Effect of Carbon-Containing Conducting Fillers on the Properties of Epoxy Coatings

We have established that antistatic coatings based on EP-0010 putty and graphite have low adhesion to metal and breaking strength but are resistant to the action of an operating environment. The use of carbon black as a conducting additive increases 1.5–3 times the strength of free films obtained on the basis of the given epoxy composition as compared with graphite and decreases their mass losses in an operating environment. The adhesion of epoxy coatings based on the EP-0010 composition modified by carbon black is 2–2.5 times as great as that of coatings with a graphite filler. The use of a plasticizer based on epoxidated vegetable oil instead of an inert phthalate plasticizer in a carbon-containing epoxy composition is promising and, in the case of optimal content of the components, enables one to enhance significantly the physicomechanical characteristics of antistatic epoxy coatings and their resistance to the action of the operating environment. __________ Translated from Fizyko-Khimichna Mekhanika Materialiv, Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 109–113, March–April, 2005.     

Properties of epoxy-amine coatings modified with petroleum polymeric resins

We study the composition of the gel fraction, water absorption, and impedance characteristics of epoxy coatings modified with petroleum polymeric resin treated with maleic anhydride. It is shown that modified epoxy coatings are characterized by higher water resistance and better protective properties in acid media. We determine the optimal amount of the petroleum polymeric modifier and demonstrate the possibility of improvement of the corrosion resistance of modified epoxy coatings by subsequent thermal treatment. Karpenko Physicomechanical Institute, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, L'viv. Translated from Fizyko-Khimichna Mekhanika Materialiv, Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 81–85, July–August, 1996.     

Effect of the nature of fillers and ultraviolet irradiation on the mechanical properties of epoxy composite coatings

The effect of ultraviolet irradiation, the physical nature and percentage of fine-grained fillers on the mechanical properties of composites has been studied. It has been found that the ultraviolet irradiation of epoxy compositions causes a decrease in the adhesive strength and an increase in the cohesive strength of protective coatings. This has been proved to be due to a change in the course of physicochemical processes at the filler/epoxy oligomer interface, owing to which external surface layers, which have a considerable extent and a high degree of cross-linking, are formed around fine particles in the matrix. Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 4, pp. 117–123, July–August, 2009.     

Effect of the laser fusion of electrometallized coatings of the Fe-Cr-B-Al system on their corrosion resistance

We studied the effect of laser treatment of electric arc coatings produced of powder wires of the Fe-Cr-B system on the changes in their structure, electrolytic potential, and polarization currents. We additionally introduced aluminum, nickel, and copper to the charge of these coatings. Laser treatment was realized by means of Nd: YAG laser radiation. We have shown that the addition of a small amount of these elements to the coating under study in different ways affects the character of formation, structure, and electrochemical characteristics of the fused layer. In particular, copper and nickel additions increase the fluidity of the coating. The parameters of laser treatment affect strongly the uniformity of the distribution of elements in the fused zone. In the case of alloying with copper, the nonuniformity of their distribution is more pronounced, which can exert a slight negative influence on the corrosion characteristics of the coating. Aluminum addition improves the corrosion resistance of laser-modified coatings. __________ Translated from Fizyko-Khimichna Mekhanika Materialiv, Vol. 42, No. 6, pp. 106–110, November–December, 2006.     

Influence of hydrogen on the long-term strength of tire steels

We establish that the time to fracture of specimens made of 8Mn−8Ni−4Cr steel decreases in tap water at high stresses by a factor of 2.5 and, in the course of electrolytic hydrogenation, by a factor of 35–50 as compared with that obtained in tests in twice-distilled water. The use of a hardening surface treatment and protective coatings under the same conditions increases the long-term strength by a factor of 1.5–2. A combined plasma Al+V₂O₅ coating with subsequent soaking with epoxy compound preserves the plastic characteristics of steel and, hence, increases the time to fracture in the best way. The application of plasma nitride (TiN+CrN+NbN) coatings on the thread and mounting surfaces of elements of a rotor shroud unit gives them a high hardness and resistance to dripping and scoring and prevents the penetration of hydrogen-containing media into the base. Karpenko Physicomechanical Institute, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, L'viv. Translated from Fizyko-Khimichna Mekhanika Materialiv, Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 37–42, July–August, 1999.     

Corrosion and electrochemical properties of binary cobalt and nickel alloys

The influence of pH of electrolyte on the tungsten content and current efficiency of a Co–W coating is determined. We determine the corrosion rates of Co–W and Ni–Pd alloys by the polarization resistance method and show that the coatings are classified as belonging to highly corrosion-resistant coatings. The catalytic reactivity of coatings in a model reaction of hydrogen release is assessed. Dependences of the corrosion resistance and catalytic reactivity of Co–W and Ni–Pd alloys on the contents of the components are obtained, and their character is justified. Translated from Fizyko-Khimichna Mekhanika Materialiv, Vol. 44, No. 6, pp. 89–92, November–December, 2008.     

Effect of mineral fillers on the properties of silicone coatings

We study the influence of mineral fillers on the properties of silicone composite coatings and show that oxides and natural silicates of metals promote the formation of the structure of coatings but does not affect their corrosion resistance. We also determine the physicomechanical and thermal characteristics of filled materials. Karpenko Physicomechanical Institute, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, L'viv. Translated from Fizyko-Khimichna Mekhanika Materialiv, Vol. 32, No. 5, pp. 67–70, September–October, 1996.     

煤制油碱性水储罐内表面无溶剂改性环氧防腐蚀涂料涂层的制备及其性能

煤直接液化制油工艺碱性含硫污水储罐内壁的腐蚀特征复杂,内防腐蚀涂层脱落问题是储罐设备安全的隐患,同时也是制约装置长周期运行的瓶颈。以纳米二氧化硅改性环氧树脂、有机硅环氧杂化树脂与双酚A环氧树脂复配,制备无溶剂改性环氧涂料,用于直接液化制油工艺碱性含硫污水储罐内壁的防腐蚀,并在A3钢表面制备无溶剂改性环氧防腐蚀涂层,采用相关标准测试其性能。结果表明:采用纳米二氧化硅改性环氧树脂可以明显改善无溶剂防腐蚀涂料涂层的耐冲击强度、柔韧性以及交联度;硅烷偶联剂与二氧化硅改性环氧涂料使涂层附着力保持时间明显延长;有机硅环氧杂化树脂可以有效改善涂层抗腐蚀介质渗透能力,有机硅环氧杂化树脂与纳米二氧化硅改性环氧树脂则可以极大地减轻涂层表面和涂层本体在腐蚀性介质中的破坏程度,延长防腐蚀涂层使用寿命,满足煤制油工艺中碱性水储罐的防腐蚀要求。     

Production of conversion oxide-ceramic coatings on zirconium and titanium alloys

We consider the possibilities of surface hardening of zirconium and titanium alloys with conversion oxide-ceramic coatings. These coatings have been produced by the method of plasma-electrolytic treatment in alkaline solutions. We have established that the plasma temperature in discharge spark channels reaches (6–9) · 10³ K. The thickness of the coatings is 100 to 120 and 30 to 40 μm, and their microhardness is ∼ 800 and ∼ 1000 MPa for zirconium and titanium alloys, respectively. The functional properties of the coatings depend on the synthesis conditions, including the electrolyte composition, the cathode and anode current densities, and also the treatment time. We have evaluated the thickness, microhardness, and wear resistance of the coatings under conditions of dry friction and cavitation as well as their fatigue strength and corrosion resistance. We have established that this treatment provides a high wear and corrosion resistance of the alloys under study with insignificant decrease in their fatigue strength. __________ Translated from Fizyko-Khimichna Mekhanika Materialiv, Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 117–124, March–April, 2006.     

Thermal and electrical conductivity of Al(OH)<Subscript>3</Subscript> covered graphene oxide nanosheet/epoxy composites

Al(OH)₃ functionalized graphene composites (Al–GO) were prepared using a simple sol–gel method. In this protocol, graphene oxide (GO) was prepared according to the Hummers method and functionalized to enhance its reactivity with aluminum isopropoxide by a LiAlH₄ treatment. The functionalized graphene sheets were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. These analyses confirmed that GO had been fabricated and the Al(OH)₃ layer could have a homogeneous distribution with large and dense coverage onto GO sheets. In addition, the thermal and electrical conductivity of the epoxy composites with GO and Al–GO fillers were measured. The thermal conductivities of the composites with graphene-based fillers were enhanced by the addition of fillers. In particular, the thermal conductivity of GO/epoxy composite containing 3 wt% was approximately two times higher than that of pure epoxy resin. In addition, the electrical conductivity of Al–GO embedded composites degenerated compared to GO composites.     

硅烷改性纳米TiO2-Zn-Al/水性环氧涂层的防腐性能

为实现纳米TiO₂颗粒的均匀分散,首先对纳米TiO₂进行硅烷改性,再通过溶液共混法制备出不同纳米TiO₂添加量的硅烷改性纳米TiO₂-Zn-Al/水性环氧复合涂层。研究了纳米TiO₂与Zn-Al片层粉在涂层中的综合作用。利用XRD和FTIR分析涂层的物相组成和组织结构,SEM和EDS表征涂层表面的微观形貌和元素组成,采用极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱（EIS）研究涂层的耐腐蚀性能。EDS和FTIR表明,经改性的纳米TiO₂均匀分散于涂层中,纳米TiO₂与环氧树脂的枝联作用使涂层更加致密。EIS结果显示,由于Zn-Al片层粉与纳米TiO₂的枝联和填充作用,使添加纳米TiO₂的硅烷改性纳米TiO₂-Zn-Al/水性环氧涂层腐蚀行为较未添加纳米TiO₂时有所减缓。当纳米TiO₂添加量增加到4wt%时,硅烷改性纳米TiO₂-Zn-Al/水性环氧涂层的腐蚀电流密度为9.86×10^-6 A/cm²,比未添加纳米TiO₂的涂层高一个量级。     

Methodical aspects of determining the elasticity of electrical insulating coatings

We have studied the elasticity of 12 different types of polymeric protective coatings. In the course of pure-bending deformation of rectangular plates—specimens, we controlled their dielectric continuity using an electric-spark flaw detector, measured the direct-current resistance, and looked for the appearance of indications of the fracture of the coating surface under a microscope with a ×30 magnification. We have established that highly elastic coatings lose their dielectric continuity under relative strains an order of magnitude lower than those corresponding to the appearance of cracks on the surface. We have concluded that evaluation of the elasticity of coatings by the criterion of loss of their dielectric continuity is the most correct and reliable approach. We also describe the procedure of tests of specimens. __________ Translated from Fizyko-Khimichna Mekhanika Materialiv, Vol. 41, No. 6, pp. 65–69, November–December, 2005.     

Electrolytic deposition and corrosion resistance of Zn-Ni coatings obtained from sulphate-chloride bath

Zn-Ni coatings were deposited under galvanostatic conditions on steel substrate (OH18N9). The influence of current density of deposition on the surface morphology, chemical and phase composition was investigated. The corrosion resistance of Zn-Ni coatings obtained at current density 10–25 mA cm⁻² are measured, and are compared with that of metallic cadmium coating. Structural investigations were performed by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) method. The surface morphology and chemical composition of deposited coatings were studied using a scanning electron microscope (JEOL JSM-6480) with EDS attachment. Studies of electrochemical corrosion resistance were carried out in the 5% NaCl, using potentiodynamic and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods. On the ground of these research, the possibility of deposition of Zn-Ni coatings contained 24–26% at. Ni was exhibited. It was stated, that surface morphology, chemical and phase composition of these coatings are practically independent on current density of deposition. On the basis of electrochemical investigations it was found that corrosion resistance of these Zn-Ni coatings is also independent of current density. These coatings are more corrosion resistant in 5% NaCl solution than metallic cadmium. It was suggested that the Zn-Ni coating may be used as a substitute for toxic cadmium.     

Structure and properties of composite iron-based coatings obtained by the electromechanical technique

The influence of the electrolyte temperature and current density on the content of inclusions of powder particles in composite coatings obtained by the electrochemical technique has been investigated. It has been found that the wear resistance of iron coatings with inclusions of powder particles of aluminum, kaolin, and calcium silicate increases from 5 to 10 times compared to coating without inclusions of disperse particles, and the friction coefficient therewith decreases from 0.097 to 0.026. It has been shown that the mechanical properties of iron obtained by the method of electrochemical deposition depend on their fine structure. The regimes of deposition of iron-based coatings have been optimized. __________ Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 80, No. 5, pp. 23–27, September–October, 2007.     

Tribological Properties of TiN-Cr Electric-Spark Coatings after Solar Treatment

We show the prospects of using TiN-Cr electrode materials for the formation of wear-resistant electric-spark coatings under the influence of concentrated sunrays, which increase the wear resistance of the coatings two to three times. Electric-spark coating made of 40% TiN and 60% Cr possesses optimal tribotechnical and physicomechanical properties. __________ Translated from Fizyko-Khimichna Mekhanika Materialiv, Vol. 41, No. 4, pp. 116–120, July–August, 2005.     

Influence of the inhibitor NEFGAN-1 on the corrosive and biological activity of soils

We established that the vital activity of sulfur-cycle bacteria (Thiobacillus) is the cause of intensive fracture of bituminous coatings at the Horodok-Yavoriv section of the main gas pipeline. The inhibitor NEFGAN-1 decreases the number of Thiobacillus thiooxidans, ferrooxidans, and thioparus bacteria by 60–70%, protects 20 steel against corrosion in aqueous extracts of soils by 90%, and increases the corrosion and biocidal resistance of the bituminous coating. This inhibitor as a component of the bituminous coating was experimentally and industrially tested at “L'vivtransgaz.” Karpenko Physicomechanical Institute, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, L'viv; Ivano-Frankivs'k Technical University of Oil and Gas, Ivano-Frankivs'k. Translated from Fizyko-Khimichna Mekhanika Materialiv, Vol. 35. No. 6, pp. 85–87, November–December, 1999.     

Fabrication and characterization of bioactive composite coatings on Mg–Zn–Ca alloy by MAO/sol–gel

High corrosion rate and accumulation of hydrogen gas upon degradation impede magnesium alloys’ clinical application as implants. In this work, micro-arc oxidation (MAO) was used to fabricate a porous coating on magnesium alloys as an intermediate layer to enhance the bonding strength of propolis layer. Then the composite coatings were fabricated using sol–gel method by dipping sample into the solution containing propolis and polylactic acid at 40°C. The corrosion resistance of the samples was determined based on potentiodynamic polarization experiments and immersion tests. Biocompatibility was designed by observing the attachment and growth of wharton’s jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJCs) on substrates with MAO coating and substrates with composite coatings. The results showed that, compared with that of Mg–Zn–Ca alloy, the corrosion current density of the samples with composite coatings decreased from 5.37 × 10⁻⁵ to 1.10 × 10⁻⁶ A/cm² and the corrosion potential increased by 240 mV. Composite coatings exhibit homogeneous corrosion behavior and can promote WJCs cell adhesion and proliferation. In the meantime, pH value was relatively stable during the immersion tests, which may be significant for cellular survival. In conclusion, our results indicate that composite coatings on Mg–Zn–Ca alloy fabricated by MAO/sol–gel method provide a new type bioactive material.     

Effect of the modes of formation on the protective properties of conversion-polymeric coatings

We study regularities of changes in the total electrode potential, de resistance, and impedance of lowcarbon steel with conversion-polymeric coatings as functions of the temperature and time conditions of their formation and of the time of holding in corrosive media. We establish the relationship between electrochemical corrosion processes in metal covered with conversion-polymeric coatings and the barrier-adhesion mechanism of the protective action of coatings. We establish the following optimal mode of the application of coatings of modified SKD-1s latex: polymerization for 110–130 sec at a temperature of 220–240°C. Karpenko Physicomechanical Institute, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, L'viv. State University of Chemical Engineering, Dnepropetrovsk. Translated from Fizyko-Khimichna Mekhanika Materialiv, Vol. 32, No. 5, pp. 50–54, September–October, 1996.     

Carbon black/graphite nanoplatelet/rubbery epoxy hybrid composites for thermal interface applications

Hybrid composites were developed by dispersing carbon black (CB) nanoparticles and graphite nanoplatelets (GNPs) at 4–6 and 12–14 wt%, respectively, into rubbery epoxy resin. SEM analysis showed that CB particles improved the dispersion of GNPs in the hybrid composite. The thermal conductivity of 4 wt% CB/14 wt% GNP-15/rubbery epoxy hybrid composite, 0.81 W/m K, is ca. four times higher than that of rubbery epoxy. When silane-functionalised, the fillers reduced the viscosity of the hybrid dispersion and made the hybrid composite highly electrically insulating. Nevertheless, filler functionalisation decreased the composite’s thermal conductivity by only 16.6%. Compression testing showed that the hybrid fillers increased the compressive modulus and strength of rubbery epoxy by nearly two and three times, respectively. Overall, the hybrid composites with their thermal paste-type morphology, low viscosity, high compliance, improved thermal conductivity and, when fillers are functionalised, low electrical conductivity makes them promising materials as thermal interface adhesives.     

Enhancement of the corrosion resistance of titanium alloys of the Ti-Al-Mo-V system by carbonitriding

We study the regularities of formation of coatings on titanium alloys of the Ti-Al-Mo-V system in the process of saturation in carbon-and-nitrogen-containing media (with an oxygen content of at most 0.01–0.0005 vol.%) and their corrosion-electrochemical behavior in an 80% aqueous solution of sulfuric acid. The difference between the phase compositions of the coatings formed in different temperature ranges of saturation is revealed. Thus, nitride coatings are formed on the surface at temperatures below 1100°C and carbonitride coatings are formed above 1100°C. It is shown that the physicochemical characteristics of nitride coatings formed in carbon-and-nitrogen-containing media are better than the corresponding characteristics of nitride coatings obtained by nitriding for the same temperature, time, and gas-dynamic parameters of saturation. As the content of cubic δ-nitride in the coating increases, the corrosion characteristics of the surface after saturation in carbon-and-nitrogen-containing media increase. Despite a significant surface roughness of carbonitride coatings, their corrosion resistance is high. __________ Translated from Fizyko-Khimichna Mekhanika Materialiv, Vol. 42, No. 4, pp. 78–83, July–August, 2006.