形成连续微光学元件的灰度掩模图形生成方法

针对利用灰度掩模制作连续微光学元件的方法 ,介绍了从元件结构到灰度图形的转换 ,灰度图形的修正 ,灰度图形的数字化以及图形编码等关键步骤。最后给出生成微透镜列阵掩模图形的实例。     

深浮雕连续微光学元件制作方法

提出一种连续深浮雕微光学元件的制作方法。在移动掩模的基础上经湿法显影获得光刻胶元件良好的面形,然后结合干法刻蚀刻将图形通过蚀速比放大的办法精密传递到石英片基上,从而使最终的元件达到设计的浮雕度。作者对整个过程进行了考察和讨论,并以微棱镜为进行了实验验证中心为进一步制作大数值孔微光学元件打下了技术基础。     

掩模移动技术中的边框效应及其应用

掩模移动技术是一种通过移动掩模调制曝光量的连续面形微光学制作技术,其工作的局限性在于该技术对所制元件的对称性要求高,因此限制了制作复杂面形的功能。本文从分析掩模移动过程中的边框效应入手,阐明了消除这一效应负面影响的办法,并利用它来降低掩模移动技术的对称性要求,在实验中制作出了面形复杂的连续浮雕微光学元件。     

电寻址空间光调制器制作灰度掩模技术的研究

介绍了制作微光学元件灰度掩模的两种方案,它们分别使用TFT-LCD(薄膜晶体管液晶显示器)和DMD(数字微镜器件)两种电寻址空间光调制器,采用并行直写和实时掩模技术,提高了灰度掩模制作的速度和灵活性。刷新率的变化和黑栅衍射效应将导致衍射效率下降,使得曝光深度误差增加。前者可延长曝光时间来消除,后者可通过高填充因子和放大滤波电路予以有效抑制。与LCD掩模相比,用DMD掩模制作的闪耀光栅的衍射效率提高了10%以上。     

连续面形微光学元件的深刻蚀工艺

利用电感耦合等离子(ICP)刻蚀技术,在石英上刻蚀深连续面形微光学元件。分析了影响 深刻蚀工艺的烘焙条件、气体组分、自偏压和刻蚀温度等主要工艺参数,并对影响深刻蚀稳定性、均匀性、刻蚀污染与损伤等因素进行了探讨。通过实验,在石英上制作出深达55微米的浮雕微柱透镜,其面形峰值误差小于3%。     

任意形状图形的灰度掩模图的设计系统研究

灰度掩模技术是制作三维微纳结构的有效方法之一,灰度掩模图设计是灰度掩模技术的重要组成部分.目前,在微机械器件制作领域中,通常只给出常用规则形状三维结构对应的灰度掩模图的设计方法,对于任意形状图形的灰度掩模图设计鲜有报道.本文综合灰度光刻技术中的编码原理和有限元法中的铺路法,提出了适合于任意形状图形的灰度掩模图设计算法,解决了误差处理和图形闭合两个关键问题,给出了算法及图形的评价方法,并利用AutoCAD二次开发工具ObjectARX研究了算法的程序实现,构建了灰度掩模图的设计系统.利用该系统设计了多幅常规规则形状和任意形状灰度掩模图,结果表明,该系统可以高效地设计任意形状图形的灰度掩模.研究工作为任意形状图形灰度掩模图的设计提供了一种新方法,可以提高灰度掩模图的设计效率,为三维微纳器件的制作提供技术积累.     

可用作分光元件的二元菲涅耳透镜

根据菲涅耳衍射理论,采用微光学元件制作技术,通过三次套刻制作出八位相台阶的二元离轴菲涅耳透镜。这种微型光学元件同时具有色散分光和聚焦功能,用来作为分光元件时,具有较高的光谱分辨本领和衍射效率。实验测出其衍射效率大于68%。     

微透镜阵列的计量标准化

分析了连续表面微透镜阵列的几何参量和光学性能的检测方法，介绍了最新的ISO14480系列标准。针对典型的微镜阵列元件，给出其详细结构尺寸，从而建立了一套通过测试元件的几何参量、加工误差来综合评估微光学元件性能的方法。     

衍射光学元件灰度掩模板激光制作系统研究

根据灰度掩模的制作理论,提出了由PP8000胶片输出仪、远心成像透镜组、平行准直He-Cd激光器构成的精缩投影曝光灰度掩模制作系统。通过灰度掩模平面不同位置处提供可变的透过率,经一次光刻后得到所需的衍射光学元件。该系统不仅可采用黑白胶片制作高分辨率灰度掩模板,还可根据彩色灰度等效理论,利用彩色等效胶片实现256灰度级的扩展细分,以进一步提高灰度掩模板制作的分辨率。对于16台阶灰度掩模,其分辨率可以从0~255扩展到0~1280灰度级。利用该系统给出了二元光栅精缩后的感光图片。     

有机改性硅酸盐材料微光学元件制备研究

通过溶胶-凝胶方法，利用有机硅烷（GLYMO）和正硅酸乙酯（TEOS）复合，制备出有机改性硅酸盐材料（ORMOSILS）。该材料适合复制微光学元件，凝胶网络组成分析和相分离研究表明TEOS的预水解对材料性能的重要性。柱面透镜复制结果显示，复制的微光学元件基本保持母版的周期，纵向复制相对误差10%。ORMOSILS突破纯溶胶-凝胶的膜厚极限，避免凝胶干燥收缩引起尺寸的偏差。     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.     

Early ironwork in Biscay: Survey,excavation, experimentation and materials characterization. An integral study of the mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte or “haizeolak”)

ABSTRACT

The production of iron in Biscay (Basque Country, Spain) has been a hallmark of this territory of the North of the Iberian Peninsula throughout its history. The Archaeology team of the Basque Country Mining Museum has spent 13 years, so far, studying the origins of this activity through the evidences left at the old pre-hydraulic iron production workshops known as mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte) or haizeolak. It has catalogued 170 archaeometallurgical sites of this type in Biscay, and the archeological excavation of some of them has led to the knowledge of the different stages of the production process that took place in these workshops. The team has also experimentally reproduced the work carried out in a mountainside ironworks from the High Middle Ages, and it has currently started the characterization process of this type of activity through the study of the collected materials.     

Mechanism Study on the Wear of CrAlTiN Coated High-Speed Steel Twist Drills Under Dry Cutting Conditions

As demands about environment protection are growing up, dry cutting technology is getting more and more concerns from all over the world. Main works performed here are study on dry cutting performances and wear mechanisms of M2high-speed steel (HSS) twist drills with CrAlTiN multicomponent coatings, which was deposited using magnetron sputter ion plating system, in drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, and their comparisons to those in drilling the same steel but using monolayer CrN and commercial TiN coated drills. Drilling performances of drills are evaluated mainly through the measurements of width on outer corner flank land and the cutting forces. Results show that performances of CrAlTiN coated drills are better than those of monolayer CrN and TiN coated drills. In drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, the average tool life of the CrAlTiN coated drills are 17.2 and 11.8 times higher than those of the uncoated drills. Observing wear of the drill with scanning electronic microscope, results show that there is no crack or spallation of the CrAlTiN coatings in wear zones. Main mechanism of the wear here is adhesion.     

Study on Bond Ability of Arc-Spraying Coatings with Different Surface Pretreatment on Cast-Iron

Arc spraying coatings are widely used in various applications, but uncommon in cast iron substrate. Different surface pretreatment technology is tested on substrates of gray cast iron. Surface roughness and residual stress were measured by TR200 and X-ray diffraction analyzer. Influence of different surface pretreatment methods ( dry blasting and fusebond) on roughness and residual stress was analyzed. The arc-sprayed coatings of wire 3Cr13 (φ2mm) on gray cast iron substrate is studied. The microstructure and interface of bonding layer were observed by SEM. The bond strength was taken by tensile test. Results show that bond strength with grit blasting is higher than fuse-bond; it is feasible to make wire 3Cr13 coating with arc spraying on cast iron substrate roughened by grit blasting.     

Structural Characteristics of TiO2 Ceramic Coating by Micro-Plasma Oxidation

TiO2 ceramic coatings with thickness of 20 μm were formed on the surface of pure titanium by micro-plasma oxidation. Their micro-structures were investigated by by using X-ray diffraction and their surface images were detected by using scan electronic microscope. There were three kinds of TiO2 coatings, pure anatase type TiO2 phase, mixed phases consisted of rutile type TiO2 phase and anatase type TiO2 phase, pure rutile type TiO2 phase. The coating surface with the pure anatase type TiO2 phase is rough, while the coating surface with the pure rutile type TiO2phase is smooth. The upper coating surface with the mixed type TiO2 phases is anatase type TiO2 structure and the subsurface of the TiO2 coating is rutile type TiO2structure.     

Evaluation of fatigue life of steel using steel grain size

The insightful discussion of the relationship between the construction of metallographic and fatigue life and proposition of mathematical relationships describing this relationship was conducted in the paper. This paper presents a method for estimating the fatigue life, based on the construction of the microstructural material taking into account the grain size and the participation of ferrite and pearlite phase.