长条形SiC空间反射镜轻量化结构优化设计

在保证空间光学遥感相机反射镜结构刚度、面形精度的同时,最大限度的降低反射镜质量,成为各国新兴的、重要的研究课题。本文从材料、支撑形式、相关几何参数以及轻量化结构形式等方面对反射镜进行详细设计。提出了通过拓扑优化确定反射镜背部轻量化形式的方案。采用有限元分析法对获得的优化结果进行分析。分析结果表明：重力载荷下面形精度达到 λ/10 PV,λ/50 RMS (λ=632.8 nm),PV值 7 nm,RMS值 1.68 nm,反射镜组件一阶固有频率 256 Hz,均优于传统结构形式的反射镜,能够满足应用要求。     

针对温度影响的空间反射镜局部面形优化

对于采用背部支撑的空间相机反射镜,温度变化会造成其支撑孔附近的局部面形精度降低,形成局部环形缺陷,从而影响光学系统中对应视场的成像质量。为了提高反射镜的温度适应性,通过增加支撑结构的柔性,降低局部连接刚度的方法,优化设计出一种柔性结构。对反射镜组件进行仿真分析,结果表明,在反射镜组件温度降低4℃的情况下,优化结构后的反射镜的中间支撑孔附近的局部视场面形的PV=4.9 nm,RMS=1.0 nm,与优化前(PV=16.6 nm,RMS=3.5 nm)相比,精度提高了3倍;全局视场面形的PV=16.3 nm,RMS=3.2 nm,相比优化前(PV=30.2 nm,RMS=5.2 nm),精度也得到提高;反射镜组件在优化前的1阶基频为191 Hz,优化后的1阶基频为183HZ,数据基本保持不变;反射镜在重力作用各工况下,优化结构前后的全局视场面形的PV值和RMS值基本保持不变。说明新的柔性支撑结构在保证了反射镜动、静态刚度的前提下,提高了反射镜的温度适应性,降低了温度变化对反射镜支撑孔附近局部面形精度的影响,提高了光学系统局部视场下的成像质量,达到了提高全视场下成像质量的目的。     

大口径透镜多点柔性支撑结构设计与分析

透镜面形精度是影响透射式光学系统性能的主要因素之一,支撑结构、自重和热载荷是引起透镜面形发生变化的三个主要原因。为了实现大口径透镜(Φ>200 mm)的高面形精度,本文设计了一种新的基于多点柔性支撑的透镜支撑结构,通过有限元分析,给出该柔性支撑结构下自重和热载荷对透镜面形的影响。分析结果表明：重力作用下透镜上、下表面面形RMS值分别为6.78 nm和3.46 nm;热载荷作用下透镜上、下表面面形RMS值分别为8.30 nm和5.57 nm。由此得出,本文设计的多点柔性支撑结构可以有效减少自重和热载荷对大口径镜面面形的影响,满足透射式光学系统对透镜面形的精度要求(RMS<λ/50,λ=632.8 nm)。     

光学反射镜柔性支撑结构尺寸稳定性分析

采用计算机辅助工程分析技术(CAE)对某空间光学遥感器反射镜支撑结构进行设计和分析,针对其在自重工况下满足结构刚度要求的同时热尺寸稳定性显著超差的情况,对支撑结构进行改进,变刚性支撑为柔性支撑,弱化结构刚度,增强结构的柔性.通过对改进后的结构进行建模和仿真分析,调整柔节参数,使反射镜组件在自重工况下满足结构刚度要求的同时,具有良好的热尺寸稳定性,镜面面形精度达到成像质量要求,即PV值不大于63.2 nm.通过进一步对整个组件结构进行动力学分析可知,结构在正弦扫描和随机振动工况下不会发生颤振,疲劳和破坏.仿真分析结果表明:在柔性结构的调节作用下,反射镜在力和热两种环境约束工况下,面形精度均满足成像质量要求,结构尺寸稳定性好,说明这种柔性支撑结构合理可行.     

激光精跟踪快速控制反射镜结构优化与分析

目的对快速控制反射镜进行结构优化与处理,获得满足设计要求的轻量化结构。方法选取合适的加工材料,建立以结构柔度最小为目标的优化数学模型进行拓扑优化,对优化后提取的结构模型进行处理和有限元仿真分析。结果通过优化与分析,确定了反射镜最终结构,模拟分析结果表明,镜面最大变形量为2.7 nm,基频为4130.3 Hz,均满足设计要求。优化前后相比,结构质量降低了57.8%。结论优化结果较好满足了设计要求,对于类似结构的设计具有一定的参考作用。     

大口径反射镜轻量化结构比较及面形分析

根据某空间光学系统的SiC反射镜的设计指标要求,对比分析了各种轻量化结构(包括三角形、正方形、六边形和各种扇形轻量化结构)的力学(自重变形)、热学性能(温度应力变形).综合比较这些轻量化结构的轻量化率,比刚度和热稳定性能,最终确定采用一种扇形轻量化结构.在轻量化率达到75%的情况下,镜体的自重变形和热变形均满足要求:采用Zemike多项式拟合去除刚体位移后得出,在周边支撑情况下镜面由于自重引起的表面畸变量的RMS值为0.010 μm,约为2/60(2=0.632 8μm).     

1.2 m高轻量化率主反射镜镜坯结构设计

如何进一步提升高性能米级空间反射镜轻量化率是大口径光机结构研制领域内的核心问题之一。本文为某高分辨率空间相机研制了通光口径Φ1200 mm的主反射镜,实现了面密度40 kg/m2的设计目标。碳化硅镜体采用凝胶注模成型及反应烧结工艺制备,将光轴水平状态作为检测状态以简化支撑结构,在半封闭式镜体内使用了主副筋交叉布置、立壁增加减重孔等轻量化手段,用分布式基准面取代传统基准设置,将基准面加工面积减少80%以上、提高了加工效率。通过参数化建模与集成优化,确定了镜体最优结构参数组合,最终镜体设计重量为46.9 kg。光轴水平时主镜自重变形RMS值仅2.87 nm,镜体自由基频为602 Hz,主镜具有良好的动、静力学特性。镜坯经机械加工后实测重量为51.3 kg、超重约9.4%,镜面厚度不均匀性小于1 mm,当前镜面已抛光至面形精度RMSλ/8 (λ=632.8 nm),未见印透效应。     

光刻物镜高精度挠性结构镜框设计及分析

光刻投影物镜的透镜支撑形式决定透镜的面形精度,进而影响光学系统的成像质量。本设计为实现透镜面形精度优于5 nm的RMS值,提出一种三点挠性主支撑和六点弹片辅助支撑的支撑形式。综合考虑透镜自重、夹持力和热载荷对透镜面形影响,对支撑结构进行优化设计,并进行了仿真分析。仿真后的面形结果为：上表面面形PV 21.7 nm,RMS 4.49 nm;下表面面形PV 81.3 nm,RMS 3.63 nm。仿真结果显示：该种透镜的支撑结构可以满足光刻投影物镜的高精度面形指标要求。     

大口径望远镜三镜结构设计及优化

第三反射镜(简称三镜)在大口径地基光电望远镜系统中作为关键部件之一,其面形精度直接影响着望远镜光学系统成像质量.为准确设计出符合工程实际的三镜结构,从三镜镜体几何尺寸、镜坯材料、轻量化孔结构形式、支撑方式等方面进行分析,并借助于有限元工程分析软件ANSYS,MSC.Patran/Nastran对三镜的支撑点位置、支撑孔壁厚度、镜面面板厚度、镜子外边框厚度、背部肋板厚度以及镜子外边缘倒角尺寸等镜体结构参数进行优化分析,得到了使镜面面形最优的镜体各结构参数.优化后三镜镜面变形RMS值为8.98 nm、PV值为38.03 nm,均满足光学设计要求.研究成果可为同类光机系统设计提供参考.     

基于CAE的光学反射镜柔性结构设计与分析

针对某空间光学遥感器的圆形球面反射镜设计了一温升变形调节柔性结构件,对其力学模型及柔节参数进行了理论分析,并采用计算机辅助工程分析技术(CAE)对反射镜组件结构进行建模和仿真分析,以解决反射镜在力学环境下满足结构刚度要求,而热环境下面形精度显著超差的状况,使反射镜结构刚度满足力学要求的同时,具有良好的热尺寸稳定性,达到遥感器成像质量要求.分析结果表明:在柔性结构的调节作用下,反射镜在力和热两种环境约束工况下,面形精度满足成像质量要求,PV值均小于63.2mm,进而说明了这种柔性调节结构在实际结构中是合理可行的.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Effect of Permeable Crystalline Material on Steel Reinforcement Corrosion of Concrete

Permeable crystalline materialcan permeate into pores and cracks of concrete and catalyze the reaction between Ca(OH) 2and unhydrated cement to generate a great quantity needle non-soluble crystals, which can stop up the pores and cracks of concrete, and increase the impermeability of concrete. This paper reported the results of a study conducted to evaluate steel reinforcement corrosion of concrete specimens uncoated and coated with permeable crystalline material as well as mixed with the permeable crystalline material. The properties evaluated for corrosion test were water impermeability, water absorption, compressive strength and potential. The results of water impermeability, water absorption, compressive strength clearly showed that the permeable crystalline material could prohibit water, any soluble salts and moisture from penetrating the concrete to cause corrosion, leaking, and other problems, and it did increase the compressive strength, which was favorable for protection of corrosion of reinforcing steel. Moreover, it was concluded from the potential-time curve that the steel reinforcement of uncoated specimen was in the state of activation whereas that of other specimens coated and mixed with the permeable crystalline material was in the state of inactivation. Above all, it was indicated that the permeable crystalline materialis very effective to protect the steel reinforcement of concrete from corrosion.     

The Research and Application About "Dry Peeling Off" Technology for Airplane Surface Paint Layer

In this paper, the principle of spurting take off lacquer were introduced; and with orthogonal method the unsaturate polyester was prepared ;it was easy to peel airplane paint layer off with this material and equipment.     

Quality Study of Honeycomb Core Shaping Without Wax Stabilization

Sandwich panels utilizing honeycomb cores result in lightweight, high-strength units that are very rigid. Indeed, they give honeycomb panels the best strength-to-weight ratio of any construction type available. Conventionally, the wax is poured into the cell of the core to strengthen the structure and prevent the core from being crushed during milling. Much time and labor is required to wax, mill, and clean the cores. In this study, the process of pouring wax into the core was skipped. In other words, the cutter directly milled the core. Experiments showed that the compressive strength of the core produced without wax stabilization was only 3% lower than that of cores produced using the traditional method. In addition, the drum peel strengths of cores produced without wax stabilization were 38.4% higher than cores produced using the traditional method, in which residual wax seriously polluted the adhesive. It was also found that eliminating the wax process can reduce costs.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.     

Early ironwork in Biscay: Survey,excavation, experimentation and materials characterization. An integral study of the mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte or “haizeolak”)

ABSTRACT

The production of iron in Biscay (Basque Country, Spain) has been a hallmark of this territory of the North of the Iberian Peninsula throughout its history. The Archaeology team of the Basque Country Mining Museum has spent 13 years, so far, studying the origins of this activity through the evidences left at the old pre-hydraulic iron production workshops known as mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte) or haizeolak. It has catalogued 170 archaeometallurgical sites of this type in Biscay, and the archeological excavation of some of them has led to the knowledge of the different stages of the production process that took place in these workshops. The team has also experimentally reproduced the work carried out in a mountainside ironworks from the High Middle Ages, and it has currently started the characterization process of this type of activity through the study of the collected materials.     

In-process thermal treatment of polylactic acid in fused deposition modelling

Polylactic acid (PLA) is one of the most widely used open source fused filament fabrication materials due to its ease of extrusion, biodegradability, and mechanical strength. The mechanical strength of PLA largely depends on the proper growth of its semi-crystalline structure, which can be severely impaired by a low rate of crystallization, particularly in open source printers. This can be further aggravated by the non-uniform thermal distribution of heat that causes improper curing among the extruded beads of the printing material. As a result, PLA printed on open source printers does not achieve the best mechanical properties. This research, for the first time, proposes an additive-free solution implemented through a detailed set of experimentation to improve the curing rate through in-process temperature variations to cure the joints among the beads. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is used to confirm the improvements in the bead joints. This work is conducted in two phases of experiments. In the first phase, a full factorial ANOVA is used to investigate various process parameters and the important variables are used in the second phase to print test specimens in four different sets.