热镀锌钢材在海洋大气环境中的氢渗透行为

用改进的Devanathan双面电解池在恒温、恒湿)条件下检测热镀锌钢材的渗氢电流密度并观测其腐蚀形貌,研究了温度对其氢渗透行为的影响.结果表明,在湿度相同的条件下,随着模拟海洋大气环境温度的升高试样的氢渗透加速,且湿度越高温度的这种加速作用越显著;在高温和高湿条件下,试样的氢吸收和氢渗透进行得更快.     

用电化学方法测定氢在GC-4钢中的浓度

本文提出了测定氢在GC-4钢中浓度的电化学方法。对氧化电位的选择、含氢试样及空白试样测定表明。GC-4钢含氢试样的渗氢曲线与理论曲线很一致,其斜率很接近其理论值～0.5。因此可以20分钟或30分钟的渗氢电流来计算试样中的氢浓度。     

钒合金的氢释放和室温蠕变

研究所用钒合金试样为V-6W-2．5Ti及V-4Cr-4Ti合金，并且通过气相渗氢，改变合金的氢含量。测试了合金在不同拉伸应变速率下的强度和恒载荷作用下合金的变形及试验前后合金含氢量的变化。研究结果表明，合金的氢致硬化效果明显，强度随拉伸应变速率的升高而增加。发现合金在拉应力和室温条件下，就存在氢释放行为及在高应力作用下的蠕变行为，并因此影响合金的力学性能和变形特征。     

氢对位错运动的影响

金属材料氢氢与渗氢对位错运动，分布和结构的影响，本文利用透射电镜观察了渗氢与未渗氢试样中的形变亚结构，结果表明氢促进了位错的平面滑移，障碍了交滑移，从而加剧位错塞积，导致位错分布和塑性变形的不均匀性，文中提出了几种形变亚结构特征的表成机制，并进一步讨论了氢影响位错运动的物理原因。     

氢处理对Ti3Al金属间化合物组织和性能的影响

对一种Ｔｉ３Ａｌ基合金（Ｔｉ－２４Ａｌ－１４Ｎｂ－３Ｖ－０．５ＭＯｒ（％）进行了氢处理，研究了合金的吸氢行为和组织变化，并对未渗氢和渗氢的试样进行了高温压缩试验，结果表明，合金的吸氢量在８００℃达到峰值，渗氢使合金中的Ｏ相体积分数下降，并可显著降低热压压缩变形的流变应力。     

16Mn钢在H2S溶液中的脆断敏感性

采用慢性变速率拉伸实验（ＳＳＲＴ）、扫描电镜及电化学渗氢技术研究了Ｈ２Ｓ浓度、电位对１６Ｍｎ钢在Ｈ２Ｓ溶液中脆断敏感性的影响，结果表明：１６Ｍｎ钢在Ｈ２Ｓ溶液中的断裂是一种氢脆控制的断裂，随Ｈ２Ｓ浓度（Ｎ）增大，应力腐蚀断裂的机理从韧性转变的脆性；１６Ｍｎ钢片在Ｈ２Ｓ溶液中的稳态渗氢电流值ＩＨ和Ｈ２Ｓ浓度（Ｎ）满足ＩＨ＝８．５２５×Ｎ＾０．７２４９；ＩＨ受温度的影响主要表现在氢在１６Ｎｎ钢中的扩散     

氢对低合金钢上不锈钢堆焊层性能的影响(英文)

本工作研究了高温高压氢 (35 0℃ ,2 5 MPa H2 ) ,对国产氢反应器壁 30 9L 和 34 7L 不锈钢堆焊层性能的影响 .结果表明 :未经热渗氢的原始试样 ,无论是光滑试样还是缺口试样 (除缺口开在 30 9L 区域试样外 ) ,均断裂在 34 7L 区域内 .而经热渗氢后 ,无论起裂于 2 (1/4 ) Cr- 1Mo和 30 9L 熔合线 ,还是 30 9L 和34 7L的熔合线处 ,最后都断在 30 9L区域内 .这是因为热渗氢使 30 9L和 34 7L的断裂应力 ,分别从 885 MPa降至 478MPa和从 799.9MPa降至 5 6 4MPa,它们的氢脆系数分别为 86 .8%和 80 .9% .SEM断口分析结果与上述结论一致     

纯铁中的氢扩散系数影响因素研究

采用电化学渗透双电解池试验方法测定了不同条件下纯铁中的氢扩散系数。结果表明:材料状态、试样厚度、氢渗透次数影响纯铁氢扩散系数,原始态纯铁的氢扩散系数略高于三次淬火态试样的;随着试样厚度的增加,氢扩散系数逐渐变大;同一位置二次氢渗透的扩散系数高于一次渗透氢的扩散系数。     

用SIMS研究氢在不锈钢堆焊层和母材界面区附近的分布行为？…

采用高压釜充氢－ＳＩＭＳ分析法，首次定量测定了氢沿试样堆焊结构附近截面的分布曲线。提出了合金碳化物与残余应力联合致氢富集的新模型。     

纳米晶复合物Mg—Ni—V2O5催氢性能研究

研究了纳米晶复合物Mg-Ni-V2O5的吸放氢性能及其在放氢过程中的温度变化规律。该复合物是在氢气作为保护气的条件下，用机械合金化方法从镁粉，镍粉和五氧化二钒直接通过球磨制备而成的，试样在球磨过程中能发生吸氢反应（MAR），经过较长时间球磨之后，试样基本能完全吸氢，该试样具有很好的充放氢性能，放氢温度也有所降低，例如该复合在200℃可以在60s内充氢达6．2％（质量分数）以上，在300℃，0.1MPa下，可以在700s内使放氢量达到6．0％（质量分数）以上。     

应变速率与40Cr钢氢脆特性关系的研究

本文通过考察不同应变速率下渗氢试样机械性能的变化情况，用扫描电镜（ＳＥＭ）分析断口的宏观微观形貌，研究了４０Ｃｒ钢的应变速率与氢脆敏感性的关系、     

介质及应变速率对10钢的氢脆敏感性的影响

本文研究了 10钢在 H2 SO4溶液和 Na Cl溶液中渗氢后 ,在不同应变速率下其氢脆敏感性 .结果表明 :在 H2 SO4溶液中渗氢后 ,10钢具有明显的氢脆特征 ,应变速率从 3.33× 10 -1.sec-1～ 3.33×10 -6 .sec-1范围内 ,截面收缩率Ψ从 35 .36%降至 18.35 % ;延伸率δ从 2 9.34 %降至 14 .95 % ,10钢显示出最大的氢脆敏感性     

Tensile behaviour of type 304 austenitic stainless steels in hydrogen atmosphere at low temperatures

Abstract

The tensile behaviour of solution annealed type 304L, solution annealed type 304, and solution annealed and sensitised type 304 stainless steels was investigated in hydrogen and helium under a pressure of 1·1 MPa over the temperature range 300–80 K at strain rates ranging from 4·2×10^-5 to 4·2×10^-2 s^-1. For 304L steel, hydrogen environment embrittlement (HEE) increased with decreasing strain rate. For 304L and 304 steels, HEE increased with decreasing temperature, reached a maximum, and then decreased with further decrease in temperature: the decrease was particularly rapid near the minimum temperature for HEE. Sensitisation enhanced the HEE of 304 steel. Above the maximum HEE temperature, the HEE behaviour was similar to the hydrogen embrittlement behaviour of materials in previous studies, but near the minimum temperature for HEE it was different. Three types of hydrogen induced brittle fracture were observed as a result of HEE: transgranular fracture along strain induced martensite laths and twin boundary fracture on the fracture surfaces of solution annealed 304L and 304 steels, and grain boundary fracture on the sensitised 304 steel. It was found that from room temperature to the maximum HEE temperature, the HEE of the materials depended on the transformation of strain induced martensite and below the maximum HEE temperature it depended on the diffusion of hydrogen.     

Stress corrosion cracking and hydrogen embrittlement cracking of welded weathering steel and carbon steel in a simulated acid rain environment

Abstract

The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and hydrogen embrittlement cracking (HEC) characteristics of welded weathering steel and carbon steel were investigated in aerated acid chloride solution. The electrochemical properties of welded steels were investigated by polarisation and galvanic corrosion tests. Neither weathering steel nor carbon steel showed passive behaviour in this acid chloride solution. The results indicated that weathering steel had better corrosion resistance than carbon steel. Galvanic corrosion between the weldment and the base metal was not observed in the case of weathering steel because the base metal was anodic to the weldment. However, the carbon steel was susceptible to galvanic corrosion because the weldment acts as an anode. Slow strain rate tests (SSRT) were conducted at a constant strain rate of 7.87 × 10⁷ s^-1 at corrosion potential, and at potentiostatically controlled anodic and cathodic potentials, to investigate the SCC and HEC properties in acid chloride solution. The welded weathering steel and carbon steel were susceptible to both anodic dissolution SCC and hydrogen evolution HEC. However, weathering steel showed less susceptibility of SCC and HEC than carbon steel at anodic potential because of Cr and Cu compounds in the rust layer, which retarded anodic dissolution, and at cathodic potential due to the presence of Cr, Cu, and Ni in alloy elements, which inhibit the reduction of hydrogen ions. SEM fractographs of both steels revealed a quasicleavage fracture in the embrittled region at applied anodic and cathodic potentials.     

Finite Element Analysis of Hydrogen Transport in Steel Pressure Vessel at Room Temperature

Hydrogen embrittlement is commonly considered as an important failure mechanism for steel pressure vessels and pipes made of such as Cr–Mo and 4130X steels under high-pressure hydrogen environments, which means hydrogen atom can easily penetrate and diffuse into the metal, leading to the distortion of microscopic lattice and the degradation of macroscopic strength and fracture toughness. Under the support of the National Key Fundamental Research and Development Project of China (2015.1-2019.12), we aim to launch a series of theoretical, experimental, and numerical research on the macroscopic damage evolution and microscopic fracture of steel structures under high-pressure hydrogen environment, which ultimately commits to gaining deep insight into the hydrogen embrittlement mechanisms. This work studies the hydrogen transport mechanisms in Cr–Mo steel pressure vessels under different hydrogen environments using finite element analysis (FEA), which is fundamental to subsequent research on the hydrogen-induced damage evolution and crack behaviors. The purpose of this paper is to explore the effects of the initial hydrogen concentrations and structural sizes on the hydrogen transport mechanisms in 2.25Cr-1Mo pressure vessels with a nozzle at room temperature. Numerical results by comparing different hydrogen concentration distributions show that structural discontinuities tend to accelerate the hydrogen embrittlement sensitivity.     

Effects of hydrogen on the mechanical response of X80 pipeline steel subject to high strain rate tensile tests

Hydrogen‐induced degradation of X80 pipeline steel was investigated through a high strain rate tensile test (2 × 10^?4/s) with interposed unloading, reloading, aging at 30°C, or annealing at 200°C with or without hydrogen charging. The results indicated that plasticity degradation does not occur in the hydrogen‐precharged specimens; however, hydrogen embrittlement occurs in the reloading stage when the specimens are charged with hydrogen in the unloading stage after applying a prestrain. Interposed aging at 30°C or annealing at 200°C can also increase the degradation. It indicates that the hydrogen traps caused by the strain along with hydrogen charging are the major source of dislocations. The formation of a hydrogen atmosphere around mobile dislocations, which is related to the rates of hydrogen diffusion and dislocation movement, plays an important role in the degradation process. Both pinning and depinning of dislocations affect plasticity degradation.     

Bruchverhalten eines vergüteten und eines kaltgezogenen Stahles im Gleichgewichtszustand mit Druckwasserstoff

Fracture of Tempered and Cold Drawn Steel in Equilibrium with Compressed Hydrogen Tensile specimens are surface activated and stored in compressed hydrogen until equilibrium is attained. Charged and uncharged reference specimens are tested in air and in compressed hydrogen. The embrittlement of colddrawn steel (plenty of traps) is independent of strain rate and is caused mainly by the prior charging. Tempered steel (fewer traps) is not embrittled by charged hydrogen but by the effect of external hydrogen during the test. The degree of embrittlement decreases with increasing strain rate. In all cases of embrittlement there is in addition a strong notch sensitivity.     

Dynamic recrystallisation of as cast austenite in 18–8 stainless steel

Abstract

Dynamic recrystallisation behaviour of an as cast 0Cr18Ni9Ti stainless steel during hot deformation was investigated by hot compression test at a temperature range of 950–1200°C and strain rate of 5 × 10^-3–1 × 10^-1 s^-1. Change of austenite grain size owing to dynamic recrystallisation was also studied by microstructural observation. The experimental results showed that the hot deformation conditions, such as temperature, strain, and strain rate determine the dynamic recrystallisation behaviour for the as cast stainless steel, and the dynamically recrystallised grain size is determined by the deformation conditions and is independent of the strain.     

Effect of hydrogenation on mechanical properties and tensile fracture mechanism of a high-nitrogen austenitic steel

Austenitic stainless steels are frequently used for hydrogen applications due to their high ductility at low temperatures and lower hydrogen environment embrittlement compared to ferritic steels. We study the effect of electrochemical hydrogen saturation up to 40 h on tensile behavior and fracture mechanisms in high-nitrogen austenitic 17Cr–24Mn–1.3V–0.2C–1.3N steel. Hydrogen saturation weakly influences the characteristic of stress–strain curves, but decreases steel ductility, yield stress, and ultimate tensile stress. Hydrogenation provides a change in steel fracture peculiarities—a hydrogen-assisted thin brittle surface layer of ≈5 μm and ductile subsurface layer of 50–150 μm in width in hydrogen-saturated specimens. The subsurface layer shows ductile transgranular fracture with elongated dimples and flat facets. The central parts of fracture surfaces for hydrogenated specimens show ductile fracture mode similar to hydrogen-free state, but they include numerous secondary cracks both for central part and for transition zone between ductile central part and subsurface layer associated with highest hydrogen saturation. The possible reasons of decrease in hydrogen-associated ductility and change in fracture character are discussed.     

On the embrittlement of fracture toughness specimens of two high strength steels

Hydrogen embrittlement of two commercial materials, a 1$\text{1}\text{2}$ Ni-Cr-Mo steel and a 5 Cr-V-Mo steel both quenched and tempered to a nominal ilrength of 1.60 × 10³MN/m² has been studied. Frecture toughness testing was carried out on each steel in three conditions, (a) heat-treated and tested in air, (b) thermally charged with hydrogen and tested in air, and (c) uncharged and tested a an atmosphere of dry hydrogen. The effects of hydrogen pressure and loading rate on embrittlement were examined. The experimental results show that thermal charging had a greater embrittling effect on the 1$\text{1}\text{2}$ Ni-Cr-Mo steel than on the 5 Cr-V-Mo steel although the latter had a higher hydrogen concentration. In a hydrogen environment the 1$\text{1}\text{2}$ Ni-Cr-Mo steel was much more sensitive to embrittlement than the 5 Cr-V-Mo steel.