蜂窝空腔板的隔声性能分析

基于驻波管中三传声器测量传声损失的方法,建立了计算蜂窝空腔板传声损失的有限元分析模型。通过对比3D打印的蜂窝空腔板的驻波管实验的实测结果与有限元分析模型的数值结果,验证了该模型总体上是可靠的。利用有限元分析模型分析了蜂窝空腔板的传声特性,讨论了空腔单元的中心间距、空腔单元壁厚、板总厚度、损耗因子以及杨氏弹性模量对蜂窝空腔板传声特性的影响,指出空腔单元壁厚、板总厚度和杨氏弹性模量对其传声损失有较大的影响,为此类结构的工程设计与优化提供了参考。     

用改进的迈克耳孙干涉仪测量杨氏模量

提出用改进的迈克耳孙干涉仪,用调零光程差的方法测量金属的杨氏弹性模量,通过对碳钢丝杨氏弹性模量的实际测量,验证了该测量方法的可行性。     

LVL木纤维复合材料抗压性能的影响

通过对LVL木纤维复合材料进行温度为20~225℃下的静态抗压测试,研究了其抗压力学性能随温度的变化。结果表明,随着温度的增加,LVL木纤维复合材料的抗压强度、抗压弹性模量均有显著下降。当温度升至225℃时,LVL木纤维复合材料的抗压强度、抗压弹性模量分别为室温20℃的22.3%、22.2%。根据回归分析,提出了LVL木纤维复合材料顺纹抗压强度与温度的关系模型,该模型计算的剩余顺纹抗压强度与实验结果吻合较好。     

Zr-4合金常规力学行为研究与低周疲劳断口分析

对Zr-4合金开展了常温与400℃高温下的常规力学行为研究,获得了两种温度下材料的单调R-O(Ramberg-Osgood)本构模型.通过测定不同温度下的弹性模量和白松比,得到了它们随温度的变化关系.同时对Zr-4合金热膨胀系数进行了测定.对常温与400℃高温下低周疲劳试样进行了扫描电镜观察和断口分析,结果发现Zr-4合金低周疲劳断裂以穿晶断裂为主并伴随有疲劳辉纹和二次裂纹出现.     

测定金属材料弹性模量的简易方法

通过低碳钢悬臂梁模型,利用几何关系和物理关系,推导出弹性模量的测量表达式,然后进行悬臂梁模型测量弹性模量的试验,为比较测量结果的可靠性,取同样材质的低碳钢,在多功能试验机上进行拉伸试验,将两种试验得到的低碳钢弹性模量进行比较,讨论说明悬臂梁模型测量金属弹性模量的可行性。     

风冷无油涡旋空气压缩机涡盘温度场数值计算

涡盘温度场是变形计算的基础,为了进行温度场的有限元计算,通过压缩区域的划分,把动态的空气压缩过程转换为静态的热通量边界条件,由冷却风测量结果计算得到冷却风换热系数边界条件。假设涡齿温度在展角整个范围线性分布,动、定盘涡齿平均温差为0℃,对涡盘温度场进行了初次计算,在温度场初次计算结果与定盘温度测量值对比以及涡齿几何特点分析的基础上,以涡齿温度线性起始角、动、定盘压缩区域平均温差为调整参数,热通量计算时的动、定盘涡齿温度条件和有限元温度场计算结果误差介于±0.2℃为目标,进行热通量和温度场的迭代计算,得到了与热通量计算时涡齿温度条件、定盘温度测量结果相符的涡盘温度场。     

不同温度环境中沥青混凝土动态抗压性能试验研究

为研究沥青混凝土在不同温度环境中的动态力学特性,该研究在-20~30℃和10-5~10-2 s-1条件下对其进行了动态抗压试验研究。试验结果表明:温度和应变速率对沥青混凝土的力学性能有显著影响,降低温度或增加应变速率导致抗压强度和弹性模量增加,峰值应变减小;当温度大于20℃或小于-10℃时,应变速率由10-5 s-1增加到10-2 s-1,温度对抗压强度和弹性模量的影响逐渐减小,该研究提出的温度影响因子经验公式较好地反映了抗压强度和弹性模量随温度变化的规律。在-20~0℃温度区间,抗压强度和弹性模量的动态增强因子随应变速率呈线性增长;在0~30℃温度区间,抗压强度和弹性模量的动态增强因子随应变速率呈非线性增长。在此基础之上,基于时温等效原理,建立了沥青混凝土抗压强度和弹性模量的计算模型。该模型考虑了温度和应变速率对沥青混凝土的共同作用,与试验结果吻合较好。     

多波长法金属防热瓦表面温度及发射率的测量

为了解决金属防热瓦在连续加热过程中热边温度和发射率的测量问题,在基于辐射测温的参考温度数学模型的连续测量法中采用了一种新的发射率假设模型,并在此基础上提出了多波长数据处理方法.该方法假设材料的光谱发射率在选定的光谱处与温度有近似相同的线性关系,通过处理两个不同温度点处的多光谱测量数据以得到防热瓦真温及光谱发射率.使用多波长高速高温计测量了某种防热瓦在900～1300℃的温度范围内的辐射,并进行了数据处理.实验结果表明,只要温度估计初值与真实情况的误差在±200℃以内,即可得到较好的计算温度值和计算发射率值,测量不确定度在2%以内,说明此方法是测量金属防热瓦表面温度及发射率的可行方法.     

液氮罐内低温氮气的温度场研究

对装有少量液氮的液氮罐内的温度分布进行了系统研究,提出了相应的温度分布模型.研究表明,在10 L容积的液氮罐内注入少量液氮时,罐内温度可保持低于-130℃持续约25天,适用于多种场合的超低温保存.通过调节距离液氮面的高度,可选择保存样品的温度范围并控制样品的升降温速度.理论计算的温度分布与测量的结果符合较好,证实了所建立模型的合理性和有效性.     

背景影响下涡轮叶片温度测量及修正技术研究

在采用辐射温度计测量航空发动机涡轮叶片温度时,为了减小背景辐射对测温结果造成的影响,基于Planck定律建立包含背景辐射影响的测温方程,借助有效发射率计算得到被测目标的真实温度.通过设计背景辐射影响模拟试验,利用两个高温辐射源分别加热选定样品和模拟高温背景,采用扫描式涡轮叶片温度场测量装置对选定样品进行温度测量.结果发现,当目标设定为800℃、背景设定为1000℃时,目标在背景影响修正前后的最大温差为27.2℃,温差相对修正前温度的比例最大为3.82%,而修正后的目标温度明显更加接近无背景影响温度,从而验证了该修正计算方法的可行性和可靠性,对发动机研制过程中的温度监测工作具有重要应用价值.     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Assessment of intakes of mixtures of radionuclides

Australia has several uranium mines and a large number of mineral sand mines, with associated processing facilities. Exposures resulting from these mining and processing operations usually involve intakes of mixtures of radionuclides. This work describes the development of a suite of first order, linear compartment models, based on the ICRP Publication 66 respiratory tract model, and an analytical solution to the decay equations, for assessing the consequences of such intakes. The computer programs based on these models directly compute excretion, organ retention and organ and whole-body doses for intakes of either single radionuclides or any mixture of radionuclides belonging to the same radioactive decay chain. The intake can be via inhalation, ingestion or injection, and can be acute, chronic or of limited duration. The starting concentration and degree of secular (dis)equilibrium can be specified for each radionuclide. No assumptions need to be made about the relative magnitudes of the radioactive half-lives of the different nuclides.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

Numerical study of methods of linearization of the output characteristics of radio-frequency sensors of the level of dielectric media

Different constructions of the sensing elements of radio-frequency level sensors based on sections of long lines are numerically investigated by means of the Matlab program for the purpose of minimizing the measurement error caused by the nonlinearity of the output characteristic. It is shown that the nonlinearity is lowest for U-shaped designs. The nonlinearity factor KN may be regulated by varying the capacitance of a correcting capacitor connected to the input of the sensing element and (or) the length of one of the sections of the long line. In selecting an optimal capacitance of the correcting capacitor KN ≤ 0.15% for control media with dielectric permittivity in the range 2.2–30.     

Possibilities of Decreasing the Errors of Determination of the Height of the Pole of a Sessile Drop of Melt

We analyze the possibilities of decreasing the errors of measuring the height of the pole of a sessile drop of melt above its equator by determining the position of the equator according to the midpoints of vertical chords of the image of the drop. The optimal distance between these chords and the edge of the image of the drop is chosen within 10–20% of the radius of the equator. The proposed method guarantees the same level of errors of evaluation of the height of the pole and the radius of the equator, which enables one to substantially increase the accuracy of evaluation of the capillary constant and the surface energy of the melt according to the geometric parameters of the sessile drop.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.