超音速微粒轰击诱导表面纳米化对TC11钛合金组织和力学性能的影响

采用超音速微粒轰击(SFPB)表面纳米化技术,在TC11钛合金表层构筑了一定层深的梯度纳米结构,研究了SFPB气体压力对TC11钛合金微观组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,在低气体压力(0.5 MPa)下,形成了25 μm厚的严重塑性变形层,表层晶粒细化至纳米量级(17.7 nm)。随着气体压力的增大,表层纳米晶尺寸降低,严重塑性变形(SPD)层增大,在高气体压力(1.5 MPa)下,表层纳米晶尺寸和严重塑性变形层深度分别为9.4 nm和51 μm。随着SFPB气体压力的增大,表层显微硬度及硬化层深度逐渐增加,屈服强度、抗拉强度显著增加,而伸长率变化不大,断口形貌从典型的韧性断裂向韧-脆性混合断裂转变。     

超音速微粒轰击金属表面纳米化新技术

对金属材料表面纳米化作了扼要阐述,着重介绍一种适合于大面积与复杂形状金属构件自身表面纳米化的新技术－超音速微粒轰击技术,并介绍了金属在超音速微粒轰击下晶粒纳米化的原理和装置结构以及应用前景。     

两种组织TC11钛合金薄板弯曲疲劳性能的研究

本研究选取了具有（α＋β）等轴组织和α／β粗片层组织的TCll钛合金作为研究对象,采用研究了TCll合金薄板样品在恒总应变幅控制下的弯曲疲劳性能及其损伤行为,通过对疲劳开裂路径和断裂的观察与表征,探讨了疲劳损伤与组织结构间的关系。研究发现,恒总应变幅控制下的等轴组织TCll钛合金薄板的弯曲疲劳性能明显的高于粗片层组织合金。等轴组织合金的疲劳裂纹沿α相中的滑移带萌生并扩展,片层组织样品疲劳裂纹沿着α相或与片层垂直的方向扩展。     

高压热处理对TC11钛合金组织及力学性能的影响

目的 为提高TC11钛合金的力学性能,对TC11钛合金进行了高压热处理实验研究,并分析了高压热处理对TC11钛合金组织及力学性能的影响规律。方法 采用六面顶压机对退火态的TC11钛合金试样进行高压热处理实验,高压热处理工艺流程如下：分别在1、3、5 GPa压力下,将原始态TC11钛合金试样加热至1 000℃,保温20 min后冷却,然后对高压处理后的试样进行微观组织分析。利用X射线衍射仪（XRD）分析试样物相组成,利用场发射电子显微镜（SEM）分析微观组织形貌和断口形貌,利用透射电子显微镜（TEM）观察试样相形貌和位错密度。通过纳米压痕实验机、维氏硬度计、力学实验机等,测试经过处理的钛合金的室温硬度和力学性能。利用热模拟实验测试TC11钛合金试样400℃时的压缩强度。结果 高压热处理有效提高了TC11钛合金试样的塑性变形抗力、硬度和抗压强度。TC11钛合金在3GPa高压热处理工艺下的室温硬度、室温抗压强度和400℃抗压强度分别为378HV、1 610 MPa和1 442 MPa,与相同工艺的常压热处理相比,分别提高了12.84%、9.89%、8.58%。结论 高压热处理可细化TC11钛...     

TC11钛合金高周疲劳性能的定量表征

基于郑公式,从应力比和应力集中系数与疲劳寿命之间的关系出发,得到了TC11钛合金高周疲劳性能归一化模型的数学表达式。结果表明:公式Nf=Sf(Sa-Sac)-2可以有效地拟合TC11钛合金在不同应力集中系数和应力比条件下的疲劳试验数据;而使用公式Nf=Sf[Segv-(Segv)c]-2能有效地归一化处理TC11钛合金的疲劳试验数据,获得的归一化数学模型表达式为:Nf=4.14×109(Segv-424.58)-2。     

固溶处理对TC11钛合金棒材组织和性能的影响

通过场发射扫描电镜及拉伸性能测试,研究了TC11钛合金棒材3种固溶处理时间和2种固溶方式对显微组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明:TC11钛合金在经过3 h的固溶后,组织中局部的亚稳定β晶体位相发生偏转,β转变组织中的次生α相变的粗大,经过后续时效后的β转变基体发生更为充分的分解和析出,在片层的β边界出现连续的更细小的次生α相。由于固溶时间延长,发生了过固溶,析出的次生相逐渐细小,导致裂纹扩展阻力降低,引起屈服强度的降低,分开各1 h的固溶时效性能低于连续2 h的固溶时效性能。     

TC11钛合金盘模锻过程微观组织的数值模拟

通过热力模拟压缩试验和定量金相组织测试数据,运用BP神经网络方法建立TC11钛合金等轴组织两相区变形的流变应力模型和α相组织演变模型.将所建立的流变应力模型和α相组织演变模型集成到MARC有限元分析软件中,实现TC11钛合金等轴组织两相区变形-传热-微观组织演变的多场耦合模拟技术.采用该技术模拟预测TC11钛合金盘模锻后的α相晶粒尺寸,实验验证结果表明预测误差在10%以内.     

高应变速率下TC11钛合金动态剪切行为与性能

采用分离式霍普金森压杆（Hopkinson Bar）装置系统,对TC11钛合金进行室温高应变速率（700-2100s^-1）动态剪切试验,通过光学显微镜、显微硬度分析仪、扫描电镜研究了TC11钛合金动态剪切行为、绝热剪切带微观组织与性能。结果表明：TC11钛合金随应变速率的提高绝热剪切敏感性增加;绝热剪切带由过渡区域的变形拉长组织和中间部位的细小晶粒组织组成,具有清晰的剪切变形流线,宽度约为10μm;绝热剪切带内的显微硬度值高于基体组织,是,由应变速率强化和应变强化与热软化相互作用的结果。     

焊后热处理对TC11钛合金线性摩擦焊接头组织与性能的影响

焊后热处理可以改善线性摩擦焊接头的组织与性能。对TC11钛合金线性摩擦焊接头进行双重退火(950+530)℃处理,利用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜等微观分析技术研究双重退火对焊接接头组织的影响。结果表明：热处理后接头焊缝区的动态再结晶晶粒完全消失,被粗针状、条状和球状α相取代。热力影响区组织变形程度减小,晶粒长大,部分α组织球化。母材中次生α相长大,呈粗针及短棒状。接头焊缝区及热力影响区的晶粒取向在热处理后更加随机,择优取向明显降低。力学性能测试表明,焊后双重退火处理消除接头中心高硬度区,接头中心硬度较焊态接头硬度下降约50HV,热力影响区硬度较焊态接头硬度上升约30HV;焊后热处理对接头拉伸强度没有显著影响;热处理后接头冲击韧性达到61.3 J·cm^-2,相比焊态提高约80%,与母材的冲击韧性接近。     

热处理对TC11钛合金室温力学性能的影响

通过光学显微镜、拉伸性能和冲击性能测试仪,研究TC11钛合金经过不同热处理后的显微组织和力学性能。结果表明,280 mm棒材坯料边缘部位室温性能波动与热变形过程中的摩擦力和温降有关;当固溶温度由940℃提高到970℃时,室温强度和塑性均出现了明显的下降,强度下降约50 MPa,延伸率的相对值下降约为8%;固溶温度由970℃升高到980℃时,强度提高约30 MPa,延伸率和断面收缩率均有所提高;时效时间对TC11钛合金室温拉伸性能影响不显著,但对室温冲击性能影响显著,当时效时间由4 h增加到8 h时,显微组织发生了明显的球化,长条状的初生α相数量显著降低,初生α相和次生α相均有所长大,导致冲击性能显著增强,提高了30.4~33.6 J,但室温拉伸强度和塑性变化不大。     

The superplasticity and microstructure evolution of TC11 titanium alloy

The superplasticity is the capability of some metallic materials to exhibit very highly tensile elongation before failure. The superplastic tensile tests were carried out at various deformation conditions in this paper to investigate the superplastic behaviors and microstructure evolution of TC11 titanium alloy. The results indicate that the smaller the grain size, the better the superplasticity is, and the wider the superplastic temperature and strain rate is, in which the superplastic temperature is ranging from 1023 to 1223 K and the strain rate is ranging from 4.4 × 10^?5 to 1.1 × 10^?2 s^?1. The maximum tensile elongation is 1260% at the optimum deformation conditions (1173 K and 2.2 × 10^?4 s^?1). For further enhancing the superplasticity of TC11 titanium alloy, the novel tensile method of maximum m superplastic deformation is adopted in the paper. Compared with the conventional tensile methods, the excellent superplasticity of TC11 titanium alloy has been found with its maximum elongation of 2300%.     

Effects of microstructure on fatigue crack propagation behavior in a bi-modal TC11 titanium alloy fabricated via laser additive manufacturing

In this study, the crack propagation behaviors in the equiaxed and equiaxed-columnar grain regions of a heat-treated laser additive manufacturing (LAM) TC11 alloy with a special bi-modal microstructure are investigated. The results indicate that the alloy presents a special bi-modal microstructure that comprises a fork-like primary α (α_p) phase surrounded by a secondary α colony (α_s) in the β phase matrix after the heat treatment is completed. The samples demonstrate a fast crack growth rate with larger da/dN values through the equiaxed grain sample versus across the equiaxed-columnar grain sample at low ΔK values (<13.8). The differences that are observed between the crack propagation behaviors (in the crack initiation stage) of the samples can be mostly attributed to the different size and morphology of the α_p lamellae and α_s colony within the grains in the equiaxed and columnar grain regions rather than the grain boundaries. The cracks prefer to grow along the α/β boundary with a smooth propagation route and a fast propagation rate in the equiaxed grain region, where the α_p and α clusters have a large size. However, in the columnar grain region, small and randomly distributed α_p lamellae generate a zigzag-shaped propagation path with a reduction in the da/dN value. Additionally, the change in the size of the α_p lamellae in the equiaxed grains (heat affected bands, HAB) is also observed to influence the propagation behavior of the crack during the crack initiation stage.     

TC11微弧氧化膜制备及其结构性能研究

在Na2SiO3-Na2WO4-NaOH混合电解液中,利用微孤氧化(MAO)技术在TC11合金表面制备了氧化膜.用扫描电镜(SEM),X射线能谱仪(EDS),X射线衍射仪(XRD)对氧化膜微观结构、化学成分、厚度以及相组成进行了分析,采用HVS-1000维氏显微硬度计、MFT-4000划痕试验机、电化学测量系统完成氧化...     

Effect of temperature on deformation behavior and microstructures of TC11 titanium alloy

The isothermal compression deformation behavior of TC11 titanium alloy with beta microstructure was studied between 750 °C and 1100 °C under the strain rate ranging from 0.001 s⁻¹ to 10 s⁻¹ by THERMECMASTOR-Z simulator. In addition, the effect of temperature on microstructure was observed using optical microscope. The results showed that the temperature greatly affected the flow stress and microstructure of TC11 titanium alloy cooled from beta phase region in air. During hot deformation of TC11 titanium alloy, the steady state flow characteristic was observed at higher temperature or lower strain rate. In the α + β phase region, spheroidization fraction of α lamellar decreased with increasing temperature, while in near-β and β phase regions, dynamic recrystallization fraction increased with increasing temperature in all strain rates except at the strain rate of 0.001 s⁻¹.     

Ni-石墨含量对TC4钛合金表面自润滑耐磨熔覆层组织与摩擦学性能的影响

采用同轴送粉激光熔覆技术在TC4钛合金表面制备添加25％(质量分数,下同),35％和45％Ni-石墨的TC4/Ni60/Ni-石墨复合功能涂层,借助渗透探伤、X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜、能谱分析仪、电子探针、白光干涉仪、显微硬度计、摩擦磨损试验机对比研究复合涂层的成形质量、微观组织和力学性能.结果表明:35％Ni-石墨涂层成形质量最优,不同含量Ni-石墨涂层反应析出相种类一致,主要为Ti2 Ni,TiC,TiB2,石墨以及基体α-Ti,涂层中均形成了TiC包覆石墨半共格复合相以及TiC,Ti2 Ni交错生长共格复合相,半共格TiC包覆层对熔池中石墨有一定缓解溶解作用,共格TiC-Ti2 Ni复合相可使脆性Ti2 Ni组织得到均匀细化.随着Ni-石墨含量不断增加,涂层平均显微硬度和耐磨性逐步降低,而减摩性能呈现出先增后减的变化趋势,磨损机制均为磨粒磨损.     

Effect of hydrogen on microstructure evolution and tensile properties of TC21 alloy

Abstract

Hydrogen can be used as a temporary element to refine microstructure and improve workability of titanium alloys. In this article, the influence of hydrogen on the microstructure evolution and tensile properties of TC21 alloy is investigated. The microstructure observation reveals that the FCC hydrides δ precipitate firstly at the grainboundaries of primary α phases in TC21 alloy with hydrogen contents above 0·319 wt-%. These hydrides which block the grains deformation reduce both the strength and ductility at room temperature. With increasing hydrogen contents, the elevated temperature strength decreases first and then increases, while the ductility behaves the contrary. These are resulted from the interaction of hydrogen induced softening and hardening.     

Superplasticity and microstructure of TC21 titanium alloy during thermomechanical treatment

Abstract

As rolled TC21 titanium alloy was subjected to isothermal constant strain rate tensile tests using an electronic tensile testing machine. After tensile deformation, the alloys were subjected to double annealing. Superplastic behaviour and microstructure evolution were systematically investigated. Experimental results show that as rolled TC21 alloy exhibits good superplasticity at temperatures ranging from 870 to 930°C and strain rates ranging from 3×10^?4 to 3×10^?2 s^?1. A maximum elongation of 373·3% was obtained at 910°C and 3×10^?4 s^?1. In addition, the alloy microstructure comprises α and β phases during plastic deformation. The primary α-grains aggregate and merge to form new crystal grains with irregular grain boundaries because of dynamic recrystallisation. Furthermore, the primary α phase content gradually decreases with increasing temperature. The resulting microstructure after deformation and double annealing is a duplex microstructure comprising a primary equiaxed α phase and a β-transformed lamellar structure. The acicular α phase transformed from the β phase is mutually interlaced as a basketweave structure after deformation at 930°C and double annealing.     

Effects of rare earth additions during surface boriding on microstructure and properties of titanium alloy TC21

Abstract

In the present paper, the effects of rare earth (RE) additions to the solid state boriding of titanium alloy TC21 have been studied. The microstructural evolution and phase transformations of the borided layers were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray diffraction. Moreover, the microhardness for the borided layer was also determined by Vickers hardness test. The results showed that the addition of a small amount of RE elements in the boriding process can lead to an increased boron concentration in the surface layer coupled with the improved surface hardness and coating layer thickness. Furthermore, the presence of trace quantities of RE oxide (Ce₂O₃) in boride layers indicated that the RE elements as catalysts could not only influence but also accelerate boriding process.     

轧制组织对镁合金AM60疲劳性能的影响

研究了AM60轧制后挤压镁合金的组织对其机械性能和疲劳裂纹扩展性能的影响。实验表明:轧制使晶粒细化,强度显著提高。沿纵轴轧制方向出现大量等轴李晶组织,而在横向原来的孪晶组织消失。对于存在大量孪晶组织的方向,其抗拉强度明显低于其它方向。轧制AM60的横向疲劳裂纹扩展速度(FCPR)明显地高于纵向。当疲劳裂纹尖端塑性区的尺寸与组织的晶粒度接近时,挤压AM60组织中晶粒大小的不均匀引起裂纹分叉,裂纹分叉和粗糙度诱发的裂纹闭合对疲劳裂纹扩展产生严重的阻滞作用在挤压镁合金AM60的疲劳裂纹扩展速度(da/dN)与应力强度因子范围(△K)的关系曲线上出现拐点(△K=64～7.5 MPa·m~(1/2))。疲劳裂纹扩展为沿晶和穿晶混合方式。     

Deformation behavior in isothermal compression of the TC11 titanium alloy

Isothermal compression of the TC11 titanium alloy has been conducted on Gleebe-1500 hot-simulator at the deformation temperatures ranging from 1023 K to 1323 K, the strain rates ranging from 0.001 s⁻¹ to 10.0 s⁻¹, and the height reductions ranging from 50% to 70%. The effect of deformation temperature, strain rate and strain on the flow stress and the apparent activation energy for deformation is in depth analyzed. The experimental results show that the apparent activation energy for deformation in isothermal compression of the TC11 titanium alloy decreases with the increasing of strain. Moreover, the apparent activation energy for deformation in α + β two-phase region of the TC11 titanium alloy increases with the increasing of deformation temperature and decreases with the increasing of strain rate. A power dissipation efficiency map in isothermal compression of the TC11 titanium alloy is constructed at a strain of 0.6, in which three domains with higher power dissipation efficiency are observed, and deformation characteristics of the above-mentioned domains are analyzed. Finally, optical micrographs of the TC11 titanium alloy obtained on a Leica DMLP microscope showed the evidence of deformation in three domains.