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1.
介绍了软X射线波段C/W多层膜的制备和光学性能检测.采用高真空直流磁控溅射方法在超光滑硅基片上制作了C/W多层膜,用X射线衍射(XRD)仪,小角测量方法测试多层膜的光学性能,采用透射电镜(TEM)观测多层膜断层样品的微观结构,并在同步辐射软X射线光束线上,测试了所制备的C/W多层膜样品的反射率,然后对测试结果进行拟合分析.结果表明,所制备的C/W多层膜样品的质量较高,界面清晰,粗糙度小,所有膜层均为无定形态,没有晶相生成,以44.2°入射在5.9 nm处有约6%的反射率.  相似文献   

2.
目前,关于金属镀层表面钨-硫彩色簇合物功能修饰膜的研究较少.在Stb32钢板表面电镀锡,利用(N H4)2WS4溶液与锡镀层表面发生配位化学反应,得到钨-硫彩色簇合物膜,膜层具有金属光泽,加热处理后其颜色发生变化.用红外光谱(FT-IR)、远红外光谱(F-IR)、拉曼光谱(FT-Raman)和光电子能谱(XPS)和俄歇电子能谱(AES)研究了簇合物膜层的组成、结构和反应机理.结果表明,簇合物膜中存在W-S-Sn配位键、端基W-S和端基W-O键;膜层由W,S,Sn和O元素组成,在膜层表面W,S,Sn,O分别呈W6,S6,S4,S2-,Sn2+,O2-形式;在膜内层W6+,W4+共存,其他元素分别呈Sn2+,S2-,O2-形式;膜为多分子层结构,膜层厚150~260 nm,其中红棕色膜层的组成(原子分数)为29.5 %Sn,21.2%W,32.5%S,16.8%O.  相似文献   

3.
本研究以高纯W与Al_2O_3为靶材,在常温下采用磁控溅射法在钠钙硅玻璃表面交替镀制了W及Al_2O_3纳米多层膜。在多层膜总厚度相同的条件下,研究了不同W/Al_2O_3周期厚度对隔热性能的影响。采用台阶仪、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、场发射透射电镜(TEM)等对多层膜的形貌及结构进行了表征。采用瞬态热反射法(TTR)、纳米压痕仪分别分析了多层膜的隔热性能和力学性能。结果表明,实验沉积的多层膜中各单层均匀连续,不存在断层现象,且层间界面清晰。Al_2O_3膜层呈非晶形态,W膜层具有亚稳态β-W(210)的择优取向,并在周期厚度为5 nm时呈现明显的非晶态。随着膜层界面密度的增大,多层膜的热阻增大,热导率减小,硬度增大。周期厚度为5 nm、膜层数为41层的W/Al_2O_3多层膜具有较为优异的隔热性能与力学性能,其热阻为3. 14×10-7m~2·K·W~(-1),有效热导率为0. 36 W·m-1·K-1,硬度为8. 53 GPa,膜/基结合力为42. 20m N。所制备的多层膜在室温到500℃之间具有良好的热稳定性。  相似文献   

4.
使用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDS)、傅里叶变换红外吸收光谱(FT-IR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等手段研究了经不同模数(SiO_2:Na_2O=2.0,3.0,3.5,4.0,4.5)硅酸钠溶液处理的热浸Zn-5%Al镀层表面硅酸盐转化膜的形貌和结构,并根据电化学交流阻抗(EIS)研究了膜层的耐蚀性。结果表明:与未处理的热浸镀Zn-5%Al试样相比,钝化后的试样耐蚀性有较大的提高,且模数为4.0时的膜层透明,表面均匀平整,膜层阻抗达到204.22 kΩ·cm~2,耐蚀性最高;而模数为2.0时的膜层表面有较多的裂纹,耐蚀性最低。硅酸盐转化膜主要由硅酸锌、铝硅酸盐和二氧化硅、铝氧化物/氢氧化物、锌氧化物/氢氧化物组成,根据膜层分析对Zn-5%Al镀层硅酸盐转化膜的成膜机理进行了讨论。  相似文献   

5.
利用射频磁控溅射系统制备了调制周期为30 nm的具有不同调制比例的ZrN/W2N纳米多层膜。研究表明:ZrN/W2N纳米多层膜的界面清晰,通过把ZrN周期性地插入到W2N层,多层薄膜的整体应力得到缓解。在调制比tZrN∶tW2N=2∶3时,纳米多层膜的应力值最小。多层膜的硬度和弹性模量基本高于ZrN和W2N单层材料的平均值,随着调制比的减小,它们的值均有上升趋势,并在tZrN∶tW2N=2∶3时分别达到最高值34 GPa和424 GPa,同时多层膜的膜基结合强度也达到最佳效果,其临界载荷超过了100 mN。多层膜的机械性能改善明显与其调制层结构和多晶结构有着直接的联系。  相似文献   

6.
采用反应磁控溅射的方法,利用Zr靶与TiSi复合靶成功制备了不同TiSiN层厚度的ZrN/TiSiN纳米多层膜。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和纳米压痕仪研究了不同TiSiN层厚度对ZrN/TiSiN纳米多层膜的微观结构和力学性能的影响。结果表明,ZrN/TiSiN纳米多层膜主要由面心立方的ZrN相组成,随着TiSiN层厚度的增加,纳米多层膜的结晶程度先增加后降低,其硬度和弹性模量也先升高后降低。当TiSiN层厚度为0.7nm时,纳米多层膜具有最高的硬度和弹性模量,分别为28.7和301.1GPa,远超过ZrN单层膜。ZrN/TiSiN纳米多层膜的强化效果可由交变应力场和模量差理论进行解释。  相似文献   

7.
利用电弧离子镀设备,在45#钢基体上制备了两种调制比的Cr/CrN多层膜.采用X射线衍射技术(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、电子探针(EPMA)、M273A电化学系统等技术分析了薄膜的相结构、表面形貌、横截面元素分布、模拟海水中的抗腐蚀性能.结果表明:膜层主要由CrN、Cr2N和Cr组成,以Cr2N(111)为择优取向;膜层为Cr层-过渡层-CrN层的"三明治"调制结构;Cr/CrN多层膜结构与中间Cr层的存在可以显著提高基体和单层CrN抗腐蚀性能,45#钢+Cr/CrN(5/10)的防护体系抗腐蚀性能最佳.  相似文献   

8.
目前,纳米金属多层膜的研究体系和应用范围有待扩展,镀层成形机理、强化机理等方面有待深入研究。利用喷射电沉积技术制备了不同调制周期(λ)的Ni/Co纳米多层镀层,并对镀层的表面形貌与组织、显微硬度、耐磨损性能进行了测试与分析。结果表明:多层镀层各层之间有明显界限,镀层致密均匀,与低碳钢结合牢固;随着λ的减小,Ni/Co多层镀层表面越来越致密,镀层越来越平整;Ni/Co多层镀层结构的硬度和耐磨性明显优于纯Co镀层和纯Ni镀层;λ为20 nm时,Ni/Co多层镀层的硬度和耐磨损性能最好。  相似文献   

9.
采用全封闭磁场的非平衡态磁控溅射系统,以纯金属为靶材,制备了AlN/WAlN(多层)/W薄膜。X射线掠射(GID)、扫描电镜(SEM)以及分光光度计等测试手段分析薄膜的相结构、表面形貌以及吸收光谱等特性。结果表明,薄膜沉积设备性能稳定,W、Al靶材溅射率高。获得AlN/WAlN(多层)/W薄膜中各层薄膜表面质地都较均匀,且为多晶态或纳米晶薄膜。该结构膜系对波长在200~2000nm范围内的光波有较高的吸收效果,平均吸收率可达96%以上,吸收性能优异。  相似文献   

10.
《真空》2016,(1)
采用多弧离子镀技术,在不同沉积参数下合成具有纳米调制周期的TiN/Ti多层膜。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、XP-2台阶仪、XP型纳米压痕仪、X射线能谱仪(EDS)研究了调制周期对TiN/Ti纳米多层膜微观结构、表面形貌以及力学性能的影响。结果表明,膜层由TiN和Ti交替组成,不存在其它杂相,且TiN薄膜以面心立方结构沿(111)密排面择优生长;TiN/Ti多层膜外观致密、平滑、颜色均匀金黄,随着调制周期的减小,薄膜表面大颗粒数量和尺寸均减小,且氮含量逐渐升高,膜层硬度呈现出增大的趋势。  相似文献   

11.
W Germany     
《Vacuum》1983,33(8):495-497
  相似文献   

12.
Stable multiple emulsions with a small proportion of primary emulsion containing different viscosifying agents in the outer aqueous phase were formulated. The multiple systems were assessed by evaluating several parameters, such as the macroscopic aspect, droplet size, release rate, and accelerated stability under elevated temperatures. The effect of different viscosifying agents at different concentrations on the stability and the multiplicity of the multiple emulsions was examined. The viscosity increased by increasing the concentration of the viscosifying agents. It also appeared that the viscosifying agents increased the temperature stability of the multiple emulsions. As a result, the formulation viscosified with Klucel was more stable, while the one prepared with carbomer viscosified the outer phase at much lower concentrations with much better skin feel.  相似文献   

13.
Stable multiple emulsions with a small proportion of primary emulsion containing different viscosifying agents in the outer aqueous phase were formulated. The multiple systems were assessed by evaluating several parameters, such as the macroscopic aspect, droplet size, release rate, and accelerated stability under elevated temperatures. The effect of different viscosifying agents at different concentrations on the stability and the multiplicity of the multiple emulsions was examined. The viscosity increased by increasing the concentration of the viscosifying agents. It also appeared that the viscosifying agents increased the temperature stability of the multiple emulsions. As a result, the formulation viscosified with Klucel was more stable, while the one prepared with carbomer viscosified the outer phase at much lower concentrations with much better skin feel.  相似文献   

14.
In the temperature range (900 to 2800) K, there has been confirmed compliance with the existing national standards for thermocouple wires W5% Re/W20%Re (type A) produced in Russia. The homogeneity within a lot of wires was evaluated by measuring the emf deviations from the corresponding reference function of thermocouples constructed from the front and the rear sections of paired coils of wires. The diameter of the wires amounted to 0.35 mm and 0.5 mm. Stability indicators were thermal emf changes after annealing for 2 hours at 1773 K. It was found that the inhomogeneity of thermoelements did not exceed (4 to 5) K for paired wire coils with a thermoelectric stability within a temperature equivalent of (1.0 to 1.5) K. EMF deviations from the reference table values for the thermocouples investigated did not exceed 1 % in the temperature range of (900 to 2773) K. Such deviations meet the requirements of the new draft of IEC standards 60584-1 and 2. Thermocouples were calibrated in four laboratories by comparison with various standard temperature gauges (type B thermocouple, radiation pyrometer, standard specimens of thermoelements). Measurements were carried out under vacuum, argon, and hydrogen. Depending on the calibration method, the expanded uncertainty of the measurements at 1773 K varied from (2.8 to 8) K.  相似文献   

15.
TiCP/W及ZrCP/W复合材料的组织结构与性能   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
周玉  王玉金  宋桂明 《材料导报》2004,18(8):97-101
设计并采用热压烧结的方法成功制备了TiCp/W和ZrCp/W两个系列碳化物颗粒增强钨基新型复合材料,并对其组织结构、室温力学性能及高温力学性能进行了系统研究.结果表明,复合材料体系的组元间有很好的热力学相容性和化学相容性;在异相界面处发生了W原子向TiC和ZrC晶格的扩散,分别形成了(Ti,W)C和(Zr,W)C固溶体,促进了两相界面结合和复合材料的致密化.碳化物颗粒的加入强烈阻碍了W晶粒的长大,并显著提高了复合材料的室温和高温力学性能.复合材料的抗弯强度和抗拉强度均随着试验温度的升高先增大后减小,在800~1400℃时出现峰值,而抗压强度则随着温度的升高而单调下降.室温强化机制是细晶强化和第二相弥散强化,高温强化机理有:位错强化、细晶强化、界面强化及碳化物颗粒的弥散强化.  相似文献   

16.
《材料导报》2004,18(Z3)
设计并采用热压烧结的方法成功制备了TiCp/W和ZrCp/W两个系列碳化物颗粒增强钨基新型复合材料,并对其组织结构、室温力学性能及高温力学性能进行了系统研究.结果表明,复合材料体系的组元间有很好的热力学相容性和化学相容性;在异相界面处发生了W原子向TiC和ZrC晶格的扩散,分别形成了(Ti,W)C和(Zr,W)C固溶体,促进了两相界面结合和复合材料的致密化.碳化物颗粒的加入强烈阻碍了W晶粒的长大,并显著提高了复合材料的室温和高温力学性能.复合材料的抗弯强度和抗拉强度均随着试验温度的升高先增大后减小,在800~1400℃C时出现峰值,而抗压强度则随着温度的升高而单调下降.室温强化机制是细晶强化和第二相弥散强化,高温强化机理有:位错强化、细晶强化、界面强化及碳化物颗粒的弥散强化.  相似文献   

17.
W. Olszak     
《Acta Mechanica》1981,39(1-2):1-1
  相似文献   

18.
The present study reports on the mechanical and structural properties of W/W–C multilayered thin films with bilayer periods Λ ranging from 2.5 to 100 nm. Films were grown by reactive sputtering radio frequency on Si (100) substrate. X-ray diffraction (XRD), grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) and X-ray reflectivity were used to globally characterise the multilayers structure. Hardness and Young modulus have been determined using nanoindentation with a Berkovich tip. The XRD and the GIXRD diagrams revealed the presence of three phases: WC1−x randomly oriented, W2C with (100) preferred orientation and W with (110) preferred orientation. An increase in hardness is observed with decreasing period Λ, reaching a maximum value of ~26 GPa at Λ = 2.5 nm.  相似文献   

19.
One mild multiple emulsions was used for the fabrication of hollow polystyrene (PS) spheres. Polystyrene was dissolved in a volatile organic solvent to form the O phase, then an aqueous phase containing a surfactant was transferred into above phase to form an oil-in-water (Win/O) emulsion, followed by addition of Win/O emulsion in the external Wout phase, and solvent evaporation. Final product with diameter of 150 μm, surface roughness of 30 nm, and sphericity of 98.0% was obtained. The possible influences on the formation of PS hollow sphere were also discussed.  相似文献   

20.
Zusammenfassung Der vorstehende überblick über die in den „Forschungsheften” von 1901 bis 1930 ver?ffentlichten 97 Abhandlungen über Dampfkessel, W?rmekraftmaschinen und W?rmearbeitsmaschinen ist ein neuer Beweis dafür, da? diese Schriftenreihe auch für die Entwicklung der W?rmemaschinen und der wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse auf w?rmetechnischem Gebiet au?erordentlich befruchtend und f?rdernd gewesen ist. Die Hefte enthalten viele wertvolle, zum Teil behnbrechende Forschungen, so da? die Technik und alle technisch T?tigen dem Verein deutscher Ingenieure für die Einführung und Aufrechterhaltung der „Forschungshefte” nicht dankbar genug sein k?nnen.  相似文献   

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