Long term properties under marine exposure of steel fibre reinforced concrete containing pfa

The paper presents results on the long-term mechanical properties and durability under marine exposure of a steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) mix containing pulverized fuel ash (PFA) which was developed for marine applications. The mix was of proportions by weight of PFA:OPC:fine aggregate:coarse aggregate of 0.26:0.74:1.51:0.84 with a water/(OPC+PFA) ratio of 0.4. The resulting cement content of the mix was 435 kg m⁻³. Theconcrete was reinforced with low-carbon steel, corrosion-resistant (galvanized) or melt-extract (stainless) steel fibres. Prism specimens were cured in the tidal zone at Aberdeen beach, under wet-dry cycles of sea-water spray in the laboratory, in a water-tank in the laboratory and in the laboratory air. The specimens were cured for up to 1200 marine cycles of exposure (640 days) and were tested at regular intervals of age. The paper presents results on long-term compressive strength, flexural strength and energy absorption capacity as measured from the load-deflection curves. The state of corrosion of fibres is also described. The results indicate that fibres embedded within concrete remain free from corrosion under marine exposure. In the case of fibres exposed at the concrete surface during casting, extensive corrosion occurs in low-carbon steel fibres, isolated rust spots appear in corrosion-resistant fibres and no corrosion is evident in melt-extract fibres. This corrosion, however, remains a surface phenomenon and does not penetrate the concrete. The long-term mechanical properties indicate no deterioration due to possible corrosion. In general the compressive strength of concrete increases significantly with fibre reinforcement.Increases in flexural strength and post-cracking ductility due to fibre reinforcement are of the order normally expected of SFRC.     

YJH材料性能及其对混凝土微观结构的影响

为研究YJH渗透结晶材料性能及其对混凝土微观结构的影响,通过在混凝土表面使用不同涂料用量及养护不同时间,分析测试了不同涂层试件的抗渗性能和自修复性能,并通过SEM研究了YJH渗透结晶型材料对水泥砂浆试件微观结构的影响.结果表明:防水涂层可通过催化作用促使未水化的水泥再产生新的晶体,堵塞砂浆孔隙,提高水泥混凝土的抗渗性能,并赋予其自修复功能;当涂料用量为1 kg/m2时,可使水泥混凝土基体的28 d抗渗性能由0.4 MPa提高到1.4 MPa,二次抗渗仍可达到1.2 MPa;涂料的催化结晶作用是长期有效逐渐进行的,经YJH涂料进行涂层处理的水泥混凝土的养护时间越长,其微观结构越密实,防水抗渗性能越好.     

渗透结晶型防水材料不稳定络合物的分光光度法测定

水泥基渗透结晶型防水涂料中的活性离子可以与钙离子形成一种溶于水的不稳定络合物,通过络合-取代反应生成不溶于水的结晶体沉淀来达到使水泥混凝土结构防水的目的.采用分光光度法对该不稳定络合物的稳定常数进行了测定.     

Effectiveness of corrosion inhibitors in contaminated concrete

Four types of corrosion inhibitors (calcium nitrite at two dosages, calcium nitrate at three dosages and two organic inhibitors at their recommended dosages) were evaluated at five different levels of contamination, i.e., 0.8% chloride; 0.8% chloride plus 1.5% SO₃; seawater; brackish water; and unwashed aggregates. Concrete specimens were used to assess the effect of corrosion inhibitors on the compressive strength of concrete and reinforcement corrosion. The results indicated that the corrosion inhibitors investigated in this study did not adversely affect the compressive strength of concrete. Furthermore, calcium nitrite was efficient in delaying the initiation of reinforcement corrosion in the concrete specimens contaminated with chloride, while both calcium nitrite and calcium nitrate mitigated the corrosive effects of chloride plus sulfate salts or sea water. In the concrete specimens prepared with brackish water or unwashed aggregates, all the inhibitors were effective in reducing the rate of reinforcement corrosion. The type and dosage of corrosion inhibitor were observed to be dependent on the nature and level of contamination.     

新型复合材料“高强钢绞线网/ECC约束素混凝土”受压性能试验研究

考虑混凝土强度、工程水泥基复合材料(ECC)强度和横向高强钢绞线配筋率等因素，研究新型复合材料“高强钢绞线网/ECC约束素混凝土”(以下简称HSE约束素混凝土)的受压性能。HSE约束素混凝土轴心受压试验显示，达到最大荷载的30%左右时，约束层ECC出现约为0.01 mm的竖向裂缝；约为最大荷载的85%时，表面最大裂缝宽度约为0.07 mm；达到最大荷载时，最大裂缝宽度仅为0.20 mm；说明该新型复合材料具有很好的裂缝分散和控制能力。之后荷载缓慢下降至最大荷载75%左右，第一根横向钢绞线断裂；达到破坏时裂而不碎，约束层和核心混凝土未发生黏结破坏，完整性良好。HSE约束素混凝土与素混凝土相比，其开裂应力提高了88%~116%；轴心抗压强度提高了21%~49%、轴心压应变增加了约45%；极限压应变提高了106%~175%。ECC强度和混凝土强度及横向钢绞线配筋率的提高，均增大其开裂和最大荷载及极限压应变。      

钢筋锈蚀对全珊瑚海水钢筋/混凝土柱大偏心受压性能的影响

通过对不同混凝土强度等级、不同种类钢筋的全珊瑚海水钢筋/混凝土柱（CA/CC）进行大偏心受压性能试验,研究了CA/CC的破坏形态、变形和承载力,建立了荷载-位移、荷载-应变等关系,探讨了CA/CC大偏心受压极限承载力（N_u）的计算模型。结果表明:CA/CC的受力破坏机制和形态与普通骨料钢筋/混凝土柱（OA/CC）基本相似。随着混凝土强度等级的提高,CA/CC纵向受拉钢筋应变开始突变所对应的荷载逐渐增大。在加载过程中,有机新涂层钢筋与珊瑚/混凝土（CA/C）之间产生较大的滑移,使在相同混凝土强度下,普钢钢筋CA/CC的N_u比有机新涂层钢筋CA/CC的N_u大约高7.1%~20.8%。建议在CA/C结构中采用有机新涂层钢筋,能有效的抑制钢筋发生锈蚀,从而延长CA/C结构的有效服役寿命。综合考虑钢筋锈蚀和涂层钢筋滑移的影响,提出了适用于满足高强、高耐久性要求的CA/CC大偏心受压N_u计算模型。      

微锈蚀钢筋混凝土高温后粘结锚固性能试验研究

为研究高温对锈蚀钢筋混凝土结构粘结锚固性能的影响,对锈蚀试件(锈蚀率为1.08%)与非锈蚀试件先进行高温试验(20℃、200℃、400℃、600℃、800℃),再进行中心拔出试验。试验结果表明:随温度的升高,锈蚀试件与非锈蚀试件粘结强度均呈下降趋势,与非锈蚀试件相比,锈蚀试件在温度不超过400℃时,其粘结强度下降趋势较为平缓。分析了高温作用后混凝土抗压强度、钢筋极限强度、钢筋与混凝土间粘结强度三者之间的关系,并建立了考虑不同温度、不同锈蚀率等因素影响下钢筋与混凝土的粘结-滑移关系式。     

Permissible crack widths in steel fibre reinforced marine concrete

The paper presents some results from a continuing study of the marine durability of steel fibre reinforced concrete. The overall aim of the investigation is to develop the material for marine applications. The results reported here pertain to pre-cracked specimens of steel fibre reinforced concrete which were exposed to wet-dry cycles of marine spray in the laboratory simulating tidal zone conditions of exposure. Two types of concrete mixes were used in the investigation—one with standard concrete constituents and OPC and the second replacing about 26% of cement with pfa. The cement content of the mixes was 590 and 435 kg m⁻³, respectively. Fibre reinforcement was provided by means of low carbon steel fibres and melt extract steel fibres at a v _f ℓ/d ratio of 100 and 147. Prism specimens were manufactured and these were precracked to induce cracks of width ranging between 0.03 and 1.73 mm. After cracking, both sealed and unsealed specimens were exposed to laboratory marine spray cycles using sea water. Some control specimens were cured in the laboratory air throughout. Tests were carried out after 650 marine cycles (450 days) and 1450 marine cycles (900 days). Based on data on flexural strength, energy absorption capacity, stiffness and state of corrosion of the fibres, recommendations are made regarding suitable permissible crack widths for the design of steel fibre reinforced concrete for marine applications. The results indicate that a permissible crack width of 0.2 mm is satisfactory for concrete reinforced with melt extract fibres. A smaller value is recommended for concrete reinforced with low carbon steel fibres. Complete healing of open cracks of small widths is observed under exposure to marine cycles.     

Pullout tests of epoxy-coated reinforcement in concrete

The bond strength and slip of epoxy-coated reinforcing bars in concrete have been evaluated by carrying out single pullout and double pullout tests. In extended single pullout tests, slip measurements were made while tensile force was applied to reinforcing bars embedded in concrete. In double pullout tests, 20 cycles of load were applied at levels of steel stress between zero and 0·5 times characteristic steel strength. Strains were measured by electrical resistance strain gauges glued inside the bars. Both epoxy-coated and uncoated bars were used in the investigation, to obtain comparative results. The strain gradient along the bar was found to be less for the coated reinforcement. In general, the epoxy coating was found to increase slip in bond and thereby reduce the bond performance of coated bars.     

A study on reinforcement corrosion and related properties of plain and blended cement concretes under different curing conditions

This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation on the steel reinforcement corrosion, electrical resistivity, and compressive strength of concretes. Concretes having two different water–cement ratios (0.65 and 0.45) and two different cement contents (300 and 400 kg/m³) were produced by using a plain and four different blended portland cements. Concrete specimens were subjected to three different curing procedures (uncontrolled, controlled, and wet curing). The effect of using plain or blended cements on the resistance of concrete against damage caused by corrosion of the embedded reinforcement has been investigated using an accelerated impressed voltage setup. The resistivity of the cover concrete has been measured non-destructively by placing electrodes on concrete surface. The compressive strength, electrical resistivity, and corrosion resistance of the concretes were determined at different ages up to 180 days. The results of the tests indicated that the wet curing was essential to achieve higher strength and durability characteristics for both plain and especially blended cement concretes. The concretes, which received inadequate (uncontrolled) curing, exhibited poor performance in terms of strength and corrosion resistance.     

Effect of zinc phosphate chemical conversion coating on corrosion behaviour of mild steel in alkaline medium: protection of rebars in reinforced concrete

We outline the ability of zinc phosphate coatings, obtained by chemical conversion, to protect mild steel rebars against localized corrosion, generated by chloride ions in alkaline media. The corrosion resistance of coated steel, in comparison with uncoated rebars and coated and uncoated steel rebars embedded in mortar, were evaluated by open-circuit potential, potentiodynamic polarization, cronoamperometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The coated surfaces were characterized by x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. First, coated mild steel rebars were studied in an alkaline solution with and without chloride simulating a concrete pore solution. The results showed that the slow dissolution of the coating generates hydroxyapatite Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂. After a long immersion, the coating became dense and provided an effective corrosion resistance compared with the mild steel rebar. Secondly, the coated and uncoated steel rebars embedded in mortar and immersed in chloride solution showed no corrosion or deterioration of the coated steel. Corrosion rate is considerably lowered by this phosphate coating.     

透水沥青混凝土单轴冲击压缩特性研究

为研究透水沥青混凝土的动态力学特性,采用74 mm钢质分离式霍普金森压杆装置对不掺纤维和掺0.3%聚酯纤维的透水沥青混凝土进行了不同应变率的单轴冲击压缩试验。研究表明,透水沥青混凝土具有明显的应变率效应,试件压缩率随着应变率的增大而提高,掺聚酯纤维透水沥青混凝土的压缩率是不掺纤维的1.2倍左右;透水沥青混凝土的动态应力-应变曲线可分为弹性变形阶段、塑性变形阶段和破坏阶段。从试件的破坏形态可以看出,集料的断裂是透水沥青混凝土破坏的主要原因。在透水沥青混凝土中掺加聚酯纤维能够延缓裂缝的出现和开展,提高材料的冲击抗压强度,增幅最大为45.1%。     

锅炉受热面复合陶瓷涂层的抗高温腐蚀性能

为寻找燃煤锅炉受热面高温腐蚀问题的解决方法,以过热器材料15CrMoG钢为研究对象,采用料浆法在其表面涂覆复合陶瓷涂层,并对涂层进行500℃高温烧结.分别测试了基材及涂层试样在SO2、H2S和硫酸盐环境下的抗高温腐蚀性能.结果表明:涂层表面不存在较大孔隙、裂纹等缺陷,涂层与基体之间具有较好的结合状态;涂层试样抗SO2、H2S和硫酸盐腐蚀性能优于基材15CrMoG钢,分别为基材的3.3,6.5,1.4倍;涂层经SO2及H2S气体腐蚀后,表面都生成了K2SO4颗粒,但由于涂层内部较为致密,阻止了S元素继续向内部扩散,因此涂层内部几乎没有K2SO4颗粒.     

Bond performance of reinforcing bars in inorganic polymer concrete (IPC)

The basic mechanical and chemical properties of fly-ash-based inorganic polymer concretes (IPC) have been studied widely, but, key engineering and structural properties of the material for instance modulus of elasticity, compressive, tensile, flexural strengths and bonding strength of the material to reinforcement have received little attention. Structural applications of reinforced IPC depend on the bond performance of the material to the reinforcement. Due to their difference with ordinary Portland cement (OPC) based concrete in terms of chemical reaction and matrix formation it is not known whether IPC exhibit different bonding performance with the reinforcement. Simply relying on compressive strength of the material and extrapolating models and equations meant for OPC based concrete may lead to unsafe design of structural members. To that end, 27 beam-end specimens, 58 cubic direct pullout type specimens and number of laboratory test specimens were tested to evaluate bonding performance of IPC with reinforcement. The results of beam-end specimens and direct pullout type specimens correlate favourably, although the results of direct pullout tests are in general more conservative than those of beam-end specimens. Overall, it can be concluded that bond performance of IPC mixes are comparable to OPC based concrete and therefore IPC and steel can be used as a composite material to resist tension in addition to compression.     

Effect of zinc phosphate chemical conversion coating on corrosion behaviour of mild steel in alkaline medium: protection of rebars in reinforced concrete

Abstract

We outline the ability of zinc phosphate coatings, obtained by chemical conversion, to protect mild steel rebars against localized corrosion, generated by chloride ions in alkaline media. The corrosion resistance of coated steel, in comparison with uncoated rebars and coated and uncoated steel rebars embedded in mortar, were evaluated by open-circuit potential, potentiodynamic polarization, cronoamperometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The coated surfaces were characterized by x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. First, coated mild steel rebars were studied in an alkaline solution with and without chloride simulating a concrete pore solution. The results showed that the slow dissolution of the coating generates hydroxyapatite Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂. After a long immersion, the coating became dense and provided an effective corrosion resistance compared with the mild steel rebar. Secondly, the coated and uncoated steel rebars embedded in mortar and immersed in chloride solution showed no corrosion or deterioration of the coated steel. Corrosion rate is considerably lowered by this phosphate coating.     

Hochtemperatureigenschaften von MCrAlY(Ti,Hf) beschichtetem Ventilstahl X 45 CrSi 9 3 bei 600 und 700°C

High temperature properties of MCrAlY(Ti, Hf) coated steel X 45 CrSi 9 3 at 600 and 700°C Within the COST-project 501.2 WP6 several plasmasprayed MCrAlY- and Zirkonia-coatings were tested for application in diesel engines as anti corrosion coatings and as thermal barrier coatings respectively. With coated and uncoated specimens of steel X 45 CrSi 9 3, creep tests up to 1700 h at 600 and 700°C were carried out in air and under streaming hot gas simulating diesel engine exhaust gas. Under the hot gas condition a strong sulphur induced corrosion occurred at the nickel- and ironbase alloys. Silicon containing alloys exhibited the best hot gas corrosion resistance. An additional thermal barrier coating increased the corrosion resistance effectively. In all cases the coated specimens exhibited a higher creep strength in comparison to the uncoated specimens. However, no strength decrease due to the hot gas corrosion was observed.     

聚脲包覆混凝土的压缩和吸能特性研究

混凝土结构在受到远超其极限强度的准静态或者冲击载荷作用时,常常发生粉碎性的破坏,导致结构坍塌。采用高弹性材料包覆混凝土有可能减缓结构的灾难性坍塌。该文研究了聚脲涂层包覆的圆柱形混凝土试件在准静态和动态落锤压缩下的破坏过程和吸能特性。实验结果表明混凝土试样的抗压强度存在明显的应变率硬化效应,观察到聚脲包覆混凝土和无聚脲包覆混凝土破坏后期残余承压特性的明显差异。分析了有无聚脲包覆混凝土的破坏形态,结果表明聚脲包覆混凝土的压缩吸能效果远远优于无包覆混凝土,有可能承压吸能构件应用于工程实际。     

External reinforcement of high strength concrete columns

With the technology development on the compressive strength of concrete over the years, the use of high strength concrete has proved most popular in terms of economy, superior strength, stiffness and durability due to many advantages it could offer. However, strength and ductility are inversely proportional [J. Mater. Civil Eng. 11 (1999) 21]. High strength concrete is a brittle material causing failure to be quite sudden and ‘explosive' under loads. It is also known that structural concrete columns axially compressed rarely occur in practice. The stress concentrations caused by the eccentric loading further reduce the strength and ductility of high strength concrete. Therefore, studies for high strength concrete columns under eccentric loading are essential for the practical use.

This paper experimentally investigates a number of high strength concrete columns that are externally reinforced with galvanised steel straps and fibre-reinforced polymers subjected to concentric and eccentric loading. The experimental results show that external reinforcement can enhance the properties of high strength concrete columns.     

Flexural strength of reinforced concrete T-beams with steel fibers

The ultimate strength of reinforced concrete T-beams reinforced with conventional steel bars and short discontinuous steel fibers are studied. It is found that the presence of steel fibers reduced effectively the deflection, width of cracks and also improved the ductility and flexural rigidity of the concrete beams. Hence, an appreciable increase to the ultimate compressive strain is observed as well as the increase in the ultimate compressive strength. These are reflected by an increase in the value of the compressive block parameters. In addition, an increase in tensile strength is achieved and a rectangular tensile stress distribution is proposed. It was found that a negligible difference in moment capacity between overreinforced and underreinforced concrete beams. Therefore, it may be economical to use more amount of tension reinforcement than that allowed by the codes. Theoretical equations are developed to calculate the ultimate strength of reinforced concrete T-beams taking into account the effect of amount of compression reinforcement and amount of steel fibers. Theoretical equations show good agreement when compared with experimental results.     

Effectiveness of surface coatings in improving concrete durability

This paper reports results of a study conducted to evaluate the durability of concrete coated with concrete surface coatings representing five generic types. The durability of the uncoated and coated concrete specimens was evaluated by assessing water absorption, chloride permeability and chloride diffusion. The chemical resistance was evaluated by immersing the uncoated and coated mortar specimens in 2.5% sulfuric acid. The results indicated that epoxy and polyurethane coatings performed better than acrylic, polymer and chlorinated rubber coatings. However, noticeable variation in the performance of the same generic type procured from different manufacturers was noted. Therefore, the selection of coatings should be done after conducting trial tests rather than basing it solely on the generic type.