以天然沥青岩为原料制备高压缩强度的泡沫炭(英文)

以安纳托利亚东南部的天然沥青岩为原料制备泡沫炭。所制泡沫炭的平均孔径和密度分别为150μm和800 kg/m3。主要研究了压力、温度、泄压时间及在最高温度时的停留时间对泡沫形成的影响,同时还评价了炭化过程对泡沫结构的影响。主要研究了压力、温度、泄压时间及在最高温度时的停留时间对泡沫炭进行了表征,并进行了密度及抗压强度分析。结果表明,1 323 K炭化后,泡沫炭压缩强度由10 MPa增加到18.7 MPa。沥青的灰分含量(41.76%)对泡沫炭的密度和压缩强度起重要作用。     

前驱体对炭泡沫孔结构的影响

分别以煤沥青、石油中间相沥青和AR沥青为前驱体制备炭泡沫材料。采用GPC测定前驱体分子量,SEM观察所制炭泡沫的孔结构,光学显微镜测量所制炭泡沫的孔径及其分布。结果发现,由于煤焦油沥青不含中间相,且QI含量较高,导致在实验条件下不能直接制备出合格的炭泡沫。以石油中间相沥青和AR沥青为原料均能制备出具有分布均匀开孔结构,且微观各向异性的炭泡沫。由AR沥青制备的炭泡沫呈现平均孔径较小(212μm)、孔壁较薄、孔径分布较窄(180μm~300μm)、开孔率较高、以及韧带排列较规整等特点,表明低QI含量、低分子量且分布较窄的前驱体有利于发泡。     

发泡温度对炭泡沫结构及性能的影响

以AR中间相沥青为原料,采用中间相沥青自发泡法在初始发泡压力为3MPa、发泡温度在390～450℃范围内制备了4种炭泡沫。利用SEM观察了炭泡沫的孔隙结构,并测定了其体积密度、抗压强度和导热系数,考察了发泡温度对炭泡沫结构及性能的影响。结果表明,采用较低的发泡温度(430℃)可以消除大的孔隙缺陷;当发泡温度为410℃时,炭泡沫导热系数最高,为0.256W/(m·K)。     

由中间相沥青制备泡沫炭:Fe(NO3)3的影响

以中间相沥青为前驱体制备高性能泡沫炭，在考察中间相沥青、Fe（NO3）3及其混合物热分解行为的基础上，着重研究了Fe（NO3）3对制备中间相沥青基泡沫炭的影响，揭示了Fe（NO3）3对泡沫炭孔泡结构的影响规律及其作用机制，初步研究了在泡沫炭炭化过程中形成的Fe／C之物相结构及其石墨化行为。结果表明，在不同的炭化温度下，Fe在泡沫炭中的存在形态各异；Fe物种的存在有利于提高泡沫炭的石墨化程度。     

超临界流体制备中间相沥青泡沫炭及其导热性能研究

以奈系中间相沥青为原料,在初始压力2.0～4.0MPa的范围内,利用甲苯作为超临界溶剂制备中间相沥青基泡沫,并经氧化炭化和石墨化获得了三维网状结构的泡沫炭,利用扫描电镜、x射线衍射、激光导热测定仪分析了泡沫碳的结构和导热性能,研究了泡沫炭结构与其导热性能的关系.结果表明,不同条件下所制备得到的泡沫炭泡孔结构和孔分布的不同对导热系数影响较大,在2350℃下石墨化后导热系数达到42(W/mK).     

高密度石墨泡沫及其石蜡复合材料的热物理性能(英文)

以中间相沥青和添加中间相炭微球的沥青为原料,调整发泡压力和发泡温度制备沥青泡沫,经1273K炭化和2973K石墨化,制备了高密度石墨泡沫。为了进一步提高石墨泡沫的密度,采用573 K的沥青反复浸渍炭化未添加中间相炭微球的沥青在1273K下所制的泡沫炭,再经2973K石墨化获得增密度后的石墨泡沫。而后制备了相应石墨泡沫/石蜡复合材料。研究了石墨泡沫热物理性能的影响因素和石墨泡沫/石蜡复合材料的热行为。研究表明:沥青组分、发泡温度和发泡压力决定了石墨泡沫的结构和热物理性能,而石墨泡沫的热导率决定了复合材料的热行为。与石蜡相比,石墨泡沫/石蜡复合材料的热扩散系数提高了768至1588倍。石墨泡沫/石蜡复合材料的潜热与石蜡的质量分数成正比。该复合材料是快速响应电子散热材料的良好选择。     

中间相沥青基炭泡沫体的制备、结构及性能

以合成中间相萘沥青为原料，采用加压发泡法制备孔径均匀的初生炭泡沫体，经700℃～1000℃和2300℃～2800℃热处理制备出炭化和石墨化炭泡沫体；以700℃炭化处理所得的炭泡沫体作为芯材制成夹芯复合材料。研究了原料性能、发泡以及热处理工艺参数对炭泡沫微观结构和力学性能的影响，考察了炭泡沫体夹芯复合材料的微波吸收性能。结果表明：发泡过程中保持均匀的温度场是制备孔径均匀的炭泡沫体的关键因素，压力是影响孔结构的主要因素。炭泡沫体的微晶结构、力学性能以及微波吸收性能沿xy和XZ面方向（分别表示垂直和平行于重力方向）具有各向异性。     

CVD PyC对炭泡沫结构及性能的影响

以AR中间相沥青为原料,采用中间相沥青自发泡法在发泡压力为0.1、3.0MPa,发泡温度为450℃的条件下制备了两种不同体积密度的炭泡沫CF-1和CF-2.将CF-1经过10h和70h化学气相沉积热解炭(CVDPyC)处理后得到炭泡沫CF-1-PC1和CF-1-PC2.测定了炭泡沫的抗压强度和导热系数,利用SEM和光学显微镜观察了炭泡沫的孔结构,考察了CVD PyC对炭泡沫结构及性能的影响.研究结果表明,CVD PyC处理可以增加炭泡沫韧带宽度,封填孔壁微裂纹;沥青炭和热解炭之间无明显界面,结合良好;经过CVD PyC处理后得到的CF-1-PC1和CF-1-PC2的体积密度、抗压强度、导热系数分别为, 0.196g·cm-3、1.89MPa、0.314W·m-1·K-1和0.461g·cm-3、11.93MPa、1.581W·m-1·K-1.     

煤基炭泡沫孔结构调控

以肥煤镜质组富集物为前驱体, 采用高压渗氮法制备煤基炭泡沫, 研究了发泡温度、发泡压力和发泡时间对炭泡沫孔结构的影响。利用SEM观察炭泡沫的孔胞形貌, 同时利用Nano Measurer分析软件统计SEM照片孔胞直径分布和孔喉直径分布以及平均孔径。结果表明: 微孔塑料成核理论可以定性解释炭泡沫的孔结构变化趋势。发泡温度的升高导致成核密度增加, 同时导致气体在胶质体的溶解度降低, 不利于孔胞长大。发泡压力的增大导致炭泡沫的孔胞密度增加, 临界成核半径降低, 同时加剧了热聚合反应, 导致胶质体的粘度增大, 不利于孔胞长大。发泡时间的延长会使热聚合更加充分, 影响胶质体粘度, 进而影响孔结构。     

中间相沥青基炭泡沫

1993年，在第21届国际炭双年度会议上。Hager等结合自己的一些前期研究工作通过模型分析预测了不同于以往的炭泡沫材料的韧带式网架结构的石墨化炭泡沫的存在。1998年，美国橡树岭国家实验室(ORNL)的炭材料研究人员James W．Klett在从沥青制备炭材料时偶然发现了一种石墨化多孔炭材     

超临界二氧化碳发泡热硫化硅橡胶的研究

对超临界二氧化碳制备硅橡胶泡沫材料的可行性进行了研究.采用“预硫化—发泡—完全硫化”工艺,研究了发泡温度、压力、溶胀时间、卸压时间等对硅橡胶泡沫的密度和泡孔结构的影响,通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对泡孔结构进行了分析.结果表明:利用超临界二氧化碳发泡热硫化硅橡胶,得到了泡孔孔径小(＜ 100μm)、泡孔均匀、泡孔结构可...     

A porous carbon foam prepared from liquefied birch sawdust

Carbon foam was prepared by submitting birch sawdust to liquefaction, resinification, foaming, carbonization, and activation steps. The foam was characterized by TG and DTG, XRD, SEM, and nitrogen adsorption at 77 K. A mechanism for the formation of the porous carbon foam was proposed. Solid non-graphitized lightweight carbon foams with specific surface areas of 534–555 m²/g and cell sizes of 100–200 μm were obtained, depending on the carbonization or activation temperature used. The intermediate liquefied birch-based resin foam exhibits thermal stability superior to liquefied wood and inferior to phenolic resin, and decomposes rapidly in two stages, at 285.7 and 412.9 °C, respectively. Further activation of the carbon foam in a stream of nitrogen above 800 °C improves the pore structure and homogeneity of the cell size significantly. The matrix of the foams contains a large number of micropores, and the microstructure becomes more ordered as the activation temperature is increased.     

短纤维对泡沫铝压缩力学性能与吸能特性的影响研究

为探索闭孔泡沫铝加入短纤维后的力学性能和吸能特性变化规律。利用熔体发泡法在铝熔体中加入短碳纤维后制作得到纤维增强泡沫铝,通过万能材料试验机和高速液压伺服材料试验机在常温下分别对泡沫铝、纤维增强泡沫铝进行准静态和中应变率下(0.001~100 s-1)的动态力学性能测试,分析了纤维长度、纤维含量对泡沫铝力学性能和吸能特性变化规律。研究结果表明,纤维在泡沫铝内部主要呈现三种不同的形态模式:穿透模式、贯穿模式和嵌入模式;在平均孔径为2 mm的泡沫铝中加入长度为1 mm的纤维后,大多数纤维呈现穿透模式,泡沫铝整体性能下降,加入等含量长度为3 mm的纤维后,大多数纤维呈现贯穿和嵌入模式,平台应力和吸能效率有所提升;加入纤维后,泡沫铝整体呈现更为明显的应变率效应。     

基于分形理论的碳泡沫有效导热系数研究

以煤焦油基中间相沥青为原料，在一定的温度和压力条件下升温发泡，然后再经碳化、石墨化便可以制得一种高导热系数的多孔材料——碳泡沫。应用分形理论讨论了这种新型多孔材料的导热特性，推导出了碳泡沫的面积分形维数，并在此基础上建立了石墨化碳泡沫材料的导热模型，采用热阻法导出了石墨化碳泡沫材料的等效导热系数的关系式，计算出了碳泡沫的有效导热系数，计算结果与碳泡沫样品的实测值基本一致，这种方法为更好地利用其优良的导热性能提供了理论基础。     

Preparation of aligned silicon carbide whiskers from porous carbon foam by silicon thermal evaporation

Aligned silicon carbide whiskers were prepared from porous carbon foams by thermal evaporation of silicon. High-density silicon carbide whiskers were vertically deposited on the surface of siliconizing carbon foam. The whiskers were straight and hexagon-shaped with diameter of 1-2 μm and length of about 40 μm. They consisted of a single-crystalline zinc blende structure crystal in the [111] growth direction. The pore structure of carbon foam played an important role in determining distribution of the whiskers on the surface of siliconizing carbon foam. When carbon foam with higher porosity and larger pore size was employed, distributions of the whiskers were more ordered and more intensive. The whiskers were grown by the vapor-solid (VS) mechanism.     

稀土氧化物填充丁基发泡橡胶阻尼性能的研究

制备了一种具有较好阻尼性能的丁基发泡橡胶,研究了发泡、补强剂种类、稀土氧化物种类对丁基橡胶阻尼性能的影响,并对其泡孔形貌进行了表征。结果表明,发泡后丁基橡胶的阻尼性能优于未发泡的丁基橡胶;加入白炭黑后丁基发泡橡胶的损耗峰明显高于加入炭黑后丁基发泡橡胶的损耗峰,但加入炭黑的丁基发泡橡胶具有较宽的有效阻尼温域;稀土氧化钆(Gd_2O_3)由于具有磁性,其作为填料时,丁基发泡橡胶的阻尼性能较好,泡孔形貌均一、分布均匀,且多为闭孔。     

The influence of pore size variation on the pressure drop in open-cell foams

The paper concerns pressure drop in open-cell foam structures in correlation with variation in size of pores. The foam structures with different coefficients of variation of the pore volume CV(V) were designed using procedure based on Laguerre–Voronoi tessellations (LVT). Geometry of the generated structures was compared with the geometry of alumina foam filters used for casting. Pressure drop was calculated for structures with various pore volume distributions using the finite volume method (FVM).Validation of the LVT algorithm was performed by comparing the pressure drop obtained for modeled structures with the pressure drop of commercial alumina foam filters for aluminum casting. Two of the designed set of porous structures were printed using fast prototyping with the selective laser melting process (SLM). The pressure drop for these structures was measured experimentally and compared with the modeling results.The results show that the pressure drop is strongly related with the distribution of pore volume. Furthermore, for the investigated range of the coefficients of pore volume variation, a relationship was found between CV(V) and pressure drop.     

Mesophase AR pitch derived carbon foam: Effect of temperature, pressure and pressure release time

For the carbon foam production, mesophase pitch pellets are heated up in a reactor in an aluminum mold to specified pressures and finally pressure released to obtain green carbon foam samples. The green foams were then stabilized and carbonized. The effects of various temperatures, pressures and pressure release times on production of carbons foams are investigated. The samples are subjected to SEM, mechanical testing, mercury porosimetry analysis and bulk density determination for characterization. For the processing temperatures of 553, 556, 566 and 573 K, the densities of the foams produced were 380, 390, 410 and 560 kg/m³ respectively. The compressive strengths of the respective samples were increased from 1.47, to 3.31 MPa for the lowest and highest temperatures. The processing pressures were 3.8, 5.8, 6.8 and 7.8 MPa. The bulk density and the compressive strength of the carbon foams produced were changed from 500 to 580 kg/m³, and 1.87 to 3.52 MPa for the lowest and highest pressures respectively. Pressure release times of 5 s, 80 s, 160 s and 600 s are used to produce different carbon foam samples. The densities and the comprehensive strengths measured for the highest and lowest pressure release times changed from 560 to 240 kg/m³ and 3.31 to 2.16 MPa respectively. The pore size distribution of all of the products changed between 0.052×10^-6m and 120×10^-6m. Increase in temperature and pressure increased the bulk density and compressive strength of the carbon foams. The mercury porosimetry results show % porosity increase with increasing temperature and pressure. On the other hand, increase in pressure release time decreased the bulk density, compressive strength of the carbon foam.     

磷酸法活化煤焦油渣制备活性炭研究

研究了以陕西煤焦油渣作为原料,用磷酸作为活化剂,在400～1000℃的条件下经一步炭活化法制备活性炭。研究了炭活化温度、时间、料剂比对煤焦油渣制备活性炭吸附性能及孔结构的影响。实验结果表明炭活化温度、炭活化时间主要影响活性炭产品的得率,高温和长时间会导致更多的碳损失;活性炭的吸附性能及孔结构主要受炭活化温度和料剂比影响。最佳活化工艺条件为850℃、3h、1∶3。通过其活性炭表面孔径分布及表面官能团含量变化表征,用磷酸浸泡煤焦油渣制备活性炭有利于大、中孔结构的产生,其最佳活化条件下孔径分布约在20～100nm。