

利用土体的塑性流动理论,提出了用于描述饱和砂土动力反应性质的弹塑性本构模型。土体总的变形由三部分组成:即弹性应变、与体积屈服机制相关的塑性应变和与剪切屈服机制相关的塑性应变。土体在初始加载与卸载和重新加载阶段性质的差别通过采用不同的模型参数加以反映。该模型能够较为准确地描述饱和砂土在单调加载和循环加载条件下的反应性质。     

基于非共轴理论的各向异性砂土应变局部化分析

针对各向异性砂土应变局部化分析中本构模型存在的不足,采用非共轴理论进行改进。传统塑性位势理论采用各向同性假设,导致其模型不能描述非共轴特性和不能较好描述各向异性的不足,为克服传统塑性势理论的局限性,引入非共轴塑性理论建立了砂土的三维非共轴临界状态各向异性本构模型。考虑细观组构张量和应力张量的几何关系,改进模型即可描述主应力轴旋转条件下砂土材料状态的改变,材料状态变化直接导致模型的硬化规律和剪胀性发生变化,从而描述了原生各向异性的影响。非共轴修正后模型可以描述应力诱发各向异性和非共轴特性,结合分叉理论模型可以对不同沉积角度随围压变化的应变局部化特性进行分析。Toyoura砂的单剪试验和平面应变试验验证表明模型改进效果较好。     

侧围外板整体成形有限元仿真及试验研究

冲压成形过程的精确分析是实现大型车身覆盖件优质、精益制造的前提．在开展侧围外板零件整体成形过程有限元仿真和网格应变试验分析的基础上，深入解析了零件的成形特征和变形过程的金属流动规律，确定了侧围外板零件整体成形的关键力学性能指标和控制范围．结果表明：侧围外板零件高应变部位的变形方式为胀形-深拉延变形，平面应变值很高；该零件稳定冲压所需的材料力学性能参数为σa／σb≤0．5、6≥45％、n≥0．235、r≥2．0，其中n值和r值是影响侧围外板零件成形的主要力学性能指标。     

混合非线性黏弹性阻尼器非线性特征与力学模型研究

随着黏弹性材料的不断发展,出现了具有更大耗能能力和变形能力的新型黏弹性阻尼器,但同时不可避免的丧失了其线性特征。该文基于一种混合非线性黏弹性阻尼器,揭示了其多种非线性特征的来源及规律,并基于此提出和验证了能够全面考虑其非线性特征的力学模型。结果表明,该种混合非线性黏弹性阻尼器的非线性来源主要包括五方面:相位差非线性引起滞回曲线形状的改变、初次加载大应变速率引起的初始刚度、升温效应和疲劳性能引起的软化、马林斯效应导致的大应变幅值下的软化和捏拢效应导致的大应变幅值下的硬化。提出的力学模型数学表达简洁,能够呈现其多种非线性因素和规律,无需在不同工况下分别进行参数识别,与试验结果吻合良好,能够精确模拟其滞回行为。     

基于DIC的预应变下铜/铝复层板各向异性性能检测与研究

基于数字图像相关法(DIC)与双目视觉技术,提出并实现了一种用于爆炸焊接制备的铜/铝复层板全场三维应变测量的方法。为了验证该方法的可行性,进行了Q235钢拉伸实验,将DIC法与引伸计变形测量结果进行了对比。应用DIC法对预应变下的复层板各向异性进行了性能检测与研究。结果表明:数字图像相关法的应变测量精度高于0.5%,与引伸计所测结果基本相当;随着预应变量的增加,复层板料力学参数的各向异性先增强后减弱;塑性应变比、应变硬化率的变化与预应变量和加载方向密切相关;板料轴向应变与宽向应变间的线性关系也受预应变与加载方向的影响。     

循环荷载下岩盐Poyhting-Thomson模型研究

循环荷载下盐岩流变模型,是岩石力学的重要内容之一。利用Poyhting-Thomson模型,根据岩样真实循环加载疲劳过程,推导出初始匀速加载段和正弦循环加载段的应变随时间变化的本构方程。对盐岩进行了循环加载疲劳试验,由于疲劳损伤的原因,平均应变值随时间延长等速增加。据此,对理论本构方程进行了修正,用时间的幂函数来描述应变增量,得到了修正的Poyhting-Thomson疲劳流变本构方程。匀速加载阶段理论模型能较好模拟试验曲线。用修正的流变本构模型对循环加载疲劳阶段的应变曲线的上限线、下限线和中间线进行拟合分析,得到了相应的拟合参数。取参数的平均值,用修正模型对试验疲劳曲线进行了模拟,模拟曲线与试验曲线比较接近,几乎可以代替试验。通过试验和数学验证表明,Poyhting-Thomson模型及其修正的模型,来描述循环载荷作用下盐岩的疲劳应变发展是可行的,能较好的刻画应变随时间变化的规律。     

基于离散元法的脆性岩石细观蠕变失稳研究EI北大核心CSCD

为从细观角度探究脆性岩石的蠕变失稳过程及失稳机理,该文基于三维颗粒流程序(PFC3D)考虑岩石的时效变形损伤过程,引入岩石细观单元时效损伤的应力腐蚀模型,建立了基于离散元方法的岩石时效变形损伤破裂模型,并通过单轴压缩及单轴蠕变的室内实验和数值模拟对比验证了所建立的时效变形损伤破裂模型的合理性。数值模拟再现了岩石的初始蠕变、稳态蠕变和加速蠕变三个蠕变阶段,同时模拟结果表明,在单级加载条件下,随着应力水平提高,稳态蠕变应变率显著增大,岩石蠕变失效时间逐渐缩短,初始轴向应变、初始侧向应变和初始体应变不断增大,且细观裂纹扩展形式与单轴压缩破坏形式基本相同,都是以拉伸裂纹为主,裂纹的增长速率随着时间增加而不断增大,尤其在第三蠕变阶段裂纹增长速率迅速增大;在分级加载试验过程中,模型的轴向应变、侧向应变和体应变以及裂纹最终扩展形态与单级加载基本相同;此外将三维蠕变模拟结果与二维模拟结果进行对比,结果显示三维模型拟合程度更高。     

基于离散元法的脆性岩石细观蠕变失稳研究

为从细观角度探究脆性岩石的蠕变失稳过程及失稳机理,该文基于三维颗粒流程序（PFC3D）考虑岩石的时效变形损伤过程,引入岩石细观单元时效损伤的应力腐蚀模型,建立了基于离散元方法的岩石时效变形损伤破裂模型,并通过单轴压缩及单轴蠕变的室内实验和数值模拟对比验证了所建立的时效变形损伤破裂模型的合理性。数值模拟再现了岩石的初始蠕变、稳态蠕变和加速蠕变三个蠕变阶段,同时模拟结果表明,在单级加载条件下,随着应力水平提高,稳态蠕变应变率显著增大,岩石蠕变失效时间逐渐缩短,初始轴向应变、初始侧向应变和初始体应变不断增大,且细观裂纹扩展形式与单轴压缩破坏形式基本相同,都是以拉伸裂纹为主,裂纹的增长速率随着时间增加而不断增大,尤其在第三蠕变阶段裂纹增长速率迅速增大;在分级加载试验过程中,模型的轴向应变、侧向应变和体应变以及裂纹最终扩展形态与单级加载基本相同;此外将三维蠕变模拟结果与二维模拟结果进行对比,结果显示三维模型拟合程度更高。     

基于图像相关法测量板料无载荷动静应变的研究

提出了一种利用数字图像相关法和单目视觉技术相结合的方法,实现了对板料进行全场平面应变测量。研究了基于数字图像相关法计算应变的算法,通过实验测量板料在无载荷工况下的静态和动态形变,实验结果表明采用数字图像相关法测量静态应变,最大平均误差0．004mm/50mm,动态应变最大平均误差0．015mm/50mm,此实验方法揭示了单目视觉技术对测量应变精度影响的规律,验证了数字图像相关法测量应变的可行性。     

Study on Shear Test of New Style Automotive Structural Adhesive using Digital Image Correlation Method

In this paper, digital image correlation method (DICM) is employed to measure the shear behavior of the spot welding specimens and the ones using adhesive under quasi-static lap shear testing. The images of the specimens' surfaces are captured in real-time by CCD and corresponding computer system. DICM is subsequently used to obtained strain by correlating the images captured before and after deformation. Then, both force-displacement curves and stress-strain curves of the specimens including the cracking load are obtained. The results and analysis show that the mechanical properties of specimens using adhesive compared with the spot welding specimens have an obvious advantage. This paper provides some experimental basis for improving this new type of structural adhesive. In this experiment, the method of non-contact measurement was used to obtain the strain. It has greater significance.     

碎石料应力路径大型三轴试验的离散元模拟研究

碎石料在高填方工程中得到广泛应用。由于其粒径较大,对碎石料力学特性的研究通常需要大型的试验设备。该文探索通过离散元数值模拟方法研究碎石料的应力路径相关力学特性。离散元程序可以将若干球形单元粘结成一个捆绑单元,从而模拟可破碎的碎石颗粒。该文首先简要介绍了离散元的计算原理、特点和模拟过程,并建立碎石料试件的离散元模型。通过对比一组恒定围压下的大型三轴试验,确定了各参数,对所建模型进行了标定。进而通过该模型独立预测碎石料试件在三种不同应力路径加载时的应力-应变关系及体变特性,并与相应的应力路径大型三轴试验结果进行对比,验证了离散元方法可以较为准确地计算碎石料沿不同应力路径加载时的力学特性,同时还讨论了碎石料的小应变刚度特性。     

Shear banding and strain softening in plane strain extension: physical modelling

Localization of deformation in systems of shear bands or normal faults, respectively, as a consequence of extensional loading can be observed on a wide range of spatial scales in soil and rock formations. A series of plane strain model experiments was achieved in natural (1 g) and increased (ng) gravity field (geotechnical centrifuge) with dry and moist sand as well as with dry and moist sand-clay mixtures. In these experiments, the geometry of the shear bands (inclination, width, spacing, sharpness) was detected by means of the digital image correlation (DIC) technique. Comparison with existing analytical approaches for the determination of the spacing of shear bands is presented briefly. The stress-strain behaviour of the materials was determined in a new biaxial test device, which allows for the performance of biaxial compression and extension tests. The evaluation focuses on the strain softening gradient, which is seen as a key parameter in the explanation of shear band spacing.     

Tensile behaviour of early age concrete: New methods of investigation

The assessment of the tensile properties of early-age concrete is essential for reducing the risk of cracking due to restrained shrinkage. The tensile strain capacity of concrete, which was defined as a measure of the ability of the material to withstand deformation without cracking, is useful but few data can be found in available literature and the measure of the displacements of concrete is sometimes questionable. New direct tensile testing apparatus and experimental procedure were designed to provide reliable data on concrete specimens. The measure of displacements was deduced from digital image correlation. They enabled determining a stress–strain relationship of concrete before cracking. The results showed a very rapid increase of strength from the end of setting. The evolution of the tensile strain capacity showed a minimum corresponding to the period that includes the setting time and early hardening, thus this is a critical stage for plastic shrinkage cracking. Even if the values are closely linked to the boundary conditions and experimental procedure, the effect of aggregate type could be investigated.     

Experimental study on damage evolution of rock under uniform and concentrated loading conditions using digital image correlation

Damage evolution and crack propagation in sandstone specimens have been observed by digital image correlation method. To investigate deformation and failure process of rock under different loading conditions, uniaxial compression and indentation tests were performed. Through the experiment, displacement and strain fields are simultaneously obtained that can visually display the distribution, mode and evolution of deformation and cracking in rock. Experimental results show that the damage distributes diffusely in rock at early loading stage, and the measured apparent strain increasingly concentrates with loading because of the nucleation of crack; propagation of the crack leads to the eventual failure of the specimen. Damage factor is calculated on the basis of deviation of apparent strain, and localization factor is presented to describe the level of deformation localization. The combined use of two factors can well represent the damage evolution of rock under compression.     

Experimental characterization of meso‐scale deformation mechanisms and the RVE size in plastically deformed carbon steel

The local deformation response of low carbon steel subjected to uniaxial tensile loading is investigated, and the local strain field at sub‐grain scale is obtained using high‐spatial‐resolution digital image correlation. The implemented digital image correlation method enables the observation and study of inhomogeneous deformation response at microstructural levels. Detailed local deformation mechanisms including mesoscopic slip bands are captured. Furthermore, the local information is used for the determination of representative volume element size in polycrystalline low carbon steel. To obtain the representative volume element size, we proposed and successfully implemented a strain variation method. Further, the influence of global strain on the local deformation mechanisms and representative volume element size is discussed. The challenges associated with the local strain measurement using digital image correlation are also discussed.     

Slope of the Out‐of‐Plane Deflection Measurement of Composite Sandwich Plate With a Fully Potted Insert by Using Digital Phase‐Shifting Shearography

Abstract: A digital shearographic (DS) technique is a tool well‐suited for precision strain measurement and is a non‐destructive testing technology. But the fringe patterns of DS have not so high sensitivity due to the limitation of CCD camera resolution. Therefore a phase‐shifting technique is incorporated into DS and demonstrated to yield fringe patterns with good quality. The main purpose of this study is to set‐up a measuring system of digital phase‐shifting shearography (DPSS) to measure slope of the out‐of‐plane deflection of sandwich plate with a fully potted insert. The present system includes piezoelectric transducer, servo controller, Michelson shearing mechanism, image processing system and loading system. The four‐step phase shifting method is used to obtain phase map and then the phase expansion is proceeded by Macy algorithm to obtain the slope of the out‐of‐plane deflection of honeycomb sandwich plate with insert/potting material. Finally, comparing the slope of the out‐of‐plane deflection of DPSS with that of DS shows 2 to 7% difference of slope of deflection exhibiting.     

Strain Measurement of Nickel Thin Film by a Digital Image Correlation Method

Abstract:  Digital image correlation is a whole-field and non-contact strain-measuring method. It provides deformation information of a specimen by processing two digital images captured before and after the deformation. To search the deformed images, a hybrid genetic algorithm, in which a simulated annealing mutation process and adaptive mechanisms are combined with a real-parameter genetic algorithm, is adopted. This method is used to measure the strain during the microtensile testing of nickel thin film. In addition to the conventional single region, a double region in which the strain is inferred from the distance change of two regions is proposed to calculate the strain by digital image correlation. The results indicate that while the strain values obtained by single-region method are reasonable, those obtained by the double region method are more accurate. Moreover, the mechanical properties of nickel thin film could be obtained.     

An experimental study of failure and softening in sand under three-dimensional stress condition

This paper describes an experimental study of failure and softening behaviour in dense Toyoura sand. A true triaxial apparatus equipped with three pairs of rigid loading platens is used to test sand sample under three-dimensional stress condition. The testing results demonstrate that the rigid boundary around the sand samples cannot prevent formation of shear localization. Shear localization are observed to emerge in the hardening or the softening regime in the loading depending on the magnitude of intermediate principal stress. Uniform deformation for the whole strain range is obtained only in triaxial compression tests. The peak stress state obtained from tests of sand samples of the same initial density can be described with good approximation by the Matsuoka–Nakai criterion.     

In‐situ microscopic analysis of ferritic ductile iron during tensile loading: Relation between matrix heterogeneities and damage mechanisms

An in‐situ microscopic analysis of the damage mechanisms of ferritic ductile iron under uniaxial tensile testing is carried out in this work. The experimental methodology combines specialized metallography techniques, in‐situ optical microscopy observation during loading, and digital image correlation analysis to obtain the strain values at the microscopic level. The results show that the crack initiation is preferentially located at matrix‐nodule interface and ferritic grain boundaries. The propagation of multiple cracks across the internodular ligaments that later coalesce into a single dominant crack is responsible for the final fracture. Noticeably, despite the heterogeneous nature of the Last‐to‐Freeze zones, the cracks propagate avoiding these microsegregated areas. The results provide new insights for the better understanding of the influence of ferritic ductile iron heterogeneities on the fracture process for quasistatic uniaxial loading.