人字形波纹板式蒸发器数值模拟

本文根据两相流动换热理论,提出了一个板式换热器的稳态分布参数模型.在此模型基础上,利用分布参数法求解各控制方程,得出了制冷剂的温度、压力、气液相速度以及冷冻水温度、压力沿通道方向上的分布情况.此模型可用于分析换热器的整体性能,为板式换热器的优化设计、制冷系统的匹配提供依据.     

制冷剂分配器对空气源热泵机组制热性能的影响

针对空气源热泵机组在制热工况下出现频繁结霜/除霜现象、制热能力变差以及可靠性下降问题,通过分析发现制冷剂分配器的选型不当或设计不合理是造成上述问题的主要原因之一。对空气源热泵机组中常用的孔板式制冷剂分配器的应用进行研究及改进设计,并进行对比测试。     

流体流量分布器的设计

根据锐孔理论和两个假定,并应用锐孔流量原理的设计方法,保证通过孔板流量分布器所有锐孔的流体均匀。以小型空分设备分子筛吸附器的孔板分布器为例,通过例题演算,介绍了设计程序。     

采用新制冷剂R134a和混合制冷剂R410A的板式蒸发器性能研究

采用分布参数法对波纹型通道板式蒸发器建立数学模型,并进行了数值模拟.通过计算板内局部蒸发传热系数和压降可以简化板式蒸发器内复杂三维网状流动的传热特性.针对应用较广的R134a和R410A制冷剂来比较和分析板式蒸发器在小的温差下的传热性能.在3种不同的计算工况下简要分析了各种热力参数的变化对蒸发器整体传热性能的影响.不同的制冷剂,其传热系数和压降差别较大,相同工况下采用R410A替代R22,板式蒸发器的传热性能可提高8.5%～10.0%,且压降可大幅降低.     

家用空调系统制冷剂充注量的研究

对1台制冷量为2.5kW的家用空调器进行研究,建立该空调器稳态分布参数仿真模型。研究系统中各部件的制冷剂分布情况：冷凝器中制冷剂分布最多,随着充注量的增大,冷凝器中制冷剂量增大,份额由38.6%变化到62.1%,而其他部件中制冷剂量基本保持不变。从各部件充注量变化的角度分析充注量与系统其他参数之间的关系：当充注量增加时,系统冷凝温度、冷凝压力、排气温度、过冷度增加,蒸发压力略有下降,质量流量减小,COP值先增后减。重点研究充注量、COP和过冷度3者的平衡关系。     

制冷系统稳态运行下制冷剂分布试验研究

通过试验的方法研究制冷剂在系统中的分布规律,提出测试原理及方法。测试数据显示,热泵在稳态运行下,制冷剂主要分布在两器中,在制热工况下,气液分离器中贮存约13%的气态制冷剂。     

孔板式节流装置参数设计中应注意的问题

在蒸汽流量各类计量仪器中．孔板式节流装置使用广泛。合理设计孔板式节流装置参数，可以为企业节能降耗提供科学依据。使用孔板式节流装置计量蒸汽流量主要结合差压△p、压力p和温度t并通过流量显示仪进行流量计算。下面介绍孔板式节流装置参数设计中应注意的问题。     

板式蒸发器换热性能的数值模拟1：数学模型

采用分布参数法对波纹型多通道单流程板式蒸发器建立数学模型，通过计算局部蒸发换热系数和摩擦压降可以简化板式蒸发器内复杂三维流动的换热关系。总结了文献已有的各种换热和压降关联式，并添加到模型控制方程组中。基于此模型，可对目前应用较广的R134a和R410A制冷剂的板式蒸发器在小换热温差下的换热性能进行研究。     

蒸发式冷凝器稳态模型数值模拟

采用分布参数法对蒸发式冷凝器建立了数学模型，并进行了数值计算。模拟了制冷剂温度和热流密度的沿程分布情况。针对入口空气状态变化、配风量和配水量对换热器性能的影响，进行了计算分析，为蒸发式冷凝器的设计和性能优化提供了参考。     

脉冲清灰系统喷嘴型面结构参数优化

针对化工生产领域除尘设备中脉冲喷吹管出口气流参数分布不均匀现象,设计4种不同型面喷嘴,定量分析喷嘴结构参数与出口流场品质间的相互关系,并借助计算流体力学软件进行数值模拟研究。结果表明:喷吹管入口边界条件保持相同,气流通过扩张型、直角型、收缩型和圆角型喷嘴后,滞止压力损失率分别为29.28%、22.03%、15.44%、9.10%,且圆角型喷嘴出口截面各项气流参数的分布均匀性最优;表明喷嘴与喷吹管连接部位型面采用圆角型设计不仅能够减少气流机械能损失,降低清灰系统能耗,还可提高喷嘴出口流场各项气流参数的分布均匀性;增大喷嘴与喷吹管连接部位曲面倒圆半径,以及减小喷嘴开孔直径,有利于改善喷嘴出口流场各项气流参数分布的均匀性,优化流场品质。     

干式蒸发器制冷剂分配模拟分析与优化

换热管制冷剂分配不均是制约干式蒸发器性能的主要因素。为改善这一问题,本文提出了增设分液管和孔板两种优化方案,并利用CFD模拟和传热计算分析优化后各换热管分液均匀性、压降水平以及蒸发器换热性能的变化规律。结果表明：最优分液管方案及最优孔板方案混合相的均匀性相比样本分别提高了56.60%和60.80%,虽然带来了更大的压力损失,蒸发器换热量仍然可以提高19.69%和23.83%。     

Review on the experimental studies of refrigerant flow mechanisms inside short-tube orifices

A short-tube orifice is a kind of an expansion device. The advantages of a short-tube orifice are simplicity, low cost, and low starting torque of the compressor as the pressures across the short-tube orifice equalise during the off-cycle. The two-phase flow mechanisms of refrigerant inside the short-tube orifice are very complicated although its physical configurations are simple. During the past decade, investigations of the mass flow rate of various refrigerants inside short-tube orifices, which is useful for selecting the proper size in practical applications, have been reported by many researchers. However, few researchers focused on the flow pattern, choked flow, and metastable flow phenomena inside short-tube orifices, which are necessary for a clear understanding of the flow behaviour and developing suitable calculation techniques. The aim of this paper is to summarise the evolution of the experimental research on refrigerant flow characteristics inside short-tube orifices to provide guidelines for future research.     

提高制冷剂分流均匀性的分配器连接管结构设计

制冷空调系统采用多流路换热器时,要求制冷剂流量在各流路中均匀分配,其难以实现的主要原因之一是制冷剂流经折弯型分配器连接管时发生气液两相分离。本文提出将分配器连接管从一次折弯方式改为多次折弯方式的降低相分离程度的新思路,并用于连接管的结构优化设计。模拟研究了分配器连接管的折弯角度、折弯半径和管路直径对分流均匀性的影响;将这些结构参数进行合理组合,优化设计了具有多次折弯的分配器连接管结构;将该优化结构与原型结构进行分流不均匀度的对比。结果表明:分配器连接管的折弯角度是影响分流均匀性的最主要因素;与采用一次折弯的原设计相比,所设计的三次折弯型分配器连接管结构可使分流不均匀度降低64.4%。     

Experimental study on the performance of an inverter heat pump with a bypass orifice

An economical, fixed geometry, bypass orifice was invented to control more precisely the refrigerant flow in an inverter heat pump system. Flow characteristics of the bypass orifice were investigated as a function of orifice geometry and operating conditions. Experimental results of bypass orifices were compared with those of capillary tubes. The bypass orifice showed the best flow trend as a function of frequency: the flow slope of the bypass orifice with respect to frequency was the highest among the orifice, capillary, and bypass orifice. The performance of an inverter heat pump with a bypass orifice and then a capillary tube was measured with a variation of frequency in the psychrometric calorimeter. It was observed that the performance of the inverter heat pump was enhanced with the application of the bypass orifice in the system instead of a capillary tube. The improvement of COP in an inverter heat pump with a bypass orifice versus the capillary tube was prevalent at the low frequency region.     

Two-fluid model of refrigerant two-phase flow through short tube orifice

Pronounced hydrodynamic and thermodynamic non-equilibrium exist in the flow of refrigerant through a short tube orifice under typical operating conditions. A non-equilibrium two-fluid model (TFM) for refrigerant two-phase critical flow inside the short tube orifice is developed. Both inter-phase velocity slip and inter-phase temperature difference are taken into account in the model. The mass flow rate, the two-phase velocity and temperature distributions in a short tube orifice are simulated. Comparisons among the experimental data of refrigerants R134a, R12, R22, R410A and R407C flowing through short tubes, the predictions by the TFM and by the homogeneous equilibrium model (HEM) show that the TFM gives acceptable predictions with the deviations of ±20%, while the HEM underestimates the flow rate by 20% or so.     

Charge optimisation study of a reversible water-to-water propane heat pump

This paper presents the results and conclusions regarding the optimisation of the charge obtained throughout a thorough development study performed with a reversible water-to-water heat pump using propane as refrigerant. The paper first describes the influence of the charge on the capacity and COP of the unit at given operating conditions and then analyses the causes of such influence. Then, the theoretical study carried out with a detailed mathematical model to estimate the amount of refrigerant in each part of the unit is discussed. The second part of the paper is devoted to analysing the influence of the design of the evaporator (BPHE with and without integrated orifice distributor) and the operating conditions on the optimal charge. Finally, the effect of employing a POE or a mineral oil for lubrication on both performance and optimal charge is discussed.     

制冷系统用分子筛干燥剂性能评价及标准化过程——行业标准《制冷系统用球形分子筛干燥剂》

分子筛是一种多孔晶形硅铝酸盐材料,因其独特的选择性吸附干燥性能,广泛应用于各类制冷剂的干燥净化.本文详细介绍制冷系统用分子筛干燥剂标准的国内、外发展情况,并对2012年7月新发行的标准《制冷系统用球形分子筛》进行了介绍,包括主要技术性能和检验方法,可以帮助制冷行业标准应用者正确运用标准,以达到预期目的.     

混合冷剂压缩机热物性及热动力学计算

讨论了混合冷剂工质热物性,给出了其熵焓平衡计算的Newton--Raphson快速算法;同时,给出了混合冷剂压缩机整机压比分配算法。数值实验表明,该计算方法能够用于混合冷剂压缩机初步设计,且具有较高的计算效率。     

制冷系统中干燥剂的制备研究进展

氟利昂与制冷机油（或溶剂油）一起组成的制冷介质中，常常含有空气、水分、酸份等微量杂质。微量杂质的存在常常导致制冷系统无法正常进行。为此，制冷系统一般采用硅胶、活性氧化铝、分子筛、活性炭等干燥剂来净化回路中的水分、酸份等污染物。随着氟利昂制冷剂的不断更新，对相应的干燥剂的性能也提出更高的要求。通过详细介绍制冷系统中氟利昂干燥剂的不同制备方法并比较它们的优缺点，提出干燥剂的研究开发主要应从两个方向努力：一是提高产品的性能，尤其是相容性和吸水能力；另一方面是简化工艺，降低成本。分子筛具有均一孔径、高比表面积以及选择性吸附等性能，是氟利昂制冷剂最理想的干燥剂材料。加强对分子筛的改性和成型工艺研究，是逐步解决氟利昂制冷介质干燥的主要途径。     

Effects of flash gas generation at the expansion device inlet on the dynamic characteristics of a refrigeration system

The flash gas generation at the expansion device inlet in multi-air-conditioners causes rapid reduction of refrigerant mass flow rate and irregular distribution of refrigerant into multi-indoor units. The objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of the flash gas generation on the dynamic characteristics of a refrigeration system. The dynamic characteristics of a refrigeration system with an electronic expansion valve (EEV) were measured with time at various levels of flash gas generation, which were expressed as flash gas ratio. In addition, the averaged operating parameters and system COP were investigated with the variation of flash gas ratio. As the EEV inlet condition changed from the subcooled to the two-phase state, the refrigerant flow rate decreased rapidly due to the flash gas generation at the EEV inlet. At two-phase inlet conditions, the system operating parameters, such as mass flow rate, suction and discharge pressures, fluctuated periodically with time. As the flash gas ratio increased, the average COP decreased and the discharge temperature increased, degrading the system performance and reliability more severely.