考虑主动散热圆柱多孔夹层材料等效热导率及散热性能

针对多孔夹层圆柱壳的主动散热性能以及等效热导率的计算问题,通过推导多孔结构的等效热导率和主动散热状态下的稳态温度控制方程,在对流换热条件下,计算了考虑主动散热后所折减的等效热导率,及其与结构相对密度和流体流速之间的关系。采用考虑主动散热的等效热导率,计算结构瞬态温度分布,并与有限元结果进行对比。同时,计算了夹层圆柱壳相对密度和结构散热性能的关系以及最大散热性能相对应的最优相对密度和最优杆件厚度。通过瞬态温度分布结果与有限元结果对比,得到采用考虑主动散热的等效热导率所得结果与有限元结果吻合,说明了计算等效热导率方法的有效性,并且可以准确地计算瞬态温度分布;同时分析得到等效热导率随着流体流速的增大而减小,随着结构相对密度的增大而增大;在相同结构质量下,正方形和正六边形构型具有较好的主动散热性能。     

Kagome 蜂窝夹层平板的多功能优化设计

采用“等效介质模型”, 分析了复合材料夹层蜂窝平板的整体换热系数。在此基础上, 针对轻质蜂窝(相对密度小于0. 3) , 选取蜂窝面内等效剪切刚度表征夹层结构的承载能力, 综合考虑散热能力和结构承载能力, 比较了Kagome 蜂窝与传统的正三角形、正方形和正六边形蜂窝的性能。结果显示Kagome 蜂窝不但散热性能很好, 而且通过对蜂窝相对密度和尺寸的优化, 在结构质量相同的情况下, Kagome 蜂窝的综合性能比传统蜂窝具有明显优势。     

二维多孔材料散热性能分析与设计

二维多孔材料存在一个易于流动的方向并具有较大的面密度 , 因此在具有良好的比刚度和比强度的同时也具有良好的散热性能 , 研究强迫对流下的散热性能对其多功能化设计具有重要意义。本文中利用数值方法求解考虑二维多孔材料内部流体流动规律、 热传导和对流换热影响的流固耦合热传输问题 , 分析了多孔率和微结构尺寸对散热性能的影响并进行了最优参数设计 ; 通过分析比较 5种具有典型微结构形式的二维多孔材料的散热性能 , 给出了微结构形式对散热性能的影响。提出了以需要满足的散热性能为约束条件 , 以满足需求的设计参数的可调范围(设计参数的允许变化范围)为设计目标的最优散热结构设计理念。以此理念得到的设计结果 , 更有利于根据其他性能的要求对材料进行多功能化设计。分析表明 , 具有正六边形微结构的二维多孔材料的散热性能最优 , 并有利于实现轻质多功能化设计。     

大功率相变蓄冷散热系统数值研究

针对大功率瞬时热源散热技术需求,提出了基于相变蓄冷和冷凝换热的热管理系统。系统以管翅式换热器为传热单元,以石蜡作为相变材料,采用干度为0.1的低压饱和水作为换热介质,在换热两侧均构建相变过程,可满足高储能密度、快速释冷的要求。构建了三维翅片和一维管道耦合的数学模型,对蓄冷器传热特性进行数值研究,对比了换热流体在单相、两相状态下蓄冷器的释冷功率和散热效率,研究了冷凝压力对蓄冷器性能的影响。研究结果表明,在蓄冷系统中构建冷凝过程使散热功率提高了230%,散热效率提高了38%;冷凝压力对散热效率几乎没有影响,散热效率保持在80%左右;冷凝压力增大,散热功率增大,在压力增大到70 kPa后趋于不变,最大值为14.5 kW,散热密度最大为1.48 W/cm~3。     

方孔蜂窝夹层板在爆炸载荷下的吸能特性

通过有限元数值模拟方法,对方孔蜂窝夹层板在爆炸冲击载荷下的变形机理和吸能特性进行了分析。在单位面积质量以及夹层板芯层薄壁间距、高度给定的情况下,通过对不同夹芯层相对密度下夹层板的吸能率以及上、下面板最大变形的比较,得出了最优的夹芯层相对密度。在此相对密度下,夹芯层吸能率最高,下面板变形最小,夹层板的抗冲击性能最优。同时还讨论了夹层板芯层薄壁间距、厚度、高度以及面板厚度对其各部分吸能率的影响,以得到最优化的夹层板结构。     

氮气在泡沫铜内的流动传热特性模拟研究

为探究氮气在多孔介质泡沫铜内的流动传热特性,应用FLUENT软件对低温制冷机冷头换热器中填充的泡沫铜进行数值模拟分析。研究了孔隙率、孔密度以及入口流速对流动、传热的影响规律,模拟结果表明,孔隙率较大、孔密度较小时,渗流性能较好,流体速度衰减较慢;随着孔隙率减小,流体压力损失增大,换热效果提高,但提高的趋势渐缓,因而可能存在压损与温降比值最小的最优孔隙率;孔密度增大,由无滑移壁面引起的压力损失增大,换热性能变差。     

不同粉末粒度的粉末轧制多孔钛板的孔隙性能研究

为满足湿法冶金、氯碱、水处理、制药等行业对多孔钛板过滤元件的需求,以粉末轧制法制备多孔钛板为出发点,开展了满足轧制工艺要求的多孔钛板粉末轧制、烧结、性能测试等研究。通过对不同性能的钛粉进行粉末轧制、真空烧结,制得了宽度为420 mm、厚度不同、组织均匀的多孔钛板,研究了不同粉末性能对其孔隙度、最大孔径和透气度的影响。结果表明:随着粉末粒度的减小,多孔钛板的密度有所增大,孔隙度、最大孔径和透气度逐渐减小。其中,多孔钛板最大孔径和透气度的变化规律与模压多孔材料的相同。在追求孔隙度最大化时,以最小的轧制压力轧制成型多孔钛板,粉末粒度越大,其厚度越大。当粉末粒度相同时,多孔钛板厚度越大,其内部孔道路径越长,孔结构越复杂,气体在透过多孔结构通道时所消耗的能量也越多,透气度则越低。     

金属多孔介质泡沫自然对流换热实验研究

本文对饱和水-泡沫铜多孔介质在方腔内的自然对流换热进行了实验研究。讨论了孔隙率、孔隙密度及倾斜角度对多孔介质自然对流换热的影响。结果表明:自然对流换热随着孔隙率增大而减小。当孔隙率一定时,随着孔隙密度的增大,自然对流换热减小。Nu数随着加热功率的增大而增大,随着腔体倾斜角度的增大而减小。根据相似理论建立了以孔隙率、孔隙密度、倾斜角度为影响变量的换热准则关联式,且误差小于±7.5%。     

藕状多孔铜微通道热沉的散热性能优化研究

藕状多孔铜是一种具有长直圆孔的新型微通道结构,可用于对大功率电子器件进行散热。通过实验和Flow Simulation数值计算系统地研究了以水为工质,具有均匀微槽道结构的多孔铜热沉的散热性能。实验结果表明,该热沉具有很高的换热系数,在110 m L/s流量下,换热系数可达10.1 W/(cm~2·K)。模拟结果表明存在最佳的微槽道数和微槽道方向使得多孔铜热沉的散热性能最优。以水为工质时,最佳槽道数和微槽道方向分别为7~11和45°。随着微槽道宽度减小,热沉散热性能提高,对比了数值模拟结果与实验结果,并分析了其存在差异的原因。     

模拟界面换热系数和密度对热溶质对流影响

为了能够更好地控制凝固过程热和溶质的传输,以二元合金为例,研究了在单边散热条件下,不同界面换热系数和密度对热溶质对流的影响.研究表明:当材料密度一定时,随着界面换热系数的提高,沿散热方向上的温度梯度增大,热溶质对流的效果增强;当界面换热系数为1 000 W/(m2·K)时,在凝固初期铸件底部出现涡流现象;在界面换热系数不变的情况下,随着材料密度的增加,铸件内液体金属的热溶质对流效应减弱.     

Optimizing the Design of Space Radiators

A procedure for optimizing the configuration of a heat pipe/fin radiating element in terms of heat rejected per radiating mass has been developed. The optimization was carried out analytically by expressing the heat radiated per radiating mass in terms of a function involving a dimensionless heat transfer coefficient and the dimensionless thermal gradient at the root of the fin where it joins the heat pipe. The dimensionless Stefan–Boltzmann radiation equation was solved numerically to determine the value that maximizes the function that determines the heat transfer per radiating mass. Once this value is obtained, the optimum width and thickness of the fins as well as the heat radiated per mass can be specified in terms of the operating temperature, emissivity, diameter, and mass/length of the heat pipe, and the density and thermal conductivity of the fin material. The resulting analytical expression can then be used to determine the maximum heat radiated per radiating mass over a wide range of operating conditions, to optimize the design of a specific heat pipe/fin combination, and to conduct analyses of the influence of design and materials properties on the performance of the system. The optimization procedure was carried out for the case of uniformly tapered fins as well as for flat fins.     

Multifunctional design of prismatic cellular materials

Low density, prismatic cellular materials have a combination of properties that make them suitable for multifunctional or multi-physics applications such as ultralight load-bearing combined with energy absorption and heat transfer. In this work, non-uniform, graded cellular materials are designed to achieve superior thermal and structural performance. A general multifunctional design approach is presented that integrates multiobjective decision-making with multi-physics analysis tools of structural and heat transfer performance. Approximate analysis models for heat transfer and elastic stiffness are utilized to analyze designs efficiently. Search/solution algorithms are used to solve multiobjective decisions by interfacing with customized and commercial software. During the design process, cell topology is assumed to be rectangular, but aspect ratios and dimensions of cells and cell walls are varied. Two design scenarios are considered – maximum convective heat transfer and in-plane elastic stiffness in the first case and maximum convective heat transfer and elastic buckling strength in the second case. A portfolio of heat exchanger designs is generated with both periodic and functionally graded cells. Both single- and multi-objective performance are considered, and trade-offs are assessed between thermal and structural performance. Generalization of this approach is discussed for broader materials design applications in which material structures and processing paths are designed to achieve targeted properties and performance characteristics within a larger overall systems design process, and process-structure-property-performance relations are manifested on a hierarchy of length and time scales.     

Design,fabrication and test of Load Bearing multilayer insulation to support a broad area cooled shield

Improvements in cryogenic propellant storage are needed to achieve reduced or Zero Boil Off of cryopropellants, critical for long duration missions. Techniques for reducing heat leak into cryotanks include using passive multi-layer insulation (MLI) and vapor cooled or actively cooled thermal shields. Large scale shields cannot be supported by tank structural supports without heat leak through the supports. Traditional MLI also cannot support shield structural loads, and separate shield support mechanisms add significant heat leak. Quest Thermal Group and Ball Aerospace, with NASA SBIR support, have developed a novel Load Bearing multi-layer insulation (LBMLI) capable of self-supporting thermal shields and providing high thermal performance.We report on the development of LBMLI, including design, modeling and analysis, structural testing via vibe and acoustic loading, calorimeter thermal testing, and Reduced Boil-Off (RBO) testing on NASA large scale cryotanks.LBMLI uses the strength of discrete polymer spacers to control interlayer spacing and support the external load of an actively cooled shield and external MLI. Structural testing at NASA Marshall was performed to beyond maximum launch profiles without failure. LBMLI coupons were thermally tested on calorimeters, with superior performance to traditional MLI on a per layer basis. Thermal and structural tests were performed with LBMLI supporting an actively cooled shield, and comparisons are made to the performance of traditional MLI and thermal shield supports. LBMLI provided a 51% reduction in heat leak per layer over a previously tested traditional MLI with tank standoffs, a 38% reduction in mass, and was advanced to TRL5. Active thermal control using LBMLI and a broad area cooled shield offers significant advantages in total system heat flux, mass and structural robustness for future Reduced Boil-Off and Zero Boil-Off cryogenic missions with durations over a few weeks.     

多孔材料辐射-传热耦合性能的统计二阶双尺度计算

对多孔材料辐射-传热耦合计算的数学模型, 即Rosseland方程, 给出了一种统计的二阶双尺度分析方法, 并针对典型问题进行了数值模拟。建立了考虑辐射项的统计二阶双尺度计算公式, 给出了统计意义下热流密度极值的预测算法, 并通过与理论解的比较对算法进行了验证, 利用本文中方法研究了孔洞体分比和空间分布状态对陶瓷多孔材料热传导系数、 辐射传导系数和热流密度极值的影响。结果表明: 孔洞体积分数的增加将导致有效热传导系数下降; 热流密度极值随孔洞体积分数的增加而变大, 并且在高温时辐射的作用明显增大; 数值试验表明, 使用统计二阶双尺度方法及其有限元算法预测孔洞随机分布复合材料结构的热性能是有效的。     

Critical and optimal thicknesses of thermal insulation in radiative-convective heat transfer

Heat transfer through a thermal insulation layer in radiative-convective heat transfer on its nonconcave surface is considered. Combinations of determining parameters at which the heat flux passing through this layer reaches an extremal absolute value (a maximum corresponds to a critical thickness of thermal insulation, and, a minimum, to an optimal). The qualitative analysis of the dependence of the heat flux on the determining parameters makes it possible to choose the thermal characteristics of the insulation and its thickness, providing the desired reduction in the intensity of heat transfer through the insulation with a nonconcave surface of double curvature in conditions of radiative-convective heat transfer.     

脂肪酸相变材料导热系数测试及相变传热过程的数值模拟

相变材料在相变过程中由于材料本身状态的变化,其相变传热过程属于具有移动边界的非线性过程,针对相变材料相变传热过程中非线性传热特征,对月桂酸-癸酸混合脂肪酸相变材料的热性能进行了研究,利用差示扫描量热法(Differential Scanning Cal-orimetry)对相变材料的相变潜热和相变温度进行了测试,利用DRE-2C导热系数测定仪测试了不同摩尔比例脂肪酸相变材料以及相变材料在不同测试温度下的导热系数,通过将无机多孔材料硅藻土和脂肪酸相变材料混合制备了一种无机复合相变材料,并对其导热系数和蓄放热性能进行了测试,利用有限元法对相变材料的相变过程进行了数值模拟。研究表明,脂肪酸相变材料的导热系数和其相变温度呈反比关系,相变材料的相变温度越高,其导热系数越低。对于同一相变材料来说,相变材料的导热系数随着材料温度的升高而升高,硅藻土的掺入明显增加了相变材料的导热系数,复合相变材料蓄放热速率加快,改善了相变材料的传热性能。有限元模拟分析法可以较好地描述相变材料的传热过程,相变材料的导热性能需要强化以提高其蓄放热的速率和频率。     

热泵间歇干燥最优方式研究

热泵间歇干燥是一种能耗低、干燥产品质量高的新型干燥方式,深入开展其工艺优化研究非常必要。以白菜种子热泵干燥为例,建立由干燥空气传热与传质模型、种子传热与传质模型组成的干燥模型,根据模拟结果确定了描述热泵间歇干燥性能的机组性能指标和干燥产品性能指标,运用模糊层次分析法获得热泵机组性能和干燥产品性能综合最优的热泵间歇干燥方式。结果表明,对白菜种子而言,干燥周期为3000 s、比例系数为1/6的热泵间歇干燥的综合性能最优。     

套管式吸附床传热性能的数值模拟

建立吸附床的传热数学模型,对套管式吸附床的传热性能进行数值模拟,并对影响吸附床传热性能的因素进行分析。结果表明:吸附剂导热系数是影响吸附床传热性能的关键因素,减小床层厚度和缩小套管的尺寸也能够明显改善吸附床的传热性能。