固体材料低温热导率测试系统

研制出工程材料低温热导率测试系统.测试采用稳态纵向热流法,高真空绝热恒温器,并利用热开关装置,解决了传统测试方法降温速率慢的问题.通过与标准样品比对,证明测试误差在5%以内.利用该测试系统研究了不锈钢、钛合金及镁合金的低温热导率.     

绝热材料低温热导率测试装置

针对被测试样聚氨脂塑料硬泡沫的低温性能,采用平板热导仪[1],用稳态法测量其低温热导率.以液氮和液氦作为冷源,用真空绝热、控制冷热板温度,可以获得不同温度下的微分热导率和平均热导率.     

非金属绝热材料低温热导率测试装置

建立了一套非金属绝热材料低温热导率测试装置,测试采用稳态轴向热流法,高真空绝热,通过可控气体热开关提高了样品的降温速度,运用该装置对聚氨酯隔热材料液氮到室温温区热导率进行了测量,并对装置的重复性以及漏热和误差进行了分析。     

微型制冷机做冷源的固体材料导热系数测量装置设计

基于一维轴向稳态热流法,采用微型脉冲管制冷机作为冷源,研究建立了一台可连续测量60—300 K下固体材料的导热系数的装置。该装置采用集成化设计,各组件密集排布,整体结构精简有序,其测量方法采用两探针形式,适用于测量导热系数较小的样品。在高真空的环境下,进一步对该装置制冷机冷头的漏热和样品的漏热进行了分析和计算,得出样品测量时的总漏热约为472.3μW,制冷机及样品台组件的总漏热约为760.0 mW。最后,通过标样测量和误差分析,证明装置具有较小的误差和较高的精度,该装置所测量得不锈钢标准样的导热系数与标准数据仅存在4%左右的偏差。     

制冷机作冷源的低温气体吸附测量装置研制

为研究气体在低温下的吸附特性,设计并搭建了低温气体吸附测试平台,其测温范围为5—300 K,测压范围为真空至20 MPa。该装置以G-M制冷机为冷源,摆脱了对低温液体的依赖,可以稳定地维持所需的低温环境,具有可靠性高、维护方便、结构紧凑等优点。利用所述装置,在活性炭样品上测量了氮气和氦气在20—160 K温区内的吸附等温线,并且对吸附等温线方程进行了拟合。     

国产5A分子筛在液氮温度下对N_2H_2、He低压吸附等温线测试

近年来,随着真空、低温技术的迅速发展,人们对低温低压下多孔吸附剂的深冷抽气技术极为重视。目前多孔吸附剂被广泛应用在低温吸附泵、低温吸附阱、带小型制冷机的低温泵以及采用真空绝热和高真空多层绝热的各种低温装置中,已经成为真空获得,尤其是清洁真空获得的有效手段。     

便携式斯特林深冷冰箱研制

研制了一种以斯特林低温制冷机为冷源,有效容积6L,工作温度范围-60℃～-160℃的深冷冰箱.小型斯特林制冷机采用直线电机驱动,电机与压缩机一体化设计,采用氦气制冷工质.斯特林制冷机的冷指置于冰箱内底端直接冷却.圆柱形箱体采用了内环为真空层、外环为硬质聚氨酯发泡层的复合绝热技术,设计了具有3层辐射屏的内盖和真空箱盖.该冰箱具有环境友好、热效率高、制冷温区宽、制冷量易控和体积小等特点,可以满足低温保存和实验等需求.输入功率170W时冰箱内温度低于-150℃,对应-100℃低温时的制冷量为7W.     

薄膜光电性能表征用小型液氮低温恒温器

本文介绍了一种高真空低温环境下用于薄膜光电性能研究的小型液氮低温恒温器,它能提供稳定低温并与外界隔绝的真空环境,可广泛用于薄膜材料的光学、磁热、超导和电学性能研究领域.系统通过液氮杜瓦和基片加热装置使样品维持在所需的低温高真空条件下,既能通过外接光源将光线引入真空室并辐照在样品上或通过真空电极引线测试样品的电学特性,也可实现薄膜的光电性能表征.热负荷计算与分析表明,该系统可长时间保持所需的低温真空环境,且该装置具有结构简单、体积小和温控稳定等优点,适于薄膜器件的真空低温变温研究.     

干式量热器测量隔热结构热性能实验研究

设计搭建一套基于两级G-M制冷机的圆筒形干式量热器装置,首先分析铜制和铝制量热杆对装置误差的影响,其次对3组不同的隔热结构进行热性能实验测试,并研究不同的边界温度对隔热结构热性能的影响。实验结果表明,铝制量热杆测量误差更小;在高真空环境下,隔热泡沫对复合结构的绝热性能影响不大,MLI或者VDMLI起主要绝热作用;分别改变冷边界温度和热边界温度对隔热结构热性能的影响不同,热边界温度一定,冷边界温度由20 K增大到100 K时,通过隔热结构的热流密度略有减小;冷边界温度一定,热边界温度由300 K增大到350 K时,通过隔热结构的热流密度急剧增大。     

基于低温制冷机的低温流体电容式密度测量

设计并搭建了一套基于G-M低温制冷机的电容式密度测量实验装置,由平行板电容器、样品流体测试腔、充排气体管路、低温制冷机、温度测量与控制单元、压力测量单元、真空绝热保护腔以及高真空排气系统八个部分组成。该系统适用温度测量范围为15—300 K,压力测量范围0.01—0.3 MPa。实验中的低温液体由常温气体经低温制冷机冷却液化得到,并蓄存在装有平行板电容器的样品测试腔内。该测试腔上开有视窗,可用于观察冷却过程中低温液体的形成及其液位。对受控压力及温度下的液氮、液氩两种低温流体的密度进行了测量,所得数据与文献实验值及美国NIST标准数据吻合良好,液相区相对偏差小于±0.5%。该密度测量系统今后可用于测量其他流体(包括混合物)在低温下的p-ρ-T数据,还有望经过改进和集成化设计后实现LNG和空分等工业领域的低温流体密度在线实时监测。     

热阻对制冷机冷头温度波动传递的影响特性

人为地增加热阻可以抑制制冷机冷头的温度波动。为了量化研究热阻与冷头温度波动在传递过程中的关系,基于G-M制冷机搭建了控温测温实验平台。通过改变SS304不锈钢热阻材料的规格和安装方式,并对冷头与目标区域的温度波动进行高频采样,获得了4~20 K温区冷头温度波动与热阻片厚度的拟合关系。给出了制冷机冷头波动量化抑制的建议方案。     

Optimal cool-down time of a 4 K superconducting magnet cooled by a two-stage cryocooler

A cool-down time is one of the major factors in many cryocooler applications, especially for the design of conduction-cooled superconducting devices. Cool-down time means a time cooling a thermal mass from a room-temperature to cryogenic-temperature within a stipulated amount of time. The estimation of cool-down time seeks the elapsed time to cool the thermal object by a cryocooler during initial cool-down process. This procedure includes the dimension and properties of thermal object, heat transfer analysis for cryogenic load, thermal interface between cold mass and cryocooler, and available refrigeration capacity of cryocooler. The proposed method is applied to the specific cooling system for 3 T superconducting magnet cooled by a two-stage GM cryocooler. The result is compared with that of experiment, showing that proposed method has a good agreement with experiment. In addition, the initial cool-down time can be shortened by employing thermal link between the cold mass and first-stage of cryocooler. Through a rigorous modeling and analysis taking into account the effect of thermal link size, it is concluded that there exists an optimal cool-down time during initial cooling in conduction-cooled superconducting magnet system.     

Model for transient behavior of pulse tube cryocooler

This article describes an investigation of the transient behavior of a small (2.0 W at 85 K) pulse tube cryocooler operating at 120 Hz with an average pressure of 3.5 MPa, capable of relatively fast cool-down from ambient to about 60 K. In a series of experiments, the cold end temperature was measured as a function of time in a complete cool-down and subsequent warm-up cycle, with no heat load and different quantities of excess mass at the cold end. A transient heat transfer model was developed, that considers the effects of the cooling power extracted at the cold end and that of the heat gain at the warm end on the cool-down time. The heat gain factor was calculated from warm-up data, and found to be approximately the same for all experiments. Using the same model with cool-down data enables a determination of both the gross and net cooling power as functions of time, but more importantly – as functions of the cold end temperature. An expression was derived for the cold end temperature as a function of time for any amount of excess mass, including zero. The cool-down time of the “lean” cryocooler (with no excess mass) was found to be less than 50 s.This cool-down/warm-up method for evaluating the cooling power of a cryocooler seems simpler than steady-state experiments with a heater simulating load at the cold end. Use of the heat transfer model with data from one or two good experiments conducted in the above manner, can yield both the gross and net cooling powers of a cryocooler as functions of the cold end temperature, and allow the determination of cool-down time with any amount of excess thermal mass. While the net cooling power during cool-down differs somewhat from that under steady-state operation, the former can serve as a good measure for the latter.     

冷指尺寸对超高频微型脉冲管制冷机性能的影响分析

冷指是脉冲管制冷机的重要部件,其尺寸大小决定压缩机乃至制冷机整机的尺寸,其内部的功热转换效率和损失等会对制冷机的性能产生显著的影响。为满足脉冲管制冷机微型化的需求,必须提高制冷机频率、减小冷指尺寸,而冷指尺寸的缩小又会影响制冷机的性能。为了掌握冷指尺寸对制冷机性能的影响规律,利用SAGE软件对运行频率为130 Hz,直径为8~9 mm的微型同轴脉冲管冷指进行理论建模与数值计算,得到了超高频脉冲管制冷机性能随冷指尺寸的变化规律。在计算工况范围内,蓄冷器直径9 mm、长度40 mm、脉冲管直径4.3 mm的超高频微型脉冲管制冷机性能最优,且能够在20 W输入电功率条件下,提供0.64 W@80 K的制冷量。     

A simple and efficient thermal link assembly for cryocoolers

The thermal connection between a cryocooler cold tip and any object to be cooled (the thermal load) is very often a technical challenge. The allowed mechanical load on the cooler cold finger is generally strongly restricted. It is therefore difficult to design a mechanically anchored thermal link with low induced mechanical load and high thermal conductance. The proposed heat link concept is based on an evaporation/condensation process between the cooler cold tip and the thermal load.     

液氮温区高温超导滤波器的漏热分析

为在液氮温区工作的高温超导滤波器的制冷机冷源选型,基于Sage 10软件对超导滤波器件的冷却装置进行了漏热分析,仿真计算了铜线和同轴线的几何参数对传导漏热量的影响,以及真空罩、冷盘的尺寸和发射率对辐射漏热量的影响,并综合上述分析计算了超导滤波系统的总漏热量。在仿真计算中发现,信号线的导热和真空罩中冷盘的辐射漏热在系统总漏热量中起主导作用。仿真计算结果表明,通过增大信号线长度、减小信号线直径的方式可将信号线漏热量降至0.72 W,约为初始导热量的1/3。与此同时,冷盘表面采用抛光镀金的方式减小表面发射率,使辐射漏热量降至原来的2/3。根据模拟计算的最优结果,选择制冷量为3 W@77 K的制冷机作为高温超导滤波器的冷源。     

Experimental results on V-M type pulse tube refrigerator

This article mainly introduces experimental results on a new type pulse tube refrigerator named as V-M type pulse tube refrigerator. The main difference from Stirling type or G-M type pulse tube refrigerator is that thermal compressor similar to that of a V-M cryocooler is used instead of mechanical compressor. By using temperature difference between room temperature and liquid nitrogen, pressure wave with high to low pressure ratio around 1.2 is obtained. This pressure wave is used to generate cooling effect at the cold end. With a 20 K pre-cooler, this machine reaches lowest temperature 5.25 K by using helium⁴ at 0.77 Hz, 19 bar charge pressure. DC flow plays an important role in our system. It not only influences the final obtainable lowest temperature, but also is used to increase cold end cool-down speed. Total volume of the V-M type pulse tube refrigerator is around 3.3 l. However, dead volume inside rotor housing occupies about 2.8 l and can be much reduced.     

脉冲管整机条件下回热器交变特性实验研究

搭建脉冲管制冷机动态参数测试实验台,在脉冲管制冷机整机运行条件下对处于实际温度梯度的回热器进行了动态速度以及动态压力测试。为了测量回热器冷端的动态速度,研究针对低温侧的热线探针进行了低温条件下的标定。实验测量了充气压力3 MPa、运行频率40—60 Hz、冷端温度100 K工况下回热器的相位特性以及阻力特性,并得到了整机运行条件下回热器阻力系数经验公式。研究结果表明,随着频率的提升,回热器冷热端速度-压力相位差增大,相同雷诺数下的阻力系数增大;随着温度降低,相同雷诺数下的阻力系数增大,并且在低雷诺数下变化更加明显。该研究结果是在回热器实际工作条件下测量得到,能够为脉冲管制冷机中的回热器模拟计算以及回热器热力学分析提供必要的数据支持。     

混合填充式回热器单级脉管制冷机性能研究

回热器为回热式低温制冷机的关键部件,其性能对系统的影响甚大。为探索回热器内金属丝网混合填充对回热器性能的影响,文章基于回热器模拟软件REGEN3.3仿真结果的基础上,制作了单级脉管制冷装置,采用#300SS,#400SS和#500SS的金属丝网混填了四组回热器,并在不同输入功率下进行了系统制冷性能实验。实验结果表明,较之低目数丝网填充的回热器制冷机,采用高目数丝网填充的回热器制冷机性能较优;在回热器热端填充低目数,冷端填充高目数的丝网,可提高回热器冷端压比,提高整机制冷性能。     

Experimental study on the coupling characteristics of 100 Hz inertance tube pulse tube cryocooler working under optimal frequcency

Miniature pulse tube cryocooler is one of the main developing trends of pulse tube cryocooler. Four pulse tube cold fingers, two compressors and a series of inerance tube assemblies are employed to carry out the experimental investigation of coupling characteristic of miniature pulse tube cryocooler. It is concluded that the cooling performance of miniature pulse tube cryocooler is determined by the match conditions among its compressor, cold finger and inertance tube. If the three parts of cooler match well, the cold finger can achieve nearly same cooling performance under two totally different working conditions.