超声空化泡相界面逸出时相间传质的研究

根据超声空化泡在相间特殊运动时周围流体流动特性,以相间传质渗透理论为依据,结合流体动力学原理,分析了超声空化泡在相间的传质过程,由此建立了超声波声空化气泡相界面逸出时相间传质数学关系式,该式表明,超声功率可使传质系数增加,传质系数不仅与超声波声强近似呈线性关系,而且与扩散系数、气泡的气体体积流率的平方根成正比,同时还与空化泡半径Rd、界面面积S＇等因素有关。采用文献实验数据验证文中关系式,与实验结果相吻合,能较好地描述相界面上逸出超声空化泡时液体中的传质行为。该关系式为超声波强化传质过程提供了理论依据。     

超声空化对溴化锂溶液气泡运动的影响

根据溴化锂溶液的物性参数方程,利用试验数据和超声作用于均相液体中空化气泡运动的动力学模型,推导出溴化锂溶液超声空化气泡运动方程。利用MATLAB对溴化锂溶液超声空化气泡的运动特性进行数值模拟,对过冷沸腾和饱和沸腾条件下溴化锂溶液沸腾气泡的运动变化特性进行研究,得到超声空化效应对气泡运动特性变化影响的模拟结果。为溴化锂溶液传热性能和吸收式制冷机组制冷效率的提高提供一定的理论依据。     

非均相流模型在绕回转体通气空化流动计算中的应用

结合水洞实验,研究了非均相流模型在通气空化流场计算中的应用。分别采用均相和非均相流模型对绕带空化器回转体的通气空化流场进行了数值计算,并与实验结果进行了对比,结果表明:非均相流模型由于充分考虑到相间界面及其相互作用,较应用均相流模型,能够更准确地模拟绕带空化器回转体的通气空化流动的空泡形态和通气空化流场的非定常特性和空泡区域的速度分布,更好地捕捉到空化区域内反向射流运动的非定常过程。     

气泡－水相界面上传质过程的自相似分析解

应用自相似方法求解气泡－水相界上的传质问题，并获得了计算相界面上传质量的表达式。     

气泡—水相界面上传质过程的自相似分析解

应用自相似方法求解气泡－水相界上的传质问题，并获得了计算相界面上传质量的表达式。     

原位反应烧结块的高能超声稀释过程分析

对高能超声稀释原位反应烧结块制备锌铝合金基复合材料过程进行了研究,简要分析了超声稀释机理。研究表明,高能超声快速稀释烧结块是声空化与声流效应协同作用的结果。空化产生的瞬时高温可促进界面区域元素扩散,瞬时高压将裸露在界面上的长棒状的TiAl₃击断,打破了烧结块的网状结构,并将其周围的高致密度的Al₂O₃和TiB₂颗粒聚集区击碎。另一方面,声流引起的强烈搅拌作用减薄了过渡层,并使短棒状的TiAl₃颗粒及Al₂O₃、TiB₂微细颗粒均匀分布在熔体中。在上述分析基础上,建立了元素扩散模型和烧结块在锌铝合金中的稀释过程模型。      

乳状液膜法分离氨基酸的动力学

探讨了含载体P2 0 4 (磷酸二异辛酯 )的液膜体系用于苯丙氨酸促进运输的动力学行为 .采用液滴法装置 ,控制实验条件 ,测定了内相氢离子浓度随时间的变化 ,适用于有机相界面的化学反应对溶质传递的影响 ,并将计算的结果同实验相比较 ,建立了水相 -有机相界面化学反应对溶质传质具有决定作用时的传质模型     

乳状液膜状分离氨基酸的动力学

探讨了含载体P204（磷酸二异辛酯）的液膜体系用于苯丙氨酸促进运输的动力学行为，采用液滴法装置，控制实验条件，测定了内相氢离子浓度随时间的变化，适用于有机相界面的化学反应对溶质传递的影响，并将计算的结果同实验相比较，建立了水相－有机相界面化学反应对溶质传质具有决定作用时的传质模型。     

含双尺度界面复相陶瓷的细观界面滑移应力

基于复相陶瓷显微特征和双尺度界面特性,分析含双尺度界面复相陶瓷内的细观界面滑移应力。首先,基于复相陶瓷宏观、细观和纳观弹性性能,计算双尺度界面复相陶瓷产生弹性变形时的细观平均应力场。然后,在纳观界面位移和应力连续基础上,提出了界面应变模型,确定了纳观界面附近纤维和基体内的位移函数,考虑界面应变的突变值与界面模量间的比例关系,根据纳观界面特性和纤维分布形式,确定出弹性变形条件下外载传递到细观界面上的切应力。最后,基于压痕实验测得复相陶瓷细观界面滑移的屈服切应力,得到细观界面滑移应力的理论计算公式并进行了定量分析。结果表明,复相陶瓷内纳观界面弹性模量越小或泊松比越小时,细观界面越易滑移,复相陶瓷越易产生塑性变形。     

泡沫金属湍流射流发泡过程数值模拟研究

应用欧拉-欧拉双流体模型,并采用分别描述气泡和液相湍流的k-ε两相湍流模型,描述制备泡沫金属过程中气体射流发泡过程的两相流动.通过对气泡和液体在流场中的受力分析,详细讨论了阻力、升力等相间作用力对气泡分布和流体流动的影响.预测结果和文献中的实验结果进行的对比表明,在给出合理的相间作用力模型时,该模型预测值和实验结果符合较好.但由于目前尚缺乏气体射流破碎模型,喷嘴附近还存在较明显差异.     

Controlled effect of ultrasonic cavitation on hydrophobic/hydrophilic surfaces

Controlling cavitation at the solid surface is of increasing interest, as it plays a major role in many physical and chemical processes related to the modification of solid surfaces and formation of multicomponent nanoparticles. Here, we show a selective control of ultrasonic cavitation on metal surfaces with different hydrophobicity. By applying a microcontact printing technique we successfully formed hydrophobic/hydrophilic alternating well-defined microstructures on aluminium surfaces. Fabrication of patterned surfaces provides the unique opportunity to verify a model of heterogeneous nucleation of cavitation bubbles near the solid/water interface by varying the wettability of the surface, temperature and ultrasonic power. At the initial stage of sonication (up to 30 min), microjets and shock waves resulting from the collapsing bubbles preferably impact the hydrophobic surface, whereas the hydrophilic areas of the patterned Al remain unchanged. Longer sonication periods affect both surfaces. These findings confirm the expectation that higher contact angle causes a lower energy barrier, thus cavitation dominates at the hydrophobic surfaces. Experimental results are in good agreement with expectations from nucleation theory. This paper illustrates a new approach to ultrasound induced modification of solid surfaces resulting in the formation of foam-structured metal surfaces.     

Computational fluid dynamic study on cavitation in liquid nitrogen

Cavitation is the formation of vapor bubbles within a liquid where flow dynamics cause the local static pressure to drop below the vapor pressure. This paper presents the steady computational fluid dynamic (CFD) results of cavitation in liquid nitrogen flow through hydrofoils and ogives with so-called “full cavitation model”. The model is reexamined to assess the performance prediction from the standpoint of cryogenic fluids with the assumption of thermal equilibrium between vapor phase and liquid phase. The fluid thermodynamic properties are specified along the saturation line using the “Gaspak 3.2” databank. The thermal effects and accompanying property variations due to phase change are modeled rigorously. The thermodynamic cavitation framework is validated against experimental data of NASA hydrofoil and ogive. The global sensibility of the cavitation solution with respect to the cavitation model coefficients and the free-stream velocity is investigated in detail and the choking phenomenon is reported with high Mach number. The full cavitation model with the default coefficients is applicable for cavitation prediction in liquid nitrogen, taking into account of the thermodynamic effects.     

The emission of sound by statistically homogeneous bubble layers

This paper is concerned with the flow of a bubbly fluid along a wavy wall, which is one Fourier component of a linearized hydrofoil. The bubbles are dispersed, not throughout the whole of the liquid, but only over a certain distance from the wall, as occurs in practice with cavitation bubbles. Outside the bubbly regime there is pure liquid.The interface between the bubbly fluid and pure liquid fluctuates for various reasons. One of these is the relative motion between bubbles and liquid. This is considered here in detail. A calculation is made of the sound emitted by the bubbly layer into pure liquid as a result of this stochastic motion of the interface.     

Conjugated Effect of Joule Heating and Magnetohydrodynamic on Laminar Convective Heat Transfer of Nanofluids Inside a Concentric Annulus in the Presence of Slip Condition

In the current study, the conjugated effect of Joule heating and magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) on the forced convective heat transfer of fully developed laminar nanofluid flows inside annular pipes, under the influence of MHD field, has been investigated. The temperature and nanoparticle distributions at both the inner and outer walls are assumed to vary in the direction of the fluid. Furthermore, owing to the nanoparticle migrations in the fluid, a slip condition becomes far more important than the no-slip condition of the fluid–solid interface, which appropriately represents the non-equilibrium region near the interface. The governing equations—obtained by employing the Buongiorno’s model for nanofluid in cylindrical coordinates—are converted into two-point ordinary boundary value differential equations and solved numerically. The effects of various controlling parameters on the flow characteristics, the average Nusselt number and the average Sherwood number have been assessed in detail. Additionally, the effect of the inner to outer diameter ratio on the heat and mass transfer rate has been studied. The results obtained indicate that, in the presence of a magnetic field when the fluid is electrically conductive, heat transfer will be reduced significantly due to the influences of Joule heating, while the average mass transfer rate experiences an opposite trend. Moreover, the increase in the slip velocity on both the walls causes the average heat transfer to rise and the average mass transfer to decrease.     

声流条件下超声空化气泡分布研究

研究了频率为 20 kHz的超声作用在圆柱形料腔中出现声流现象时超声空化效应的空间分布特性。结合大振幅声源条件下的声辐射力,对声场内的声流现象进行了仿真分析,获取了不同超声功率和液位高度下的声流速度场分布,初步探究了声流条件下空化气泡的运动分布规律。采用超声空化效应的声致化学发光实验,对比研究了有、无声流条件时超声空化效应的空间分布特性。结果表明：功放电流高于 80 mA(电功率为 17.6 W)时,超声场可形成稳定的声致流动现象且可有效提高其声能辐射效率,大大增加了空化效应的作用区域,进而提高了声化学反应效率;声流条件下料腔内超声空化效应的分布区域与超声功率(振幅)、料腔液位高度相关,功放电流从 40 mA(电功率为8.8 W)增加至 120 mA(电功率为 26.4 W)时,空化面积占比提高了 100.86%,液位高度为 60 mm时的空化面积占比较50 mm和 70 mm时分别提高了 13.11%和 73.91%,提高超声功率及选择合理的料腔液位高度,可有效提高空化气泡扩散距离,增大空化分布面积;对于固定形状及尺寸料腔中的声场,声流速度达到一定阈值时,会出现空化效应增强,空化效应增强区域位于大于声流速度阈值的区域内;空化气泡的扩散分布与声流速度场密切相关,表现为随声流速度场的变化在料腔中部沿径向扩散、沿变幅杆轴向且在料腔底部沿径向扩散、沿变幅杆轴向扩散三种扩散分布模式。     

Prüfung der Haftfestigkeit metallischer Überzüge mit dem Ultraschallkoppelschwinger

Ultrasonic Testing of Metal Deposits The adhesive strength of Ni-deposits has been determined with the well known ring shear test and by a test procedure which usually is used to analyze the resistance of a material against cavitation. In this case the specimen is fastened at the top of an ultrasonic vibrator and oscillates in an aqueous fluid. The deposit/substrate interface is strengthened by high accelerative forces and by mechanical attack of imploding bubbles in the fluid. It was shown that this method is able to distinguish the effect of different pretreatment of the substrate surface. The test result is given as the duration of attack without any exfoliation of the deposit.     

Interfacial mass transfer and mass transfer coefficient in aqua ammonia packed bed absorberTransfert de masse à l''interface et coéfficient de transfert de masse dans un absorbeur à matelas dispersant eau–ammoniac

A mathematical model was given to predict the mass transfer between flow of a mixture of ammonia vapor and water vapor and a flow of aqua ammonia solution at any interface within a packed bed absorber (PBA). The model used the molal mass and heat transfer coefficients in both the liquid and gas phases, the interface molal solution concentration, interface molal vapor mixture concentration, interface temperature, and the heat transfer coefficients in the liquid and gas phases in both sides of the interface. The heat transfer coefficient was corrected to account for the mass transfer. The model was also used to derive a convenient mass transfer coefficient which was based on the bulk mass concentration, not on the molal concentration, and not directly dependent on the concentration at the interface. To complete the model, mathematical correlations were derived for several thermodynamic and physical properties of aqua ammonia solution and vapor mixture. A computer program was developed to demonstrate the use of the model to predict the rate of absorption of ammonia vapor at an interface within the packed bed at various operating conditions.     

有气相注入的管内气液分层流数值模拟

管内气液两相分层流是管道输运和水平井采油过程中重要的研究课题之一，而气液界面是研究的重点内容，尤其是有气泡穿过界面的分层流是水平井采油过程中从有壁面注入时不可回避的流动现象，也是数值计算的难点所在。本文利用VOF方法[1]捕捉气液界面，应用有限体积方法和重正化 湍流模式[2]计算圆管内三维非定常雷诺平均方程，得到了典型的界面上有质量交换时的分层流的流场、界面形状和界面上阻力变化的结果。