L245无缝钢管在4MPa氢气环境下的氢脆敏感性研究

为了考察低钢级管线钢在中压氢气环境下的氢脆敏感性，采用光滑和缺口试样慢拉伸试验方法，结合宏观和微观断口表征与分析，研究了L245钢在空气和4 MPa氢气中的氢脆敏感性。结果表明：L245钢光滑试样在4 MPa氢气中慢拉伸的抗拉强度、断面收缩率和延伸率的损失率分别为5.2%、4.8%和-0.1%,而缺口试样在4 MPa氢气中慢拉伸的抗拉强度、断面收缩率和拉伸位移的损失率分别达到19.1%、45.6%、15.4%,即发生了氢脆。L245钢光滑试样在空气介质中的慢拉伸断裂方式为韧性断裂；开缺口后起裂源开始于缺口位置，然后以准解理断裂的方式向内部扩展，加速试样断裂过程，但整体仍然表现为韧性断裂。相比之下，当L245钢光滑试样在4 MPa氢气环境中时，会在颈缩位置产生裂纹源；开缺口后，从缺口位置向内部产生的准解理断裂区域显著增加，使得断裂过程急剧加快，而心部则发生了氢致韧断。开缺口后L245钢在4 MPa氢气中的断裂方式为准解理断裂与氢致韧断相结合。     

超级活性炭的制备及其储氢性能初步研究

以高硫焦为原料,通过L9(34)正交设计,制备出一系列超高比表面积活性炭.系统地测定了氢在93K～293K、0MPa～7MPa范围内,在SBET为3886m2/g的超级活性炭上的一组吸附等温线.实验结果表明 ,吸附等温线具有Ⅰ-型等温线特征且储氢效果良好,其中在293K/5MPa、93K/6MP a的条件下,储氢质量分数分别达1.9W/%、9.8W/ %.一定条件下的等量吸附线研究表明,氢在超级活性炭上的等量吸附热较小,且主要集中在4.8kJ*mol-1～6.5kJ·     

LC4高强铝合金的慢应变速率拉伸试验

采用慢应变速率拉伸 (SSRT)技术测试了LC4铝合金在空气和质量分数为 3.5 %的NaCl溶液中的应力腐蚀断裂 (SCC)行为 .研究了应变速率对铝合金SCC行为的影响和氢在LC4高强铝合金应力腐蚀断裂过程中的作用 .试验结果表明 ,LC4合金具有SCC敏感性 ,在潮湿空气中发生应力腐蚀断裂 ,而在干燥空气中不发生应力腐蚀断裂 .对于长横取向的LC4铝合金试样 ,在应变速率为 1.331× 10 6s 1时 ,其SCC敏感性比应变速率为 6 .6 5 5× 10 6s 1时的敏感性大 .在潮湿空气和阳极极化条件下 ,铝合金的应力腐蚀断裂机理是以阳极溶解为主 ,氢几乎不起作用 .在预渗氢或阴极极化条件下 ,氢脆起主要作用 ,预渗氢时间延长可加速LC4合金的应力腐蚀断裂 .     

激光选区熔化成形含锆7×××系铝合金的显微组织与力学性能

热裂问题是激光选区熔化成形(SLM)7× × ×系铝合金面临的主要障碍之一.通过低能球磨工艺制备ZrH2/7075复合粉末,采用激光选区熔化技术制备含锆7×××系铝合金材料,分析了不同ZrH2添加量(0.5％,1.0％,1.5％,质量分数,下同)对试样显微组织和力学性能的影响规律.结果表明:随着ZrH2含量的增加,SLM试样的柱状晶组织逐渐消失,热裂纹逐渐减少,当ZrH2含量为1.5％时,试样显微组织完全转变为细小等轴晶(平均晶粒尺寸为1.6μm),热裂纹完全消除.ZrH2在SLM成形过程中与铝熔体原位反应形成L12型Al3 Zr相,L12型Al3 Zr相的异质形核作用促进了柱状晶到等轴晶的转变,抑制了热裂纹的产生.经T6热处理后,试样抗拉强度为(550±10)MPa,屈服强度为(490±5)MPa,伸长率为(12±1)％,断口处存在大量韧窝,表现为韧性断裂.     

30CrMnSiNi2A钢冷裂纹敏感性研究

对退火状态超高强钢30CrMnSiNi2A进行了大量的插销试验,结果表明:不同缺口位置的插销试样均断裂于熔合区,熔合区是对冷裂纹最敏感的区域;250℃以上预热能明显改善冷裂纹敏感性;同时发现采用光滑插销试样评估超高强钢抗冷裂纹能力是可行的。     

高强度钢焊接接头的断裂韧性

本文针对热影响区这一特殊部位,对高强钢焊接接头的断裂韧性进行了研究。试样取自原厚度为25毫米的多层焊试板,焊接时采用了20千焦耳/厘米的线能量和150℃的层间温度。沿着靠近熔合线的热影响区进行的硬度测量表明,焊趾边界上的硬度达最大值。由于这个原因,这种试样机加工的最苛刻的特点是槽口的位置和窄缝的制备问题。象1毫米深的这种浅缺口也要求这样做。另外,各种深度的窄缝顶端都須置于靠熔合线的热影响区。断裂试验是在很宽的温度范围内用四点弯曲法进行的。     

添加Al 对MSI 制备C/ C-SiC 复合材料组织和力学性能的影响

以聚丙烯腈( PAN) 基炭纤维(Cf ) 针刺整体毡为预制体, 用化学气相渗透(CVI) 法制备炭纤维增强炭基体(C/ C) 的多孔坯体, 采用熔融渗硅(MSI) 法制备C/ C-SiC 复合材料, 研究了渗剂中添加Al 对复合材料组织结构和力学性能的影响。结果表明: C/ C 坯体反应溶渗硅后复合材料的物相组成为SiC 相、C 相及残留Si 相。随着渗剂中Al 量的增加, 材料组成相中的Al 相也增加而其它相减少; SiC 主要分布在炭纤维周围, 残留Si 相分布在远离炭纤维处, 而此处几乎不含Al ; 当渗剂中Al 量由0 增加到10 %时, 复合材料的抗弯强度由116. 7 MPa 增加到175. 4 MPa , 提高了50. 3 % , 断裂韧性由5. 8 MPa·m1/2增加到8. 6 MPa·m1/2 , 提高了48. 2 %。Al 相的存在使复合材料基体出现韧性断裂的特征。      

1 000 MPa级高强钢焊接件的氢脆敏感性研究

利用氢渗透试验、慢应变速率拉伸试验(SSRT)研究了1 000MPa级高强钢(HSS)焊接件在海水中的氢渗透行为及其应力腐蚀敏感性,结合SEM观察了试样的断口特征,并利用电化学试验和显微组织观察分析了焊接件不同区域的氢脆特征。结果表明:相对于焊缝区(WM)和母材区(BM),热影响区(HAZ)的自腐蚀电位最负、析氢电位最正,更容易发生腐蚀和析氢行为。热影响区的氢扩散系数最大,具有较强的吸氢倾向。动态电化学充氢对高强钢焊接件的影响主要体现在对塑性的损减方面;随着极化电位的负移,高强钢焊接件的强度没有明显变化,但断面收缩率、断后延伸率均减小,断裂方式逐渐由韧性断裂变为解理断裂;当极化电位约为-930mV(vs SCE)时,高强钢焊接件的氢脆系数达25%;在不同充氢极化电位下,焊接件试样的断裂位置多在热影响区。     

对HT80钢焊接构件延迟开裂的断裂力学评定——从稳定延迟开裂到失稳脆性断裂的转变特性和J积分

对31毫米厚带有未焊透缺口的HT80钢焊接构件的延迟开裂特性进行了研究。采用未焊透焊接缺陷焊制成70毫米宽的三点弯曲试样。在这些试样中,缺口顶端设置在改良的V型接头熔合线上。用J积分方法计算出在粗晶粒热影响区的延迟断裂韧性值。其结果概括如下。 1) 考核加载中压力容器的断裂方式是从稳定延迟开裂转变为失稳解理断裂,用本报告中提出的实验室试验能很容易地重现出来。 2) HT80钢焊接构件的延迟开裂敏感性可以作为一种J积分的函数成功地作出评价。 3) 提出了一种评定延迟断裂韧性的新方法,这种方法是基于S.J.加伍德等的:参数法提出来的。 4) 与断裂韧性的转变曲线相比,延迟断裂韧性的转变曲线约向高温方向移20℃。     

反应烧结Si3N4/SiC复相陶瓷合成工艺优化的研究

利用反应烧结制备Si3N4结合SiC复合材料.设计了L9(34)正交试验方案,研究了原料中Si、添加剂Al2O3、Y2O3的含量对复合材料力学性能的影响,采用X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)对复合材料的相组成、断口形貌进行分析.结果表明,反应烧结后试样生成了颗粒状的α-Si3N4、针状或棒状的β-Si3N4和少量的Sialon,其中针状或棒状的β-Si3N4和SiC形成三维网络结构,提高了材料的力学性能.优化实验得到的试样力学性能显著提高,其中维氏硬度2205、抗弯强度410MPa、断裂韧性为8MPa·m1/2.     

充氢Cr-Mo钢变形过程的声发射特征

对电化学充氢后的2.25Cr-1Mo钢进行拉伸实验,并在实时拉伸过程中采集声发射信号。结果表明:充氢后2.25Cr-1Mo钢抗拉强度为536.30MPa,下降约57MPa;断面收缩率为43.62%,下降约7%。拉伸断口上出现由氢脆引起的"白点"特征与准解理断裂形貌。充氢后试样拉伸过程弹性阶段的声发射信号活动增强,而屈服阶段的声发射信号活动减弱,变形过程的声发射信号累积绝对能量值要比未充氢试样低约1个数量级。充氢试样拉伸产生的声发射信号比未充氢试样的信号幅值降低约0.33mV,频宽降低0.06MHz。通过对声发射信号的分析发现,充氢试样变形的微观机制为氢促进位错发射与运动,而交叉滑移受到抑制。     

Hydrogen embrittlement of maraging steel

Specimens of 18 Ni 1800 MPa (M250) grade maraging steel were charged with different quantities of hydrogen by an electrochemical method. The tensile properties and fracture characteristics have been correlated with the quantity of hydrogen picked up by the material. A drastic decrease in ultimate tensile strength from 1768 M Pa to 750 M Pa, elongation from 6% to less than 2%, and reduction in area from 55% to less than 5%, were observed as the hydrogen content of the steel increased from less than 2 p.p.m. to 7 p.p.m. However, hydrogen does not affect the hardness of the steel. The effect of baking at different temperatures on hydrogen embrittlement was also studied. A change in fractographic features from ductile dimples to mixed mode, intergranular separation and transgranular cleavage was observed as the amount of absorbed hydrogen increased.     

Hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility of microstructures formed in multipass weld metal for HT780 class steel

The effect of reheating by following passes on the hydrogen embrittlement of MAG weld metal for HT780 class steels has been investigated by using specimens subjected to simulated thermal cycles. The hydrogen-charged specimens exhibited transgranular quasi-cleavage fracture and intergranular fracture along prior austenite grain boundaries on slow strain rate tensile (SSRT) tests, depending on the reheated temperature and charged hydrogen content. The reduction in elongation of hydrogen-charged specimens became more significant when intergranular fracture occurred. When specimens in as-welded state and precedently reheated at coarse grained HAZ temperature of 1,623 K were reheated at a tempering temperature of 873 K, significant amount of intergranular fracture occurred at charged hydrogen contents above 3 ppm in spite of the decrease in hardness. The specimen reheated at 1,173 K showed no intergranular fracture even after receiving the reheating at 873 K at a hydrogen content of 6 ppm, suggesting the strong influence of the prior austenite grain size on the hydrogen-induced intergranular embrittlement. The measurement of hydrogen content desorbed from the hydrogen-charged specimen at room temperature suggested that the intergranular fracture caused by the reheating at 873 K was associated with an increase in susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement of the prior austenite grain boundary itself rather than a decrease in the amounts of trapping sites such as dislocation and retained austenite.     

Hydrogen effects in a dual-phase microalloy steel

A dual-phase steel containing niobium, vanadium and titanium as microalloying elements was tested for hydrogen embrittlement (HE). The susceptibility to HE was observed to be closely related to the microstructural state. Hydrogenated specimens intercritically annealed at relatively low temperatures to develop martensite islands in a ferrite matrix basically exhibited quasi-cleavage fracture with some ductile dimpling. The mode of fracture in charged specimens quenched from higher intercritical annealing temperatures was predominantly intergranular fracture along prior austenite grain boundaries and cracking of martensite laths. The detrimental role of residual stresses, retained austenite and microalloying carbides in the process of HE is discussed.     

Hydrogen embrittlement property of a 1700-MPa-class ultrahigh-strength tempered martensitic steel

The hydrogen embrittlement property of a prototype 1700-MPa-class ultrahigh-strength steel (NIMS17) containing hydrogen traps was evaluated using a slow strain rate test (SSRT) after cathodic hydrogen precharging, cyclic corrosion test (CCT) and atmospheric exposure. The hydrogen content in a fractured specimen was measured after SSRT by thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS). The relationship between fracture stress and hydrogen content for the hydrogen-precharged specimens showed that the fracture stress of NIMS17 steel was higher, at a given hydrogen content, than that of conventional AISI 4135 steels with tensile strengths of 1300 and 1500 MPa. This suggests better resistance of NIMS17 steel to hydrogen embrittlement. However, hydrogen uptake to NIMS17 steel under CCT and atmospheric exposure decreased the fracture stress. This is because of the stronger hydrogen uptake to the steel containing hydrogen traps than to the AISI 4135 steels. Although NIMS17 steel has a higher strength level than AISI 4135 steel with a tensile strength of 1500 MPa, the decrease in fracture stress is similar between these steels.     

Effect of hydrogen charging on fracture behaviour of 304L stainless steel

Abstract

Slow tensile straining of a series of specimens of 304L stainless steel after thermally charging with hydrogen at 31·0 MPa and 350°C resulted in a ductility loss compared with uncharged specimens. The susceptibility to embrittlement was shown to be dependent on the formation of martensite during deformation and, hence, the stability (and composition) of the austenite, but the interface between the austenite and any ferrite stringers acted as a nucleation site for cracking and as a weak propagation path for fracture.

MST/1088     

Hydrogen embrittlement property of a 1700-MPa-class ultrahigh-strength tempered martensitic steel

Abstract

The hydrogen embrittlement property of a prototype 1700-MPa-class ultrahigh-strength steel (NIMS17) containing hydrogen traps was evaluated using a slow strain rate test (SSRT) after cathodic hydrogen precharging, cyclic corrosion test (CCT) and atmospheric exposure. The hydrogen content in a fractured specimen was measured after SSRT by thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS). The relationship between fracture stress and hydrogen content for the hydrogen-precharged specimens showed that the fracture stress of NIMS17 steel was higher, at a given hydrogen content, than that of conventional AISI 4135 steels with tensile strengths of 1300 and 1500 MPa. This suggests better resistance of NIMS17 steel to hydrogen embrittlement. However, hydrogen uptake to NIMS17 steel under CCT and atmospheric exposure decreased the fracture stress. This is because of the stronger hydrogen uptake to the steel containing hydrogen traps than to the AISI 4135 steels. Although NIMS17 steel has a higher strength level than AISI 4135 steel with a tensile strength of 1500 MPa, the decrease in fracture stress is similar between these steels.     

Effect of hydrogen charging on the torsional fatigue behaviour of 2024 aluminium

Torsional fatigue tests have been carried out on overaged and hydrogen charged specimens of 2024 aluminium in gaseous hydrogen and humid air. Hydrogen charging was found to significantly increase the number of fatigue crack initiation sites compared with uncharged specimens tested in argon, resulting in an overall reduction in fatigue life. Fatigue testing in gaseous hydrogen and humid air influenced both initiation and propagation of cracks. The fracture sites of both charged and uncharged specimens were similar, and the fracture mode was predominantly tensile in all specimens. However, specimens tested in humid air showed small amounts of longitudinal and transverse fracture, with ≈5% shear at low humidity and 10% at high humidity.     

Evaluation of threshold stress intensity in high strength hydrogen charged steel in low strain rate tension tests

Abstract

The fracture ductility of high strength steel is strongly influenced by the presence of hydrogen, although hydrogen does not significantly affect the yield strength. The deterioration of fracture ductility is particularly evident in low strain rate tension tests, but less pronounced at conventional crosshead speeds. Low concentrations of hydrogen in high strength steels do not substantially affect the fracture toughness, but result in the appearance of a threshold stress intensity. The threshold values can be obtained from low strain rate tension tests at a crosshead speed of 0·1 mm min^?1. These values are practically the same as those obtained from hydrogen charged peripherally notched pre cracked specimens subjected to a constant static load in a delayed failure test. Microfractographic investigations of fracture surfaces of hydrogen charged steel from low strain rate tension tests indicate that the growth and the coalescence of voids in the final stages of the fracture process are partly assisted by the decohesion of interfaces on which hydrogen is adsorbed.

MST/1796     

Investigation on microstructure,mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of AISI 316L stainless steel to ASTM A335-P11 low alloy steel dissimilar welding joints

In the present study, the microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of AISI 316L austenitic stainless steel to ASTM A335-P11 low alloy steel dissimilar joints, which are widely employed in the oil and gas industries especially for manufacturing of heat exchangers over 600°C, were investigated. For this purpose, two filler metals of ER309L and ERNiCrMo-3 were selected to be used with GTAW process. The results of microstructural evaluation revealed that the ERNiCrMo-3 weld metal contains dendritic and interdendritic zones, and the ER309L weld metal microstructure includes skeletal ferrites in an austenitic matrix. The maximum impact fracture energy and microhardness values were obtained for the ERNiCrMo-3 weld metal specimens; however, no significant difference was observed between the tension properties. The corrosion test results showed that the ERNiCrMo-3 has a higher corrosion resistance than ER309L. Finally, it was concluded that ERNiCrMo-3 would be a suitable filler metal for joining AISI 316L to A335-P11 for a variety of applications.