替代工质水平管内流动凝结换热研究综述

流动凝结传热特性对于制冷系统的性能具有重要意义,是制冷剂筛选中的一个重要参考指标。针对近年来有关新型替代工质的凝结传热进行了调研分析,从实验测量和关联模型两个方面综述了国内外替代制冷剂管内流动凝结换热的研究。对凝结换热关联式的适用性和准确性进行了讨论,对凝结换热系数和压降随各影响因素的变化特性进行了概括。     

CO2分离式热管在数据中心的应用

本文通过实验研究了应用于数据中心的CO2分离式热管系统,对比分析了CO2热管与R22热管的最大传热能力、总传热热阻和驱动温差,结果表明:在相同充液率下,CO2热管的最大传热能力明显大于R22热管,当上升管和下降管管径为9 mm时,CO2热管和R22热管的最大传热能力分别为3300 W和1500 W,当管径为12 mm时,CO2热管和R22热管的最大传热能力分别为5400 W和2200 W;CO2热管的正常负荷范围大于R22热管,但总传热热阻小于R22热管;不同传热量下,与R22热管相比,CO2热管所需的驱动温差平均低4℃,即相同条件下CO2热管系统所需的冷源温度可以提高4℃。以小型数据机房为例,结合上海气候条件计算得出,采用CO2热管系统的年耗电量比R22热管系统减少7.425×105 kW·h,比集中送风空调系统减少3.182×106 kW·h。     

制冷剂在微细肋管内凝结和沸腾换热性能及其阻力性能的准则关联式

本文报导了R22、R12制冷质在微细肋管内凝结换热和沸腾换热的实验结果。实验管长3m。IACE管的平均凝结换热系数为光管的1.7～2.0倍;平均沸腾换热系数为光管的2.5-3.0倍;凝结换热时的阻力系数为光管的1.6～1.9倍,沸腾换热时的阻力系数为光管的1.3～1.7倍。本文给出计算IACE管管内凝结换热时的局部以及平均换热系数、阻力系数和管内沸腾换热时的局部以及平均换热系数,阻力系数的无因次准则关联式,可供冷凝器和蒸发器设计者实际应用。     

两种动力型分离式热管系统的试验研究

针对数据中心自然冷却需求,研究气体动力型分离式热管与液体动力型分离式热管,设计10kW复合空调样机,在标准焓差法试验室进行性能试验。结果表明:当室内外温差达到20℃时,即可利用气体动力型分离式热管替代蒸气压缩式制冷系统(相同制冷量),实现节能8%~10%;当室内外温差达到30℃时,液体动力型分离式热管系统制冷量可以达到设计指标,能效比EER为8.3,气体动力型分离式热管系统能效比EER为7.4;动力型分离式热管可以改善制冷剂在系统中的分布状态,液体动力型分离式热管可以提高蒸发温度,降低蒸发侧换热温差,气体动力型分离式热管可以提高冷凝温度和冷凝侧换热温差。     

水平强化管外池沸腾换热性能实验研究

以目前广泛使用的R22为工质，对Turbo-BⅡ管管内外换热性能进行了实验研究；管内以水为加热介质；在恒定热流密度与饱和压力不变条件下，改变进水水温和流速得到一系列实验数据，再通过威尔逊（Wilson）图解法同时得到管内外换热关联式；给出了不同管内流速时管外沸腾换热性能对比图；Turbo-BⅡ管管外沸腾换热性能比普通低翅管提高了1．6-2．5倍；在实验条件范围内，Turbo—BⅡ管内热阻是控制热阻。     

冷凝铜管排列方式对箱壁式冰箱换热性能的影响

通过实验分别测试了箱壁式冰箱在冷凝管水平布置和竖直布置方式下的能效比,并且对实验工况下水平管和竖直管管内的冷凝换热系数进行了理论计算。结果表明:尽管理论计算结果显示水平管布置方式的管内冷凝换热系数高出竖直管布置方式较多,但实验结果显示两者整体传热性能相差极小。总体来说,采用水平管布置方式的冰箱的能效比仅高出约2%,箱壁式冰箱冷凝器的主要换热热阻在管外空气侧,这两种布置方式导致的管内换热的差异对箱壁式冰箱的整体换热性能影响不大。     

R22和R407C在水平微肋管内冷凝传热与压降的性能分析

根据两相流动换热理论，建立纯制冷剂和非共沸混合制冷剂R407C在微肋管内冷凝的稳态分布参数模型。在此基础上用分布参数法求解控制方程，得出在不同流量、不同干度下，R22和R407C在微肋管内的冷凝传热性能，同时还得出它们在微肋管内流动的压降。本模型可用于分析R22及R407C在系统中的整体换热性能，为冷凝器的优化设计、制冷系统的匹配提供依据。     

R22在整体型针刺管外冷凝换热特性的实验研究

对制冷工质R22在针翅管外凝结换热进行实验研究。使用2根不同几何参数的针翅管进行凝结换热实验,得到总换热系数与管内流速、管外冷凝换热系数与管内流速的关系的曲线,并拟合出管外冷凝换热系数与热流密度的关系式。实验结果表明：管内水流速0．4～2．0m／s范围内,两根冷凝管中2撑管换热性能较好。     

R417A在水平双侧强化管外沸腾换热研究

对3根双侧强化管在饱和温度为8℃工况下进行了水平管外R417A沸腾换热特性研究。采用Wilson热阻分离法得到管外沸腾表面传热系数,并对实验结果进行了热阻分析。实验结果表明:管内轧制出0.32~0.34 mm的螺旋槽道,可以使管内对流传热系数提高到光管Gnielinski公式计算值的2.524~2.658倍。相同管型的强化换热表面,其沸腾传热系数随壁面温差变化的趋势相似,肋密度42fpi的E30管沸腾传热系数比50fpi的E32管大4.5%,表明沸腾传热系数的大小及变化趋势与肋密度(孔隙直径)及管型密切相关。双侧强化管外R417A沸腾换热,管外热阻约占总热阻的70%,管外仍需进一步强化,才能明显提高总体传热性能。R417A在强化管外沸腾传热系数仅为近似条件下其主要组分R134a的三分之一,表明混合工质沸腾换热与纯工质有较大差异。     

铝管替代铜管空调冷凝器传热特性研究

当前在空调领域中用铝管代替铜管越来越受重视。冷凝器作为空调中使用铜材料较多的器件,为了节约原材料成本,采用铝管替代铜管很有必要。通过对铝管替代铜管的空调套片式冷凝器换热量的理论计算与实验分析,验证了传热理论计算模型的正确性,并对其进行了传热特性研究。结果表明:在实验研究中与铜管冷凝器加工工艺相同的铝管冷凝器管壁与翅片间接触热阻即使增大较大,对铝管换热量亦无明显影响,而制冷剂管内的凝结换热系数对其影响较大,表面温度实验也验证了这一结论,同时对实验数据拟合得出铝管冷凝器管内凝结公式系数的理想值。     

R404A和R407C在水平强化管外的凝结换热实验研究

实验研究了近共沸制冷工质R404A与非共沸制冷工质R407C在水平强化换热管管外的凝结换热性能。采用"Wilson图解法"对实验数据进行处理。结果表明:对于R404A和R407C,强化管外的凝结换热系数随着壁面过冷度的增加而增大,呈现出与纯工质冷凝时不同的变化趋势,这主要是近共沸或非共沸工质凝结过程中,某些组分的凝结会遇到其它组分的凝结气膜热阻所造成的;随着过冷度增加,易挥发组分开始凝结,气膜变薄,冷凝传热系数增大。R407C在强化换热管管外的凝结换热系数比R404A要小70%左右,这是由于R407C的温度滑移较R404A要大,管外形成的凝结扩散气膜造成的影响更大。R407C在高热流密度工况下的换热效果提升明显,故应尽量工作在高热流密度区域。     

一种新型高效传热铜管的冷凝传热性能实验研究

建立无润滑油实验台，以R22。R134a和R410A为工质。测试新型铜管Turbo-DWT和常规内螺纹铜管Turbo—A的冷凝传热性能，并进行比较。从实验数据可知。新管型Turbo-DWT的冷凝传热系数高于Turbo-A约42％，且压降低于Turbo-A约65％（R134a）。三种制冷荆相比，R22的传热系数最高，R410A的压降最小。Turbo-DWT是一种更高效的冷凝传热管，且适用于各种冷媒。     

Prediction of evaporation heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop of refrigerant mixtures in horizontal tubes

A study on the prediction of heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop of refrigerant mixtures is reported. Heat transfer coefficients and pressure drops of prospective mixtures to replace R12 and R22 are predicted on the same cooling capacity basis assuming evaporation in horizontal tubes. Results indicate that nucleate boiling is suppressed at qualities greater than 20% for all mixtures, and evaporation becomes the main heat transfer mechanism. For the same capacity, some mixtures containing R32 and R152a show 8–10% increase in heat transfer coefficients. Some mixtures with large volatility difference exhibit as much as 55% reduction compared to R12 and R22, caused by mass transfer resistance and property degradation due to mixing (32%) and reduced mass flow rates (23%). Other mixtures with moderate volatility difference exhibit 20–30% degradation due mainly to reduced mass flow rates. The overall impact of heat transfer degradation, however, is insignificant if major heat transfer resistance exists in the heat transfer fluid side (air system). If the resistance in the heat transfer fluid side is of the same order of magnitude as that on the refrigerant side (water system), considerable reduction in overall heat transfer coefficient of up to 20% is expected. A study of the effect of uncertainties in transport properties on heat transfer shows that transport properties of liquid affect heat transfer more than other properties. Uncertainty of 10% in transport properties causes a change of less than 6% in heat transfer prediction.     

R410A和R22在小管径水平管内冷凝换热特性研究

本文搭建了冷凝换热实验台,对R410A和R22管内冷凝换热系数性能进行对比研究,实验工况为质量流速200~800kg/(m^2·s)、饱和温度40℃、干度0~1、5 mm外径水平光滑铜管,分析了质量流速和干度对管内冷凝换热的影响,并将应用于传统管道的关联式与实验所得数据进行对比。结果表明:冷凝换热表面传热系数与质量流速和干度呈正相关,高干度区域时的冷凝换热表面传热系数增幅显著;M. M. Shah[4]关联式来预测实验数据的效果并不理想,与实际值相比偏差最大可达60%,但是预测低质量流速和低干度区的数据较为理想;当质量流速较小(G=200 kg/(m^2·s))时,R410A的冷凝换热表面传热系数要低于R22;随着质量流速的增大(G=400 kg/(m^2·s)),二者冷凝换热表面传热系数的差距减小;当达到中高质量流速(G=600kg/(m^2·s))时,R410A的冷凝换热表面传热系数与R22的相似;当质量流速继续增大(G=800 kg/(m^2·s))时,R410A的冷凝换热表面传热系数随着干度的增大开始高于R22的。     

Performance evaluation of a heat pump cycle using NARMs by a simulation with equations of heat transfer and pressure drop

Simulation analyses for a vapour compression heat pump cycle using nonazeotropic refrigerant mixtures (NARMs) of R22 and R114 are conducted under the condition that the heat pump thermal output and the flow rate and inlet temperatures of the heat sink and source water are given. The heat transfer coefficients of the condensation and evaporation are calculated with empirical correlations proposed by the authors. The validity of the evaluation method and the correlations is demonstrated by comparison with experimental data. The relations between the coefficient of performance (COP) and composition are shown under two conditions: (1) the constant heat transfer length of the condenser and evaporator; and (2) the constant temperature of refrigerant at the heat exchanger inlet. The COP of the NARMs is higher than that of pure refrigerant when the heat transfer lengths of the condenser and evaporator are sufficiently long.     

Prediction of evaporation heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop of refrigerant mixtures

A study on the prediction of heat transfer coefficient (HTC) and pressure drop of refrigerant mixtures is reported. HTCs and pressure drops of prospective mixtures to replace R12 and R22 are predicted on the same cooling capacity basis. Results indicate that nucleate boiling is suppressed at qualities greater than 20.0% for all mixtures and evaporation becomes the main heat transfer mechanism. For the same capacity, some mixtures containing R32 and R152a show 8.0–10.0% increase in HTCs. Some mixtures with large volatility difference exhibit as much as 55.0% reduction compared with R12 and R22, caused by mass transfer resistance and property degradation due to mixing (32.0%) and reduced mass flow rates (23.0%). Other mixtures with moderate volatility difference exhibit 20.0–30.0% degradation due mainly to reduced mass flow rates. The overall impact of heat transfer degradation, however, is insignificant if major heat transfer resistance exists in the heat transfer fluid side (air system). If the resistance in the heat transfer fluid side is of the same order of magnitude as that on the refrigerant side (water system), considerable reduction in overall HTC of up to 20% is expected. A study of the effect of uncertainties in transport properties on heat transfer shows that transport properties of liquid affect heat transfer more than other properties. Uncertainty of 10.0% in transport properties causes a change of less than 6% in heat transfer prediction.     

R290在水平微细圆管内沸腾换热特性研究

本文研究了R290在内径为1 mm、2 mm和4 mm水平微细圆管内的沸腾流动换热特性,在饱和温度为15℃条件下,质量流速为50～600 kg/(m~2·s)、干度为0～1、热流密度为5～20 k W/m~2时,对沸腾传热系数的影响进行了分析。通过实验发现,增大质量流速对传热系数具有增强作用,质量流速对传热系数的影响在低干度区域比高干度区域小。在热流密度方面,传热系数随着热流密度的增大而增大,且在1 mm和2 mm管内观察到了临界干度对传热系数的影响,这时传热系数有断崖式下降的趋势。在管径对于传热系数的影响方面,通过对不同管径换热特性的横向对比,发现在一定工况下传热系数随着管径的减小有所上升。此外本文还对R290已有的部分关联式进行了适配性验证。     

R1234yf热泵技术综述与潜力分析

为了满足逐步严苛的环保法规要求,R1234yf成为车用热泵制冷剂R134a的热门替代制冷剂之一。本文对R1234yf热泵技术的研究进行了综述与分析,其GWP<1,各方面性质均符合车用热泵系统的工作需求。在传热效果上,R1234yf的沸腾传热性能略优于R134a,且冷凝过程压降比R134a低5%~10%,优于R134a系统。在诸多R1234yf和R134a系统的仿真和实验研究中,R1234yf热泵性能略低于R134a,但可以通过优化零部件、强化补气、改善工况等方式使其与R134a十分接近甚至超越。R1234yf低压饱和压力比R134a高约15%,可以适配更高的压缩机转速,低温下制热性能比R134a更好,且较低的压缩机排气温度使系统工作更为稳定,强化补气的效果也优于R134a。因此,R1234yf在车用热泵中具有较好的工作性能和发展前景,可以作为R134a的替代制冷剂。     

内螺纹铜管齿形参数对传热性能的影响

利用R22单管传热试验台,对相同工况下不同结构参数的内螺纹强化管进行蒸发冷凝换热试验。通过对比分析试验数据,发现改变齿形参数对内螺纹管换热系数影响较大,且Tube-NEW换热性能优于其他管型。