沥青砂混合料粘弹塑力学特性研究

在0.1MPa、0.15MPa、0.2MPa、0.25MPa和0.3MPa下进行了沥青砂试样单轴压缩和蠕变实验,分析了其压缩和蠕变性质,根据变形机理提出了粘弹塑本构模型可由粘弹性和粘塑性的两个子模型串联构成,通过对粘塑性子模型中粘性系数进行改进,理论推导了模型蠕变本构方程,确定了模型参数,并求得模型参数与加载应力函数关系。进行模型预测与实验结果对比,结果表明:该模型能够描述沥青砂试样在不同应力下蠕变变形的3个阶段,反映了沥青砂混合料粘弹塑变形特点。     

树脂基三维编织复合材料粘弹性能的数值预报

建立了基于三细胞模型数值预报三维编织复合材料粘弹性能的方法。首先构造了三维编织复合材料的三细胞模型并施加周期性边界条件,随后利用标准线性固体模型模拟树脂基体的粘弹性能,导出基体的松弛模量,再通过有限元计算及Prony级数拟合,得到三种胞元的粘弹性参数。然后根据三种胞元的体积分数和粘弹性参数,利用三个标准线性固体模型并联,模拟得到三维编织复合材料沿编织方向的粘弹性参数和蠕变本构关系。最后,分析了编织角和纤维体积含量对粘弹性能的影响。     

沥青砂粘弹塑蠕变损伤本构模型实验研究

针对沥青砂的非线性材料特性,结合连续损伤力学理论,对传统Burgers模型进行改造,提出了粘弹塑蠕变损伤本构模型,通过对不同实验条件下沥青砂单轴蠕变试验结果的非线性拟合,获得模型参数,然后利用模型进行预测分析,得到了不同应力水平与环境温度下的蠕变曲线和损伤演化曲线,通过比较发现该文模型能够更合理地反映沥青砂加速蠕变的非线性特征,而且蠕变过程中损伤演化的速度受蠕变时间、应力水平与环境温度的影响很大。     

基于不可逆内变量热力学的岩石材料粘弹-粘塑性本构方程

岩石材料的粘弹性和粘塑性变形是与时间相关的能量耗散行为。在Rice不可逆内变量热力学框架下,引入两组内变量分别用来描述在粘弹性和粘塑性变形过程中材料的内部结构调整。通过给定比余能的具体形式和内变量的演化方程,推导出内变量粘弹-粘塑性本构方程。粘弹性本构方程具有普遍性,能涵盖Kelvin-Voigt和Poynting-Thomson在内的经典粘弹性模型的本构方程。并指出热力学力与应力呈线性关系是组合元件模型为线性模型的根本原因。粘塑性本构方程能较好地刻画岩石材料在粘塑性变形过程中的硬化现象。对模拟岩石的模型相似材料进行单轴加卸载蠕变试验,将蠕变过程中的粘弹性和粘塑性变形分离并根据试验数据对本构方程的材料参数进行辨识。试验数据和理论曲线对比结果表明该文提出的本构方程能很好地模拟材料的蠕变行为。该类型的本构方程能为岩石工程的长期稳定性的预测、评价以及加固分析提供基础。     

单轴拉伸确定粘弹性材料瞬时模量的测试方法

对尼龙12材料分别进行单轴拉伸蠕变和率跳动测试,用以得到拉伸蠕变柔量和率跳动前后对应的应力-应变响应关系,进而获得各测试条件下对应的瞬时模量。基于弹簧粘壶组合本构模型的拉伸蠕变测试方法仅适用于线性粘弹性材料,率跳动测试方式则可适用于非线性粘弹性材料。结果表明,2种方法得到的瞬时模量值相近,而相对于率跳动直接测量粘弹性材料瞬时模量方法,拉伸蠕变间接测定的方法更为高效准确。     

考虑温度效应的沥青混合料参数模型

选取修正Burgers模型作为沥青混合料的粘弹性本构模型,基于最小二乘法原理对单轴压缩蠕变试验数据进行拟合,获得本构模型的粘弹性参数。考虑温度变化对沥青混合料粘弹性的影响,建立修正Burgers模型的粘弹性参数模型,运用实验数据拟合粘弹性参数模型的分项系数,理论计算考虑温度效应的蠕变柔量,与实验结果对比分析表明,参数模型有较好的适用性,拟合精度高。粘弹性参数模型能将有限的实验数据推广到其他温度工况,节约大量实验,具有很好适用性。     

沥青砂粘弹特性实验研究

进行了沥青砂在不同加载应力和不同实验温度下单轴压缩蠕变实验,得到其在不同实验条件下的蠕变曲线,选择Burgers模型,编制非线性拟合程序,求得模型参数值,通过相关性分析,得到了模型参数与温度和应力函数关系式,分析了模型参数对沥青砂蠕变性能的影响,最后进行模型预测值与实验结果对比,结果表明Burgers模型能够描述沥青砂蠕变过程的第一阶段、第二阶段,反映了其粘弹特性。     

岩石非定常Burgers蠕变模型及其参数识别

针对岩石蠕变的非线性特征,提出了一种非线性黏壶元件,并分别替换Burgers模型中的两个线性黏壶元件,从而建立了一种非定常参数Burgers模型。推导了非定常Burgers模型的一维蠕变方程,分析模型参数λ₁与λ₂取值范围对蠕变方程的影响,从理论上确定了非定常模型能够描述蠕变的3个阶段。在此基础上,将非定常Burgers模型的蠕变方程推广至三维应力状态下,并基于Levenberg-Marquardt算法对向家坝岩石的三轴压缩蠕变试验曲线进行拟合及参数识别。通过对比定常与非定常Burgers模型的拟合曲线与相关系数,可以发现非定常Burgers模型拟合效果更好,且能够准确描述包括加速蠕变在内的岩石三阶段蠕变特性,验证了所构建非线性模型的适用性与合理性。     

秸塑复合材料的非线性黏弹塑性分析

在拉伸试验中,秸塑复合材料在加载和卸载时滞后回线表现出明显的非线性特征。在不同水平荷载下的蠕变试验中,响应为非线性黏弹塑性,其黏塑性应变可从卸载后的恢复曲线中可得到。在蠕变试验中,黏塑性响应描述为时间和应力水平的幂次函数。黏弹塑性响应采用Schapery非线性黏弹塑性模型,该模型假设黏弹性柔量是时间的幂次函数。对实验数据采用最小二乘法进行拟合,确定Schapery非线性黏弹塑性模型中的各个参数,并利用该模型对不同应力水平下秸塑复合材料的蠕变行为进行预测。最后,将实验结果与理论结果进行了对比。结果表明:Schapery非线性黏弹塑性模型对表征秸塑复合材料的黏弹塑性行为具有足够的精度,可用来预测不同应力水平下秸塑复合材料的蠕变特性。     

热致非晶态形状记忆聚合物的热粘弹性参数及回复行为

分别采用非线性拟合应力松弛主曲线及单个常频率条件下变温动态力学分析(DMA)实验中储能模量与损耗角正切曲线的方式,获取热致非晶态形状记忆聚合物(SMP)多重松弛模型中的热粘弹性参数。结合广义有限变形粘弹性理论和KAHR33参数热变形模型在有限元软件平台研究了该SMP的自由回复与约束回复行为。仿真结果与实验数据相符较好,说明该建模方法的合理性及获取的热粘弹性参数的准确性。相比构建应力松弛和储能模量主曲线而言,单个DMA实验数据更易得到,因此对其拟合能大幅减少实验成本。     

Anisotropic creep modeling of coated textile membrane using finite element analysis

Coated textile membranes (CTMs) form a class of flexible textile composites undergoing viscoelastic deformation because they consist of a polymeric reinforcement and matrix and are tensioned in service. In most CTMs, woven fabrics are frequently used as a reinforcement structure, causing anisotropic mechanical behavior including time dependent viscoelastic deformation. To describe such anisotropic and nonlinear time dependent deformation, the creep potential with three orthotropic parameters was introduced and incorporated into finite element software through a user material subroutine. The three parameters included in the creep potential were determined by carrying out off-axis coupon creep tests and using various mathematical formulae for the effective creep compliance. To validate the current creep modeling and its implementation in finite element software, off-axis coupon creep tests were re-simulated and compared with the experiments, showing that the present modeling can describe the anisotropic and nonlinear creep deformation of CTM with acceptable accuracy.     

早龄期混凝土路面板非线性温度场下温度应力的计算

给出了一种早龄期混凝土路面板非线性温度场下温度应力的解析计算方法。模型将路面板厚度方向的非线性温度分成平均温度、线性温度和非线性温度三个分项,每一分项温度引起应力分别计算,最终总应力为三部分应力的叠加。此外,由于徐变对温度应力发展具有很大影响,因此该文也对混凝土徐变对板内温度应力的影响进行了分析。模型预测结果表明:在非线性温度分布下,温度应力沿板厚也是非线性分布的,温度变化产生的最大温度应力可能出现在路面板厚度方向的任何高度上,这依赖于沿板厚方向的温度分布特征。混凝土徐变会显著的降低路面板内的温度应力。     

A continuous threshold model for the visco-elasto-plastic behavior of PET based multi-layer polymeric films

The envelopes of the super-pressure balloons fabricated by the French space agency (CNES) are made of a multi-layer polymeric film that shows substantial viscoelastic and viscoplastic behavior, both depending nonlinearly on stress. A model is presented that takes into account stress depending viscoelastic and viscoplastic strain response functions observed in uniaxial creep experiments. For easy numerical implementation, the strain response functions are represented by a Prony series, whose coefficients form a continuous spectrum on the logarithmic retardation time scale. The observed response functions are generated by an exponential power law distribution of the Prony coefficients with exponent 3. The distribution is fully characterized by three stress dependent parameters: its center, width, and an intensity factor, corresponding to the maximum coefficient. Creep and recovery experiments show that both viscoelastic and viscoplastic strain are highly stress dependent over a limited stress range and are approximately linear at low stresses and around the maximum stress reached during flight. A continuous threshold function is proposed that approximates well the observed stress dependence of the intensities. It is assumed that the other viscoelastic (viscoplastic) parameters change around the same threshold as the viscoelastic (viscoplastic) intensity and are approximately constant elsewhere. The model reproduces very well the strain response observed in creep and recovery experiments with different creep stresses.     

高分子材料的粘弹性摩擦接触力学研究

采用非线性有限元方法研究了高分子材料的粘弹性摩擦接触问题,采用初应变法将粘弹性材料的蠕变应变转化为等价的虚拟节点力,并结合线性粘弹性理论对蠕变应变进行迭代修正,从而获得了粘弹性材料满足摩擦接触条件的解答。文中考虑了接触问题的边界非线性和粘弹性材料的材料非线性。并考虑了接触过程中温度,模量等级时间的增加而改变。     

A Viscoelastic Analysis of the Creep Behaviour of a Chopped Strand Mat E-Glass Fibre Reinforced Vinylester Resin

The viscoelastic response of a chopped strand mat E-glass fibre reinforced vinylester resin has been studied over a wide range of applied stress levels. At low applied stress levels, the material exhibited a linear viscoelastic response well represented by Schapery's power law model with constant C and n terms. At higher stresses nonlinear behaviour was observed which apparently is caused by the multiplicity of complex local phenomena associated with and preceding damage development (plastic deformation of the matrix, interfacial slippage, fiber-matrix debonding). The limits of linear viscoelastic behaviour and of damage initiation – about 0.48% strain or 42 MPa – coincide for this material. However, for successful modelisation of uniaxial creep strain in the nonlinear range a modified power law is proposed which uses stress-dependent creep parameters C and n.     

Bending and creep buckling response of viscoelastic functionally graded beam-columns

The viscoelastic creep response of flexural beams and beam-columns made with functionally graded materials is numerically investigated. The paper highlights the challenges associated with the modeling and analysis of such structures, and presents a nonlinear theoretical model for their bending and creep buckling analysis. The model accounts for the viscoelasticity of the materials using differential-type constitutive relations that are based on the linear Boltzmann’s principle of superposition. The model is general in terms of its ability to deal with any material volume faction distribution through the depth of the beam, and with different linear viscoelastic laws, boundary conditions, and loading schemes. The governing equations are solved through time stepping numerical integration, which yields an exponential algorithm following the expansion of the relaxation function into a Dirichlet series. A numerical study that examines the capabilities of the model and quantifies the creep response of functionally graded beam-columns is presented, with special focus on the stresses and strains redistribution over time and on the creep buckling response. The results show that the creep response of such structures can be strongly nonlinear due to the variation of the viscoelastic properties through the depth, along with unique phenomena that are not observed in homogenous structures.     

基于分数阶黏弹性模型的温拌改性沥青低温性能

基于分数阶黏弹性模型,通过低温弯曲梁流变试验（BBR）分析RH和Evotherm温拌剂对苯乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯嵌段共聚物（SBS）改性沥青低温性能的影响。结果表明：利用BBR试验数据拟合出的分数阶黏弹性模型参数可较好地预估温拌改性沥青的蠕变柔量和蠕变速率; RH温拌剂可以提高SBS改性沥青的阻尼比和耗散能比,但Evotherm温拌剂在低于-18℃时不能够提高;因7种沥青按照阻尼比和耗散能比排序相同,故也可以将阻尼比作为温拌改性沥青低温性能的一种评价指标; RH可以改善沥青的蠕变柔量,提高黏性流动柔量,且掺量越高改善效果越好,但不能提高黏弹性比,故不能用黏弹性比评价温拌SBS改性沥青的低温性能,而Evotherm温拌剂的规律性不强;两种温拌剂都在低于-24℃时对SBS改性沥青的低温性能改善不佳。     

基于蠕变试验的沥青粘弹性损伤特性

通过BBR-弯曲梁流变仪在不同温度下进行沥青小梁蠕变试验,得到了不同温度下的蠕变柔量曲线。通过移位,按WLF公式推导得到了不同温度下的移位因子和各个温度下的蠕变柔量主曲线簇。用Weibull函数来描述沥青内部缺陷的分布,将Burgers粘弹性模型与连续损伤因子模型二者耦合建立了沥青的粘弹性损伤模型。理论模型和试验结果比较吻合,表明在沥青粘弹性性能评价过程中考虑损伤效应的影响是必要的。     

Linear and nonlinear viscoelastic and viscoplastic analysis of asphalt binders with warm mix asphalt additives

Warm-Mix Asphalt (WMA) is a widely used product, which proved a contribution to the reduction in asphalt mixing and compaction temperatures. This reduction leads to lower fuel consumption and smoke emission in asphalt plants. Most of the characterisation of binders used in WMA has focused in the past on measuring linear viscoelastic properties and associated Superpave parameters. Several studies have shown that the average stresses and strains of the asphalt mixture remain mostly within the linear viscoelastic response. However, localised strains in the binder phase of the mixture could reach values high enough to induce nonlinear viscoelastic and viscoplastic deformations. Therefore, this study focuses on an experimental and analytical evaluation of linear, nonlinear viscoelastic and viscoplastic responses of selected binders modified for use in WMA. The first part of the paper analyses the linear viscoelastic material properties and their ability to evaluate permanent deformation resistance. Then, the non-recoverable creep compliance parameter obtained from the Multiple Stress Creep Recovery (MSCR) test is analysed to assess the nonlinear response and permanent deformation of asphalt binders. The paper utilises a nonlinear plasto-viscoelastic (NPVE) approach to assess and quantify the nonlinear plasto-viscoelastic response of binders by separating the recoverable and irrecoverable strains measured in the MSCR test. Two WMA additives were included in this study by mixing them with polymer-modified and unmodified asphalt binders. Analysis of results showed that the NPVE approach captured a higher percentage of recovery than the NLVE approach. However, binder’s performance evaluation and ranking did not change by adopting the NPVE approach. The nonlinear viscoelastic parameters provided insight on the behaviour of asphalt binders mixed with WMA additives during loading cycles. Sasobit showed higher influence than Advera on binders in resisting permanent deformation by increasing the recoverable strain during the unloading phase.