聚合物基纤维增强复合材料的蠕变混合律

本文首次对聚合物基纤维增强复合材料的蠕变混合律进行了研究。推导出具有正交双向铺设纤维复合材料的微观力学模型,用此模型对聚合物基纤维增强复合材料的蠕变性能进行了预测,并对其线性蠕变混合律进行了实验验证。实验结果表明,这个理论对复合材料线性蠕变的预测是很精确的。      

碳纤维/玻璃纤维混织布及其环氧复合材料

碳纤维和玻璃纤维混合增强树脂基复合材料目前都用单丝铺放工艺。为了改善单向预浸料的工艺性能,开发了碳纤维和玻璃纤维混织布。用它们制备复合材料,操作方便,可用手糊或模压工艺。根据设计需要,可调整混织布的经纬比例和布的构造,以获最佳性能/价格比。本文通过六种混织布/环氧复合材料的力学性能测定和估算,表明其拉伸和弯曲的强度和弹性模量符合“混合律”。在碳纤维占总纤维的体积分量为26%时出现最低的复合材料强度,而碳纤维的体积分量超过53%时才对复合材料的强度和弹性模量部有提高。      

三维编织超高分子量聚乙烯纤维-碳纤维混杂增强环氧树脂复合材料摩擦磨损性能

以超高分子量聚乙烯纤维(UHMWPE)-碳纤维(CF)三维混杂编织体为增强体,环氧树脂(ER)为基体,通过树脂传递模塑(RTM)工艺制备了三维编织混杂复合材料,研究了其摩擦磨损性能了,并采用混合正压力模型对摩擦系数进行了预测。结果表明,在纤维总体积含量一定的情况下,随着CF体积含量的增加,复合材料的摩擦系数增大,而其比磨损率降低。UH_3D/ER复合材料的磨损机制以粘着磨损为主,CF_3D/ER复合材料则以磨粒磨损为主,混杂复合材料的磨损机制主要取决于CF与UHMWPE纤维的相对含量 ,通过调节UHMWPE纤维和CF的体积比例可实现对复合材料摩擦磨损性能的有效调控。采用的计算模型可较好地预测UH_3D/ER的摩擦系数。     

ZA22/Al2O3短纤维复合材料高温拉伸行为的理论分析

采用日本产A G-10TA 型电子万能试验机对挤压铸造ZA 22/Al₂O₃短纤维复合材料的高温抗拉强度进行了测定, 并用Friend 修正的混合律模型对该试验结果进行了理论分析, 结果表明ZA 22/Al₂O₃短纤维复合材料及其基体的强度均随温度升高而下降, 但ZA 22合金基体的强度下降幅度更大。任一纤维体积分数的复合材料, 均存在一临界转变温度T crit; 超过该温度, 复合材料强度大于基体强度。纤维体积分数越大, 所需临界转变温度越低。在本试验中, V f 为15% 和20% 的复合材料的Tcrit分别为123℃和87℃。任一温度下, 复合材料均存在一临界纤维体积分数, 超过该纤维体积分数, 复合材料强度高于基体强度。温度越高, 临界纤维体积分数越低。对ZA 22/Al₂O₃短纤维复合材料来说, Friend 模型中的经验参数C3 的取值随温度升高而降低。      

机织物复合材料纤维体积含量计算机图像测定

利用CCD 摄像机和专用A/ D 板采集的碳纤维织物增强的复合材料层合板截面图像检测碳纤维机织物增强复合材料的纤维体积含量。按照测定纤维体积含量的原理, 设计了几何法和阀值法的测试步骤。用Photo-shop 软件对所采集的图像进行数据处理分析, 获得了层合板的纤维体积含量值。对比分析表明, 检测结果与所采用复合材料的纤维体积含量标准值相符合。可以认为利用界面图像测定纤维体积含量的方法是可行的。      

二维编织 C/ SiC复合材料的热膨胀系数预测

根据二维编织 C/ SiC复合材料的细观结构及其制备工艺特点 , 提出了一种预测该材料面内热膨胀系数的单胞模型。模型充分考虑了编织结构复合材料中的纤维束弯曲和 CVI工艺制备陶瓷基复合材料产生的孔洞对热膨胀系数的影响。利用单胞模型预测了二维编织 C/ SiC的结构参数、 纤维体积含量、 孔洞含量对复合材料热膨胀系数的影响规律 , 结果表明 : 随着纤维束扭结处产生间隙与纱线宽度比值的增大 , 热膨胀系数增大 ; 当其它参数不变时 , 随着纤维体积含量的增大 , 热膨胀系数反而下降; 随着孔洞含量的增加 , 热膨胀系数也出现了下降的趋势。利用 DIL402C热膨胀仪测试了二维编织 C/ SiC复合材料纵向热膨胀系数 , 试验结果与模型预测结果吻合较好。     

二维编织C/SiC陶瓷基复合材料的热传导系数预测

根据二维编织C/SiC复合材料的细观结构及其制备工艺特点,提出了一种预测该材料热传导系数的单胞模型。模型简化了编织结构纱线的实际构型,充分考虑了编织结构复合材料由于化学气相渗透(CVI)工艺制备陶瓷基复合材料产生的孔洞对热传导系数的影响。利用单胞模型预测了二维编织C/SiC的结构参数、纤维体积含量、孔洞体积含量对复合材料热传导系数的影响规律。结果表明: 随着纤维束扭结处产生间隙与纱线宽度比值的增大,热传导系数减小;当其它参数不变时,热传导系数随着纤维体积含量和孔洞体积含量的增加而下降。利用Hot Disk热测量仪采用瞬变平面热源法测试了二维编织C/SiC复合材料面内的热传导系数,试验结果与模型预测结果吻合较好。     

碳/铝复合材料的热膨胀性能

采用标准接触式热膨胀仪对纤维单向增强的碳/铝复合材料的纵向和横向热膨胀系数进行了测定。试件是用碳/铝复合丝和铝箔(LD₂)交替辅层在低于金属熔点50℃条件下热压而成。纤维的体积含量分别为0、0.27、0.32、0.34、0.39、0.46。测定的温度范围是从室温到400℃。结果表明,碳/铝复合材料的热膨胀系数同纤维的种类、纤维的体积含量以及测定的温度范围有关。测定的结果同计算值作比较,结果表明碳/铝复合材料的热膨胀系数可以用混合规则的修正表达式来描述。      

二维二轴编织复合材料几何模型及弹性性能预测

提出了二维二轴1×1和2×2编织复合材料的几何模型,模型考虑了纤维束的相互挤压及横截面的变化。基于细观分析和体积平均法,建立了预测二维二轴编织复合材料弹性性能的理论分析方法。数值结果与试验结果吻合,表明该方法行之有效,且具有运算快、精度高、适合工程分析等优点。分析了编织角、纤维体积含量和纤维束横截面形状对材料弹性常数的影响。研究表明,编织角对弹性常数的影响具有互补性,材料弹性模量与纤维体积含量成正比,纤维束截面形状变化对材料弹性常数影响不大。     

三维编织复合材料悬臂梁的振动特性

基于三维四向和五向编织复合材料的细观结构和单胞模型, 对三维四步法矩形截面编织复合材料悬臂梁的振动阻尼性能进行了理论分析, 研究了编织角、 纤维体积分数等工艺参数对材料振动阻尼特性的影响, 并与实验结果进行了对比。对三细胞模型进行了改进, 采用混合律得到了材料的总体刚度, 进而得到一阶固有频率。此外, 还分别计算了一个周期内不同走向纱线和基体振动消耗的能量, 以及总振动能量, 得到了材料的损耗因子。结果表明, 对于三维四向和五向编织复合材料, 一阶固有频率随编织角的增加而减小, 随纤维体积分数的增加而增大; 而损耗因子随编织角的增加而增大, 随纤维体积分数的增加而减小, 并表现出明显的非线性变化规律。      

A design approach for the mechanical properties of polypropylene discontinuous fiber reinforced cementitious composites by extrusion molding

Polypropylene discontinuous fiber reinforced cementitious composites were prepared by extrusion molding and tested in uniaxial tension to determine the mechanical properties such as ultimate composite strength and strain, and the critical volume fraction for multiple cracking. It was shown that the experimentally determined critical fiber volume fraction reasonably agreed with the theoretical value predicted by a micromechanics model. The extruded fiber composites yielded the ultimate composite strength of 9.0 MPa and composite strain of 0.55% at the fiber volume fraction of 7.4%. Our experimental results suggest that there is an optimal fiber aspect ratio and fiber volume fraction for enhancing the fracture properties.     

Free vibration analysis of multilayered composite cylinder consisting fibers with variable volume fraction

In this paper, free vibration of a fiber reinforced composite cylinder in which volume fraction of its fibers vary longitudinally, is studied using a semi-analytical method. The distribution of volume fraction of fiber in base matrix is based on power law model. A micromechanical model is employed to represent its mechanical properties including elastic and physical properties of this composite cylinder. In addition, kinematically the first order shear deformation shell theory is employed for strain field. Then, weak form formulation and spatial approximations of variables are utilized to discretize the equations of motion. Different problems are solved in which primarily the validity of the results obtained for natural frequencies are evaluated by those similar results reported in the literature and with other commercial F.E. code for different boundary conditions. Furthermore, for different values of volume fractions and under various boundary conditions, computed natural frequencies of this composite cylinder with variable volume fraction of fiber are compared with the traditional one in which the volume fraction of fiber is constant throughout the structure. In spite the fact that average volume fraction of fiber and the layer fiber orientation are the same in both configurations, numerical results show that using variable volume fraction of fiber affects the shell natural frequencies and its mode shapes.     

三维编织碳纤维复合材料电阻率的估算

从影响材料电阻率的主要因素——碳纤维体积分数入手,主要分析了材料的电阻率这一电气特性,根据材料表面测量的数据,估算出材料内部碳纤维的体积分数。再根据多个试件测量的数据,拟合出材料的碳纤维体积分数和电阻率的关系曲线。根据估算出的碳纤维体积分数,估算出材料的电阻率。利用三维编织碳纤维复合材料的编织角和花节长度,估算出材料的电阻率。根据材料的电阻率这一电气特性,便于以后对材料进行涡流无损检测分析。      

纤维厚度和体积分数对压电纤维复合物应变性能的影响

实验制备了不同纤维厚度和体积分数的压电纤维复合物, 并在0.1 Hz的激励电压下测试了压电纤维复合物的自由应变性能和驱动性能, 研究复合物典型结构参数对其性能的影响。实验发现, 随着压电纤维厚度增加, 复合物自由应变和顶端位移下降, 1000 V激励电压下, 纤维厚度为200 μm样品纵向自由应变为665 με, 驱动Mylar膜产生的顶端位移为1.9 mm, 而纤维厚度为300 μm和400 μm样品的纵向自由应变仅为纤维厚度为200 μm样品的23.2%和11.7%, 顶端位移为纤维厚度为200 μm样品的45.8%和19.0%。压电纤维复合物具有驱动正交异性, 横向自由应变、纵向自由应变以及横向效应系数随着纤维体积分数的降低而减小, 纤维体积分数为74%的复合物其横向自由应变和纵向自由应变分别为体积分数为59%样品的2.04倍和1.72倍, 横向效应系数也从0.519减小到0.451。     

Tensile properties of short-glass-fiber- and short-carbon-fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites

Composites of polypropylene (PP) reinforced with short glass fibers (SGF) and short carbon fibers (SCF) were prepared with extrusion compounding and injection molding techniques. The tensile properties of these composites were investigated. It was noted that an increase in fiber volume fraction led to a decrease in mean fiber length as observed previously. The relationship between mean fiber length and fiber volume fraction was described by a proper exponential function with an offset. The tensile strength and modulus of SGF/PP and SCF/PP composites were studied taking into account the combined effect of fiber volume fraction and mean fiber length. The results about the composite strength and modulus were interpreted using the modified rule of mixtures equations by introducing two fiber efficiency factors, respectively, for the composite strength and modulus. It was found that for both types of composites the fiber efficiency factors decreased with increasing fiber volume fraction and the more brittle fiber namely carbon fiber corresponded to the lower fiber efficiency factors than glass fiber. Meanwhile, it was noted that the fiber efficiency factor for the composite modulus was much higher than that for the composite strength. Moreover, it was observed that the tensile failure strain of the composites decreased with the increase of fiber volume fraction. An empirical but good relationship of the composite failure strain with fiber volume fraction, fiber length and fiber radius was established.     

短纤维增强发泡橡胶复合材料高低温压缩性能

为开发新型耐高温和耐低温材料提供理论依据,对同一发泡率、不同纤维体积分数和同一纤维体积分数、不同发泡率的锦纶短纤维增强发泡橡胶复合材料(SFRFRC)在213～398 K温度下的压缩性能进行测试。结果表明:在 213 K时,SFRFRC的压缩性能发生明显变化,已经由高弹态转变为玻璃态,而玻璃化转变温度在213～233 K之间。纤维体积分数和发泡率均对SFRFRC的耐低温性能有很大影响。短纤维的添加和适当改变发泡率都明显改善了SFRFRC在低温下的压缩性能。在定160 N和5 mm条件下,同一发泡率、不同纤维体积分数的SFRFRC,压缩永久变形随着纤维体积分数的增加而呈指数下降;而5 %纤维体积分数、不同发泡率的SFRFRC,压缩永久变形随着发泡率的增大而增大。      

A parametric study on the process-induced deformation of composite T-stiffener structures

A parametric study on the process-induced deformation of composite stiffener structures is presented in this paper. The deformation was calculated numerically by Finite element analysis (FEA). The results suggest that the overall deformation of the structure can be characterized by the spring-in of the skin. Based on FEA, a parametric study and sensitivity analysis was conducted, from which it is shown that: (1) the spring-in decreases with the fiber volume fraction; (2) the spring-in linearly increases with the radius–thickness ratio; (3) the spring-in vs. the bonding length is a power increasing function; (4) the spring-in is most sensitive to the laminate fiber volume fraction, followed by the radius–thickness ratio and the bond length, and least sensitive to the noodle fiber volume fraction; and (5) at higher fiber volume fractions, the spring-in is more sensitive to the fiber volume fraction.     

纤维微结构与横向渗透率的关系

对不同纤维体积分数和不同纤维分布状态的纤维模型进行数值模拟, 分析纤维微结构的改变对流体流动行为的影响。结果表明, 在纤维体积分数低时, 纤维间最小距离对平均渗透率影响小; 在纤维体积分数高时, 平均渗透率随着最小距离的减小而减小。研究渗透率标准偏差与最小距离、 体积分数三者关系, 在纤维体积分数低时, 渗透率的标准偏差主要由最小距离决定; 在纤维体积分数高时, 渗透率的标准偏差由纤维体积分数及最小距离共同决定。      

短纤维增强发泡橡胶复合材料高低温拉伸性能

为开发新型耐高温和耐低温材料提供理论依据,对同一发泡率、不同纤维体积分数和同一纤维体积分数、不同发泡率的锦纶短纤维增强发泡橡胶复合材料(以下简称 SFRFRC)在213～398 K温度下的拉伸性能进行测试。结果表明：常温下,增大短纤维体积分数和减小发泡率均能提高材料的拉伸性能;在不同温度下,短纤维增强发泡橡胶复合材料的初始模量、断裂强度均随着温度的升高而减小,而断裂伸长率随着温度的升高先增大后减小,玻璃化转变温度在213～233 K之间。同时,短纤维的添加虽未改变SFRFRC的玻璃化转变温度,但使玻璃化转变温度范围变宽。温度为398 K时,SFRFRC的初始模量、断裂强度、断裂伸长率均达到最低值,这与橡胶的硫化温度有关,橡胶的硫化温度为423 K,越接近硫化温度,SFRFRC的拉伸性能就越差。