NiTi形状记忆合金疲劳行为的研究现状

NiTi形状记忆合金具有比其它同类合金更优良的力学性能、形状记忆效应、超弹性、阻尼特性和生物相容性等特点,广泛应用于工程、民用和医学领域.综述了NiTi形状记忆合金疲劳行为的研究现状;对其疲劳行为及其机制的研究,有助于进一步提高NiTi形状记忆合金的性能并延长它的寿命.     

不同温度下纯Ni/NiTi合金的摩擦特性研究

NiTi合金具有形状记忆效应及超弹性特性,使得它与其他一般材料的摩擦特性有很大不同。为从微观角度揭示其摩擦特性,利用分子动力学研究了不同温度下纯Ni和NiTi合金的压/划痕过程,并进一步通过对比分析不同温度下纯Ni和NiTi合金在压/划痕过程中原子结构、表面形貌、摩擦力和摩擦系数的变化,研究了温度对NiTi合金摩擦系数的影响。结果表明,温度对NiTi合金摩擦性能的影响显著,在300～500 K范围内,温度越低,摩擦力与摩擦系数越小,这是由于在刻划过程中NiTi合金发生马氏体相变,NiTi合金表面向下凹陷,减少了NiTi表面与压头的接触,降低了对压头的阻碍,使摩擦力与摩擦系数大幅降低;当温度升高时,马氏体相变减少,NiTi合金的表面凹陷减少,使压头与NiTi合金的接触面积增大,阻碍增大,从而使得摩擦力和摩擦系数变大。而没有相变机制的金属Ni在刻划过程中,主要产生塑性形变,温度对其摩擦性能无显著影响。可见,温度对NiTi形状记忆合金的摩擦性能具备一定调控能力,可以通过控制温度达到减少磨损的目的,这可为延长NiTi合金元件的使用寿命提供理论基础和指导。     

NiTi形状记忆合金的功能特性及其应用发展EICSCD

NiTi形状记忆合金(shape memory alloys,SMAs)作为一种智能材料,具有良好的超弹性、形状记忆效应和生物相容性等功能特性,被广泛应用于航空航天、医疗器械和工程建筑等领域。其中超弹性在宏观上表现为发生较大的变形仍能恢复原形状,且其远大于常见金属可恢复的弹性应变。形状记忆效应则是温度激励下奥氏体和马氏体两相的相互转变,根据宏观变形分为单程、双程和全程形状记忆效应。而NiTi SMAs的生物相容性体现在低弹性模量和低生物毒性等方面,可应用于正畸、矫正、心血管支架等医疗器件。为充分发挥NiTi SMAs的功能,研究者们不断开发NiTi SMAs相关的智能结构。本文简要综述了近年来研究和发展NiTi SMAs的不同功能特性及其对应的智能结构典型应用,详细介绍和讨论了NiTi SMAs的功能特性、关注问题和应用领域。同时,也对NiTi SMAs阻尼性能和储氢特性进行了阐述。最后,展望了NiTi SMAs在各领域应用上尚需重点关注的问题:利用增材制造技术调控微观结构实现超弹性的稳定性提升;通过建立本构模型为形状记忆效应的稳定应用提供理论指导,并进一步优化结构实现形状记忆效应的宏观放大;提高NiTi SMAs在生物环境里的耐腐蚀性和医疗应用推广。因此,推动NiTi SMAs在不同应用领域的个性化和功能定制化,尚需大量的跨学科研究。     

Ti-18Nb-4Sn形状记忆合金在0.05%HCl溶液中的腐蚀行为

TiNi形状记忆合金用于人体内,长时间金属元素会不可避免地释放出来,Ni元素可能有致癌作用.因此,人们希望采用无Ni的Ti基形状记忆合金.Ti-Nb-Sn合金系的研究表明,该合金系在包括室温在内的较宽的温度范围内具有良好形状记忆效应;在通常温度下比NiTi合金具有更优异的变形能力;而且Nb和Sn元素对生物体没有不良影响.日本学者研究了Ti-18Nb-4Sn合金表面离子的释放量,并与纯Ti、NiTi合金进行了比较.     

NiTi合金生物医用材料表面改性的研究进展

NiTi合金由于其形状记忆效应、超弹性和低模量等优良性能在生物医学领域得到广泛应用。然而,在生理环境中镍离子释放会诱发毒性和炎性反应,因此需要对其进行表面改性。从表面氧化、表面涂层和表面接枝大分子等方面综述了近年来国内外NiTi合金表面改性的研究进展,评述了各种表面改性技术的优势和缺陷,指明了NiTi合金表面改性的未来发展趋势。     

NiTi合金生物医用材料表面改性的研究进展

NiTi合金由于其形状记忆效应、超弹性和低模量等优良性能在生物医学领域得到广泛应用。然而，在生理环境中镍离子释放会诱发毒性和炎性反应，因此需要对其进行表面改性。从表面氧化、表面涂层和表面接枝大分子等方面综述了近年来国内外NiTi合金表面改性的研究进展，评述了各种表面改性技术的优势和缺陷，指明了NiTi合金表面改性的未来...     

激光表面重熔NiTi合金Hanks''''溶液中腐蚀及Ni离子溶出行为

近等原子比NiTi合金以其独特的形状记忆效应、超弹性和射线不透性等性能而成为制备植入体的理想材料.本文利用光学显微镜、电子显微镜、X射线衍射、电化学极化测试、原子吸收光谱等研究了激光重熔NiTi合金的显微组织、表面特征、在人体模拟液中的耐腐蚀性能和Ni离子溶出行为;结果表明激光表面重熔可以显著改善NiTi合金在Hanks'溶液中的耐腐蚀能力,重熔层显微组织致密,夹杂物极少.重熔层外表面TiO2含量明显提高,试样在Hanks'溶液中浸泡15天后表面有Ca-P层生成.     

一种新型Fe—Mn—Si—Ni系形状记忆合金的研究

本文采用电镜和X射线衍射分析研究了Fe-25.38Mn-3.47Si-2.98Ni合金的fcc(γ)→hcp(ε)马氏体相变;系统考察了形变温度,形变量等参数对形状记忆效应的影响。结果表明,试验合金在热轧状态于77-300K温度范围内变形,均能呈现良好的形状记忆效应。其微观机制与应力诱发γ→ε马氏体相变有关。     

医用NiTi合金表面改性的研究进展

近等原子比NiTi合金具有独特的力学性能,如形状记忆效应、超弹性和高阻尼效应,已成为一种新型的整形外科植入材料.但是,镍元素在生理条件下可能溶出,诱发毒性和炎性反应,限制了其在临床的广泛应用.分类介绍了几种可行的表面改性方法,均能有效地抑制镍离子的溶出,改善NiTi合金的抗腐蚀性和生物相容性,包括表面惰性涂层化、表面氧化、表面活性化和表面接枝大分子等.     

Fe-Mn-Si-Cr-Ni-C系形状记忆合金中一种新的热机械循环训练机制

研究了热机械循环训练对Fe-Mn-Si-Cr-Ni-C系合金形状记忆效应的影响.结果表明对于不同碳含量的3种合金,只要中间退火温度选择适当,热机械循环训练都可显著提高合金的形状记忆效应.合金的最佳中间退火温度随碳含量的增加而升高.含碳最低(＜0.02%)合金的最佳中间退火温度为550℃,而含碳0.18%舍金的最佳退火温度高达1050℃.经TEM分析,发现对于低含碳量(≤0.12%)的两种合金,热机械循环训练提高合金形状记忆效应的机制是层错增加机制;而对于含碳量0.18%的合金,其机制是第二相的析出作用.     

NiTiCu合金相变过程的研究

本文用差示扫描量热法研究了 Cu 对 NiTi 记忆合金马氏体相变点及相变潜热的影响。结果表明,以 Cu 代替 Ni 至30 at.%,合金仍具有良好的记忆性能;合金相变温度及相变潜热值略有变化,相变滞后明显减小;Cu 含量对合金相变类型没有影响。相变潜热值△H 与 T_0=1/2(A_s+M_s)并不存在严格的直线关系。Cu 含量超过7.5at.—%时,合金的热加工性能变差。     

Detecting NiTi two-way shape memory effect based on microstructural and macromechanical parameters

ABSTRACT

The two-way shape memory effect in NiTi shape memory alloys is identified according to the evolution of the apparent modulus of the martensite during mechanical cycling. The microstrain and texture index of the NiTi samples are evaluated with synchrotron data to relate the evolution to the changes in the NiTi microstructure caused by mechanical cycling. The results show that a progressive decrease in the apparent modulus of the martensite during load, together with an increase in the apparent modulus of the reoriented martensite, are a sign that the NiTi sample is developing the two-way memory effect by mechanical cycling. When the two moduli show the same value, the two-way shape memory effect is fully developed in the NiTi alloy.

This paper is part of a thematic issue on Titanium.     

热处理对NiTi形状记忆合金的相变的影响

对含Ti 50.8%的NiTi形状记忆合金在300℃、400℃、500℃保温不同时间进行时效处理,然后通过差示扫描量热仪DSC对其相变温度点进行测定,发现经时效处理调节后,Af最大可下降20~30℃左右,而Ms变化不大。通过不同时效温度和保温时间的DSC曲线比较,得出热处理对其相变温度点的影响规律,即在300~500℃时效处理时,保温时间越短,Af降低越明显,在相同保温时间时,保温温度越低,Af降低越明显。     

三元Ni-Ti基形状记忆合金的研究现状

针对二元NiTi形状记忆合金在应用中所显示出的局限性,三元NiTi基形状记忆合金通过第三组元的加入,改善了二元NiTi形状记忆合金的某些性能,弥补了其在应用中的不足,降低了成本,进一步扩大了NiTi基形状记忆合金的应用范围,从而一直受到研究者的广泛关注.综述了三元NiTi基形状记忆合金的研究现状,总结了存在的不足:首先,对于合金体系还需要大量的量化研究,确定出不同应用条件下合金的有效成分范围是其实用化的基础;其次,合金制备过程熔炼介质对合金产生的影响等重视不够;同时,应用性能研究还有待加强,性能的长效性与稳定性是关键,这方面的研究还缺乏充分而有效的数据.     

Selective laser melting of high aspect ratio 3D nickel–titanium structures two way trained for MEMS applications

Selective laser melting has been used to build high aspect ratio, three-dimensional NiTi micro-electro-mechanical components. Cantilever beams manufactured in this way have been two-way trained and actuated by ohmic heating demonstrating the suitability of the process for applications in micro-electromechanical technologies. The influence of laser dwell time and raster pitch on the density of NiTi shape memory alloy parts and the resolvable feature sizes achievable are discussed. The shape memory effect properties of solid parts produced by selective laser melting are also reported in contrast to those properties exhibited by NiTi alloys resulting from other processes.     

不同初始组织结构的形状记忆合金性能及参数的研究

NiTi形状记忆合金作为一种功能材料，以往的研究主要集中在材料领域。然而当它被用作主动变形结构中的驱动元件时，则需要对NiTi形状记忆合金在相变过程中的力学、电学和热学性能进行综合研究，本文从试验的角度出发，对具有不同初始组织结构的NiTi形状记忆合金的性能及参数进行研究，为更好地了解NiTi形状记忆合金的驱动机理和控制它的驱动行为打下基础，为形状记忆合金驱动器的设计提供参考和依据。     

Crystal structures and shape-memory behaviour of NiTi

Shape-memory alloys (SMAs) are a unique class of metal alloys that after a large deformation can, on heating, recover their original shape. In the many practical applications of SMAs, the most commonly used material is NiTi (nitinol). A full atomic-level understanding of the shape-memory effect in NiTi is still lacking, a problem particularly relevant to ongoing work on scaling down shape-memory devices for use in micro-electromechanical systems. Here we present a first-principles density functional study of the structural energetics of NiTi. Surprisingly, we find that the reported B19' structure of NiTi is unstable relative to a base-centred orthorhombic structure that cannot store shape memory at the atomic level. However, the reported structure is stabilized by a wide range of applied or residual internal stresses. We propose that the memory is stored primarily at the micro-structural level: this eliminates the need for two separate mechanisms in describing the two-way shape-memory effect.     

Calorimetric techniques for the evaluation of thermal efficiencies of shape memory alloys

The latent heat and entropy changes of NiTi shape memory effect (SME) alloys have been evaluated by three different calorimetric techniques; adiabatic calorimetry, differential scanning calorimetry and a Clapeyron analysis of isothermal stress-strain data. It is found that these techniques provide consistent estimates for the enthalpy and entropy to within 20% for NiTi and noble metal SME alloys. From published thermodynamic data for SME alloys, thermal efficiencies were calculated based on an ideal SME heat engine cycle. It was found that NiTi provides the maximum thermal efficiency with the highest temperature transformation range.     

Surface form memory in NiTi shape memory alloys by laser shock indentation

An indentation-planarization method for NiTi shape memory alloys has been developed that produces a robust surface topographical memory effect that we call "surface form memory", or SFM. Surface form memory entails reversible transitions between one surface form (flat) and another (say, wavy) that occur on changing temperature. These transitions are cyclically stable and exhibit very high mechanical energy density. Our previous study has demonstrated SFM transitions in NiTi alloys derived from quasistatic (i.e., low strain rate) spherical indents, as well as other geometries. Here, we report on experiments using confined laser ablation to indent a similar martensitic NiTi substrate, but in the dynamical regime (very high strain rate). As in the quasistatic case, subsurface plastic strain gradients are created via martensite twinning reactions, and later by dislocation-mediated slip. The resulting defects and stress fields support the two-way shape memory effect underlying SFM. In the dynamical case however, relative cyclic two-way displacements are found to be significantly larger, when normalized to the initial indent depth, than is the case with quasistatic indentation. This confers certain processing and boundary condition advantages. Analysis of the shock dynamics is found to be consistent with the observed surface displacements.