边界元中近奇异积分的一种解析方法

准确求解边界元方法中的近奇异积分是一个非常重要的问题。一般情况下,分析中涉及到的常规积分采用高斯方法即可获得较高的精度。但当源点位于边界附近时,采用高斯积分就会使计算结果精度大大降低,甚至得出错误的结果。对于平面问题,以源点作为原点,以所积分单元的切向和法向为坐标轴建立局部坐标系,对于线性单元可以得到所有积分的解析解。基于除角点外的所有边界点的场变量在边界上连续且有界的特点,所有在边界上引起场变量奇异的项之和必为零,故对于边界上的点可以直接在解析解中删除这些奇异项即可。算例表明,该方法可大大提高边界元的计算精度和效率。     

四边形常数单元离散下的声学非奇异BIE

奇异积分是基于Burton-Miller方程的声学边界元法实现过程的难点之一。关于三角形单元离散的积分单元的已经比较成熟,研究四边形常数单元离散下的声学边界积分方程(BIE),通过构造围绕配点的极小半球面进行积分,求得积分中的发散项,推导四边形常数单元离散下边界积分方程及其法向求导的非奇异表达式,从而得到非奇异Burton-Miller方程。运用Gauss Legendre积分公式计算BIE的S(x)的数值解,对比解析解的计算结果,得出了数值解、解析解以及二者的绝对误差、相对误差随ka的变化规律。实际应用时,当给定精度和ka的值后,可以通过改变所需要的截断项数,使得误差满足给定的精度要求。     

三维粘性流体内流问题的边界元研究中求解奇异积分的一种新的数值解法

本文探讨了三维粘性流体内流问题的边界元法研究中奇异积分的一种有效的解法。对边界积分项,采用三角形极坐标来降低奇异积分的维数,从而将整体坐标系下的三角形单元转换成局部坐标系中的单位正方形单元;对域积分项,采用四面体极坐标,不但降低了奇异积分的维数,而且将整体坐标系下的四面体单元转换成局部坐标系中的单位立方体单元,从而使积分域简单化。最后利用高斯积分进行数值求解。     

Helmholtz声学边界积分方程中奇异积分的计算

提出了一种非等参单元的四边形坐标变换,它将积分的曲面单元映射为另一四边形单元,通过两次坐标变换引入的雅可比行列式可以消除Helmholtz声学边界积分方程中的弱奇异型O(1／r))积分．而且利用δr／δn以及坐标变换可以同时消除坐标变换无法消除的Cauchy型(O(1／r^2))奇异积分,并给出了消除奇异性的详细证明．该方法给Helmholtz声学边界积分方程中的弱奇异积分与Cauchy奇异积分的计算以及编程提供了极大便利。     

一种无奇异积分的边界单元法

处理基本解的奇异性是边界单元法的难题之一。本文避开奇异基本解,用非奇异基本解建立边界积分方程。非奇异基本解取自齐次微分方程的一般解和完备系,使求解边界积分方程容易。文中对边界未知量采用样条插值函数,计算精度良好。     

运动介质中奇异边界元积分式的精确求解

采用边界元方法求解与运动介质相关声学问题时,难点之一是如何精确计算场点与源点重合所导致的奇异积分式。论文提出一种将具有奇性的单元面积分式拆分为奇性和非奇性积分部分分别进行计算的新方法。对奇性积分部分,经过严格的数学推导给出解析解;而对非奇性积分部分则通过高斯积分法处理。新方法可有效地提高边界元计算精度和效率,对运动介质中的有关声学问题的边界元数值计算具有重要意义。     

边界元法分析功能梯度涂层材料

在常规边界元法中引入几乎奇异积分的解析算法,使边界元法可以分析涂层结构的强度.计算了在赫兹压力作用下,各向同性涂层和功能梯度涂层两种涂层结构中的Tresca应力分布,绘制了应力等值线图.计算发现使用各向同性涂层时,Tresca应力的最大值出现在涂层和基体交界面上,且在交界面上应力存在明显的不连续性.通过边界元法分析,发现采用功能梯度涂层,可以降低最大的Tresca应力值,削减交界面上的应力不连续性.     

声学边界元拟奇异积分计算的自适应方法

提出一种自适应方法计算声学边界元中的拟奇异积分,通过单元分级细分将总积分转移到子单元上以消除拟奇异性。在此方法基础上深入研究拟奇异性,进一步提出接近度的概念,其中临界接近度可作为拟奇异积分计算的理论依据,并可用于预估拟奇异性是否存在。此方法的积分精度可调控,且不受场点位置限制,相比于已有方法更加灵活高效。数值分析表明拟奇异性强弱由场点与单元的相对位置决定,单元上远离场点的区域拟奇异性很弱,无需处理。研究结果为处理边界元法中的拟奇异性问题提供了新的选择和参考。     

采用粘弹性人工边界单元时显式算法稳定性分析

在土-结构地震反应或近场地震波动问题的分析中,常采用粘弹性人工边界单元将无限域问题转化为近场有限域问题进行计算。由于粘弹性人工边界单元的材料参数和单元尺寸与内部介质单元不同,采用显式时域逐步积分算法时,人工边界区与内部系统的数值稳定条件存在差异,但目前尚未有针对性的分析方法和研究成果,影响了显式数值稳定条件的确定和稳定积分时间步长的正确选取。针对二维粘弹性人工边界单元,该文提出一种分析显式时域逐步积分算法稳定性的方法:建立可代表人工边界区域特征的,包含人工边界单元的若干局部子系统,对各子系统的传递矩阵进行分析,给出采用显式时域逐步积分算法时各子系统的稳定条件解析解。通过对各子系统的稳定条件进行对比分析,获得了采用粘弹性人工边界单元时,显式时域逐步积分算法的统一稳定性条件。当内部介质区也满足该稳定条件时,这一条件成为使整体系统数值计算稳定的充分条件,可用于指导数值分析中离散时间步长的选取。     

横观各向同性结构边界元分析

本文利用边界单元法分析三维横观各向同性结构,引用三个位势函数并利用叠加原理导出了基本解,并且利用基本解的新型结构形式避免了在分界单元计算中所遇到的所谓“奇异积分”的问题。     

Analytic formulations for calculating nearly singular integrals in two-dimensional BEM

There exist the nearly singular integrals in the boundary integral equations when a source point is close to an integration element but not on the element, such as the field problems with thin domains. In this paper, the analytic formulations are achieved to calculate the nearly weakly singular, strongly singular and hyper-singular integrals on the straight elements for the two-dimensional (2D) boundary element methods (BEM). The algorithm is performed after the BIE are discretized by a set of boundary elements. The singular factor, which is expressed by the minimum relative distance from the source point to the closer element, is separated from the nearly singular integrands by the use of integration by parts. Thus, it results in exact integrations of the nearly singular integrals for the straight elements, instead of the numerical integration. The analytic algorithm is also used to calculate nearly singular integrals on the curved element by subdividing it into several linear or sub-parametric elements only when the nearly singular integrals need to be determined. The approach can achieve high accuracy in cases of the curved elements without increasing other computational efforts. As an application, the technique is employed to analyze the 2D elasticity problems, including the thin-walled structures. Some numerical results demonstrate the accuracy and effectiveness of the algorithm.     

Analytical integral algorithm in the BEM for orthotropic potential problems of thin bodies

There exist nearly singular integrals for boundary layer effect problem and thin body effect problem in the boundary element method (BEM). A new completely analytical integral algorithm is proposed and applied to evaluate the nearly singular integrals in the BEM for two-dimensional orthotropic potential problems of thin bodies. The completely analytical integral formulas are derived with integration by parts for the linear boundary interpolation. The present algorithm applies these analytical formulas to deal with the nearly singular integrals. The unknown potentials and fluxes at boundary nodes are firstly calculated accurately and then the physical quantities at the interior points are computed. Two benchmark numerical examples on heat conduction demonstrate that the present algorithm can handle thin structures with the thickness-to-length ratio down to 1.E−08. This indicates that the BEM is especially accurate and efficient for numerical analysis of thin body problems.     

Using the iterated sinh transformation to evaluate two dimensional nearly singular boundary element integrals

Recently, sinh transformations have been proposed to evaluate nearly weakly singular integrals which arise in the boundary element method. These transformations have been applied to the evaluation of nearly weakly singular integrals arising in the solution of Laplace's equation in both two and three dimensions and have been shown to evaluate the integrals more accurately than existing techniques.More recently, the sinh transformation was extended in an iterative fashion and shown to evaluate one dimensional nearly strongly singular integrals with a high degree of accuracy. Here the iterated sinh technique is extended to evaluate the two dimensional nearly singular integrals which arise as derivatives of the three dimensional boundary element kernel. The test integrals are evaluated for various basis functions and over flat elements as well as over curved elements forming part of a sphere.It is found that two iterations of the sinh transformation can give relative errors which are one or two orders of magnitude smaller than existing methods when evaluating two dimensional nearly strongly singular integrals, especially with the source point very close to the element of integration. For two dimensional nearly weakly singular integrals it is found that one iteration of the sinh transformation is sufficient.     

A sinh transformation for evaluating nearly singular boundary element integrals

An implementation of the boundary element method requires the accurate evaluation of many integrals. When the source point is far from the boundary element under consideration, a straightforward application of Gaussian quadrature suffices to evaluate such integrals. When the source point is on the element, the integrand becomes singular and accurate evaluation can be obtained using the same Gaussian points transformed under a polynomial transformation which has zero Jacobian at the singular point. A class of integrals which lies between these two extremes is that of ‘nearly singular’ integrals. Here, the source point is close to, but not on, the element and the integrand remains finite at all points. However, instead of remaining flat, the integrand develops a sharp peak as the source point moves closer to the element, thus rendering accurate evaluation of the integral difficult. This paper presents a transformation, based on the sinh function, which automatically takes into account the position of the projection of the source point onto the element, which we call the ‘nearly singular point’, and the distance from the source point to the element. The transformation again clusters the points towards the nearly singular point, but does not have a zero Jacobian. Implementation of the transformation is straightforward and could easily be included in existing boundary element method software. It is shown that, for the two‐dimensional boundary element method, several orders of magnitude improvement in relative error can be obtained using this transformation compared to a conventional implementation of Gaussian quadrature. Asymptotic estimates for the truncation errors are also quoted. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The iterated sinh transformation

A sinh transformation has recently been proposed to improve the numerical accuracy of evaluating nearly singular integrals using Gauss–Legendre quadrature. It was shown that the transformation could improve the accuracy of evaluating such integrals, which arise in the boundary element method, by several orders of magnitude. Here, this transformation is extended in an iterative fashion to allow the accurate evaluation of similar types of integrals that have more spiked integrands. Results show that one iteration of this sinh transformation is preferred for nearly weakly singular integrals, whereas two iterations lead to several orders of magnitude improvement in the evaluation of nearly strongly singular integrals. The same observation applies when considering integrals of derivatives of the two‐dimensional boundary element kernel. However, for these integrals, more iterations are required as the distance from the source point to the boundary element decreases. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Distance transformation for the numerical evaluation of nearly singular integrals on triangular elements

The accurate numerical evaluation of nearly singular boundary integrals is a major concerned issue in the implementation of the boundary element method (BEM). In this paper, the previous distance transformation method is extended into triangular elements both in polar and Cartesian coordinate systems. A new simple and efficient method using an approximate nearly singular point is proposed to deal with the case when the nearly singular point is located outside the element. In general, the results obtained using the polar coordinate system are superior to that in the Cartesian coordinate system when the nearly singular point is located inside the element. Besides, the accuracy of the results is influenced by the locations of the nearly singular point due to the special topology of triangular elements. However, when the nearly singular point is located outside the element, both the polar and Cartesian coordinate systems can get acceptable results.     

A non-linear transformation applied to boundary layer effect and thin-body effect in BEM for 2D potential problems

The accurate numerical evaluation of nearly singular integrals plays an important role in many engineering applications. In general, these include evaluating the solution near the boundary or treating problems with thin domains, which are respectively named the boundary layer effect and the thin-body effect in the boundary element method. Although many methods of evaluating nearly singular integrals have been developed in recent years with varying degrees of success, questions still remain. In this article, a general non-linear transformation for evaluating nearly singular integrals over curved two-dimensional (2D) boundary elements is employed and applied to treat boundary layer effect and thin-body effect occurring in 2D potential problems. The introduced transformation can remove or damp out the rapid variations of nearly singular kernels and extremely high accuracy of numerical results can be achieved without increasing other computational efforts. Extensive numerical experiments indicate that the proposed transformation will be more efficient, in terms of the necessary integration points and central processing unit-time, compared to previous transformation methods, especially for dealing with thin-body problems.     

Application of sigmoidal transformations to weakly singular and near‐singular boundary element integrals

Accurate numerical determination of line integrals is fundamental to reliable implementation of the boundary element method. For a source point distant from a particular element, standard Gaussian quadrature is adequate, as well as being the technique of choice. However, when the integrals are weakly singular or nearly singular (source point near the element) this technique is no longer adequate. Here a co‐ordinate transformation technique, based on sigmoidal transformations, is introduced to evaluate weakly singular and near‐singular integrals. A sigmoidal transformation has the effect of clustering the integration points towards the endpoints of the interval of integration. The degree of clustering is governed by the order of the transformation. Comparison of this new method with existing co‐ordinate transformation techniques shows that more accurate evaluation of these integrals can be obtained. Based on observations of several integrals considered, guidelines are suggested for the order of the sigmoidal transformations. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Some notes on singular integral techniques in boundary element analysis

The paper presented here reviews the numerical techniques used currently to calculate the singular integrals and nearly singular integrals in the boundary element analysis. Some incorrect algorithms published before are discussed and a new numerical technique to calculate the nearly singular integral is developed. The numerical results show a significant improvement in both accuracy and efficiency compared to the traditional adaptive Gaussian quadrature and subdivision techniques.