“冲出”十面“霾”伏

雾 雾是由大量悬浮在近地面空气中的微小水滴或冰晶组成的气溶胶系统,是近地面层空气中水汽凝结(或凝华)的产物. 霾 霾也称灰霾(烟霞),是指原因不明的因大量烟、尘等微粒悬浮而形成的浑浊现象.霾的核心物质是空气中悬浮的灰尘颗粒,气象学上称为气溶胶颗粒.     

第七届海峡两岸气溶胶技术研讨会暨第二届空气污染技术研讨会(第一轮通知)

<正>为了总结交流我国气溶胶领域的最新研究成果,进一步加强海峡两岸学者的相互了解和合作,共同促进两岸气溶胶和空气污染研究的总体水平跃上一个新高度,中国颗粒学会气溶胶专业委员会、国际空气与废弃物管理学会(AWMA)中国分会与台湾气溶胶学会联合定于2010年     

第9届全国大气细及超细粒子技术研讨会及第14届海峡两岸气溶胶技术研讨会

正大气细及超细粒子研究是当前国内外大气气溶胶、大气环境和气候变化研究的前沿发展方向,同时由大气细及超细粒子带来的环境污染问题及其污染控制是国家和全国人民都关注的焦点。为进一步交流大气细及超细粒子领域的最新研究成果,拟于2016年7月25日—29日在江苏省盐城市举办"第9届全国大气细及超细粒子技术研讨会及第14届海峡两岸气溶胶技术研讨会",会议主题为"大气细粒子污染控制新技术"。会议由中国颗粒学会气溶胶专业委员会主办,国际空气与废弃物管理协会中国学会、北京粉体技术协会、中科院大气     

柴油中硫含量对柴油机纳米颗粒排放的影响

<正>0引言在大气气溶胶的贡献源中,交通运输行业产生的污染物是主要的人为源之一[1]。其中,从车辆和船舶配备的柴油机中排放出来的颗粒物,是大气气溶胶的重要组成部分。大量的研究表明,柴油机产生的纳米颗粒会诱发肺癌等疾病,对人体健康会产生严重危害。同时,酸雨和冰川融化也与柴油机排放的颗粒物存在较为密切的关系,因此对环境空气中纳米颗粒污染的深入认知和有效控制日益受到人们的重视[2]。柴油机颗粒物排放的物理特性主要包括颗粒的     

第五届海峡两岸气溶胶技术研讨会

<正>为总结交流我国气溶胶领域的最新研究成果,提升我国气溶胶研究水平,促进海峡两岸科技交流,中国颗粒学会气溶胶专业委员会定于2008年9月2日-6日在新疆乌鲁木齐市举行"第五届海峡两岸气溶胶技术研讨会"。本次会议中国科学院港澳台办和国家自然科学基金委港澳台办支持,由中国颗粒学会     

第十二届全国气溶胶会议暨第十三届海峡两岸气溶胶技术研讨会通知(第二轮)

<正>为总结交流我国气溶胶领域的最新研究成果,提升我国气溶胶研究水平,促进两岸科技交流,中国颗粒学会气溶胶专业委员会将于2015年10月22—24日在重庆市举行第十二届全国气溶胶会议暨第十三届海峡两岸气溶胶技术研讨会。本次会议由中国颗粒学会气溶胶专业委员会及台湾气溶胶学会主办,中国科学院地球环境研究所、中国科学院重庆绿色智能技术研     

第十二届全国气溶胶会议暨第十三届海峡两岸气溶胶技术研讨会通知(第二轮)

<正>为总结交流我国气溶胶领域的最新研究成果,提升我国气溶胶研究水平,促进两岸科技交流,中国颗粒学会气溶胶专业委员会将于2015年10月22—24日在重庆市举行第十二届全国气溶胶会议暨第十三届海峡两岸气溶胶技术研讨会。本次会议由中国颗粒学会气溶胶专业委员会及台湾气溶胶学会主办,中国科学院地球环境研究所、中国科学院重庆绿色智能技术研究院承办。     

放射性气溶胶净化的研究进展

人工核素应用的快速增长产生的大量放射性气溶胶颗粒日益危害环境及人体的健康。本文中综述了放射性气溶胶的特性,根据国内外文献报道,分析了放射性气溶胶的监测方法、净化技术的研究现状以及影响放射性气溶胶净化的主要因素,提出了目前放射性气溶胶净化存在的问题,并指出结合放射性气溶胶的特性采取与之合适的凝并技术是今后放射性气溶胶净化的主要研究方向。     

第五届海峡两岸气溶胶技术研讨会

<正>为总结交流我国气溶胶领域的最新研究成果,提升我国气溶胶研究水平,促进海峡两岸科技交流,中国颗粒学会气溶胶专业委员会定于2008年9月2日-6日在新疆乌鲁木齐市举行"第五届海峡两岸气溶胶技术研讨会"。本次会议中国科学     

纳米气溶胶的净化技术

针对目前人工纳米材料的广泛应用而造成大量的纳米气溶胶颗粒进入大气中危害环境及人类的健康的问题,本文中论述了纳米气溶胶的性质及其分类,根据国内外文献的报道,分析了纳米气溶胶净化技术的研究现状及影响因素,提出凝并技术与过滤净化技术相结合将是纳米气溶胶净化技术的发展趋势,并提供了具体方案,为纳米气溶胶净化工艺的选择提供了指导性参考。     

Association between long-term exposure to outdoor air pollution and mortality in China: a cohort study

No prior cohort studies exist in China examining the association of outdoor air pollution with mortality. We studied 70,947 middle-aged men and women in the China National Hypertension Survey and its follow-up study. Baseline data were obtained in 1991 using a standard protocol. The follow-up evaluation was conducted in 1999 and 2000. Annual average air pollution exposure between 1991 and 2000, including total suspended particle (TSP), sulfur dioxide (SO(2)) and nitrogen oxides (NO(x)), were estimated by linking fixed-site monitoring data with resident zip code. We examined the association of air pollution with mortality using proportional hazards regression model. We found significant associations between air pollution levels and mortality from cardiopulmonary diseases and from lung cancer. Each 10 μg/m(3) elevation of TSP, SO(2) and NO(x) was associated with a 0.9% (95%CI: 0.3%, 1.5%), 3.2% (95%CI: 2.3%, 4.0%), and 2.3% (95%CI: 0.6%, 4.1%) increased risk of cardiovascular mortality, respectively. We found significant effects of SO(2) on mortality after adjustment for TSP. Conclusively, ambient air pollution was associated with increased cardiopulmonary and lung cancer mortality in China. These data contribute to the scientific literature on long-term effects of air pollution for high exposure settings typical in developing countries.     

Air pollution assessment in urban areas and its impact on human health in the city of Quetta, Pakistan

Nowadays, air over major cities throughout the world has become overburdened with gases produced by automobiles. The death rate due to automobile pollution is increasing rapidly in the metropolitan areas. With passage of time, people realized that polluted air has serious effects on their health, climate and economics. Weather and climate have integrated impact on human activities resulting in worldwide concentration of the particulates of environmental pollution, viz., chlorofluorocarbons, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen oxide, lead and several other dust and gaseous particles. Like many other mega cities in the world the ambient air quality of Quetta, Pakistan is also deteriorating nowadays. Automobile exhausts and certain industrial pollutants produce O₃ by photochemical reactions. The particulate matter, particularly less than 10 μm in size, can pass through the natural protective mechanism of human respiratory system and plays an important role in genesis and augmentation of allergic disorders. Sources of air pollution in the area and the unique problem arising out of the emission from the vehicles, industries, etc. have been described. Ambient air quality was monitored along with micrometeorological data and the results are discussed. The status of air pollution in the area has been evaluated and a questionnaire survey was conducted to estimate the allergic symptoms and exposure to assess the respiratory disorders. The data are analyzed to evaluate the critical situation arising out of the emission of air pollutants and the impact on human health due to respirable diseases (RDs) in middle class sub-population (activity-wise) in the area assessed. A strategic air quality management plan has been proposed. For the mitigation of air pollution problems in the city, different measures to be adopted to maintain the balance between sustainable development and environmental management have been discussed. Air pollution has significant effects on exacerbation of asthma, allergy and other respiratory diseases.     

Ecological Risk Management of Drinking Water Project: The Case Study of Kunming City

Following rapid infrastructure development and industrialization, the problems of water pollution and water shortage have become more severe. Whether there is safe drinking water in cities has attracted wide attention.The ecological risk management of drinking water project is an important means of ensuring the safety of a drinking water source. Based on ecological risk assessment and management theories, this paper establishes an ecological risk management model and assessment system with the aim of providing theoretical guidance and scientific basis for formulating a policy on the safety and protection of drinking water sources in a city. Kunming is one of the cities plagued by severe water shortage in China. Its ecological risk management of drinking water has attracted the attention of both the local government and the public.Using Kunming as the case study, this paper conducts a comparative analysis and assessment on three major reservoirs that face ecological risks. It highlights the existing problems and gives helpful suggestions.     

肌肉骨骼疾患风险评估方法趋势研究

目的肌肉骨骼疾患是与工作姿势有关的主要职业病,不仅影响工人的健康,而且对经济造成巨大的损失。而不良的工作姿势是引发肌肉骨骼疾患的主要原因。因此评估工作姿势所造成的肌肉骨骼疾患并采取科学的纠正措施逐渐成为相应领域研究的热点问题。基于现有对肌肉骨骼疾患风险评估方法的研究现状和未来趋势进行分析与展望。方法通过对肌肉骨骼疾患、人因风险评估、人体姿态识别等核心概念的相关文献进行梳理和归纳,论述了肌肉骨骼疾患风险评估的主要方法,并重点分析了图像识别技术在肌肉骨骼疾患风险评估中的应用,结合人体骨架与神经网络算法模型对作业姿势进行识别,探讨了人工智能环境下,基于图像识别的评估方法中待解决的难点问题,对未来可能发展趋势进行预测。结论将肌肉骨骼风险评估方法总结为三大类,并分析其在现场评估应用过程中的优缺点;结合图像识别技术的发展,对肌肉骨骼风险评估提出了展望,即智能化自动化评估、多评估方法融合、多通道特征识别。     

DEVELOPMENT OF SURROGATE LUNG SYSTEMS WITH CONTROLLED THERMODYNAMIC ENVIRONMENTS TO STUDY HYGROSCOPIC PARTICLES: AIR POLLUTANTS AND PHARMACOLOGIC DRUGS

An objective of this text is to demonstrate advantages of interdisciplinary efforts, specifically, applications of engineering technology to health effects issues. The work describes the development of surrogate systems of the human lung for use in studies of hygroscopic growth kinetics and related deposition of inhaled particles. The models have become increasingly more physiologically realistic. Notable accomplishments are the successful simulations of in vivo environmental conditions, namely: (1)temperature and relative humidity atmospheres;(2)airstream profiles and thermodynamic processes; and,(3)lung morphology. Measurements of hygroscopic characteristics of a laboratory aerosol (NaCl) and bronchodilator drugs used in aerosol therapy were made using one of the models and are reported herein. The data clearly demonstrate the respective effects of respiratory tract geometry and particle chemical composition upon the behavior of inhaled substances. The surrogate lungs, offering unique research opportunities detailed within, are intended for experimental investigations that are complementary to inhalation exposures with human subjects.     

Gaussian Support Vector Machine Algorithm Based Air Pollution Prediction

Air pollution is one of the major concerns considering detriments to human health. This type of pollution leads to several health problems for humans, such as asthma, heart issues, skin diseases, bronchitis, lung cancer, and throat and eye infections. Air pollution also poses serious issues to the planet. Pollution from the vehicle industry is the cause of greenhouse effect and CO2 emissions. Thus, real-time monitoring of air pollution in these areas will help local authorities to analyze the current situation of the city and take necessary actions. The monitoring process has become efficient and dynamic with the advancement of the Internet of things and wireless sensor networks. Localization is the main issue in WSNs; if the sensor node location is unknown, then coverage and power and routing are not optimal. This study concentrates on localization-based air pollution prediction systems for real-time monitoring of smart cities. These systems comprise two phases considering the prediction as heavy or light traffic area using the Gaussian support vector machine algorithm based on the air pollutants, such as PM2.5 particulate matter, PM10, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), and sulfur dioxide (SO2). The sensor nodes are localized on the basis of the predicted area using the meta-heuristic algorithms called fast correlation-based elephant herding optimization. The dataset is divided into training and testing parts based on 10 cross-validations. The evaluation on predicting the air pollutant for localization is performed with the training dataset. Mean error prediction in localizing nodes is 9.83 which is lesser than existing solutions and accuracy is 95%.     

Recovery of nitric acid from waste etching solution using solvent extraction

As part of our efforts to identify effective ways and means to keep source water safe, the concept of risk assessment and management is introduced in this paper to address the issue of risk assessment and management of arsenic in source water in China. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk are calculated for different concentrations of arsenic in source water using the corrective equation between potential health risk and concentration of arsenic in source water with purification process taken into consideration. It is justified through analyses that risk assessment and management is suitable for China to control pollution of source water. The permissible content of arsenic in source water should be set at 0.01 mg/L at present in China, and necessary risk management measures include control contaminated sources and improvement of purification efficiency.     

Risk analysis of hazardous materials in oil shale

A future oil shale industry will be a massive solids-handling industry generating large amounts of hazardous materials. A risk analysis was performed on a hypothetical oil shale industry to aid in the formulation and management of research. The analysis considered occupational, public, and ecosystem risks for a steady-state one million barrels per day (160 cubic dekameters per day) industry. The risks for designated groups of the occupational workforce were statistically described by accident and injury rates for fatalities, accidents with days lost from work, and accidents with no days lost from work. Workforce diseases analyzed were cancers, silicosis, pneumoconiosis, chronic bronchitis, chronic airway obstruction, and high-frequency hearing loss. The miners represented the group with the largest fatality and the most serious accident rate. Lung disease from inhalation exposure to dust about the nuisance dust threshold limit value presented the most significant risk for future concerns. Public health inhalation risks were estimated for life-time cancer risks from As, Cd, Cr, Ni, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and radiation to be less than 10⁻⁷ occurrences per person per year. An air pollution surrogate, sulfate, as a measure of all air pollution exposure, yielded a result of 10⁻⁵ deaths per person per year with large uncertainties. Public health risks associated with oil shale solid waste were considered for leachates. Ecosystem risks considered impact on designator species, plant damage from sulfates, and disturbance in plant communities. The simple analysis approach indicated that the potential impact on the semi-arid, high-altitude ecosystem was minimal from air pollutants and land disturbances, but of potential concern for aquatic systems under extreme conditions. The methodology and treatment of uncertainties are oriented towards establishing research implications.     

A combined usage of stochastic and quantitative risk assessment methods in the worksites: Application on an electric power provider

An individual method cannot build either a realistic forecasting model or a risk assessment process in the worksites, and future perspectives should focus on the combined forecasting/estimation approach. The main purpose of this paper is to gain insight into a risk prediction and estimation methodological framework, using the combination of three different methods, including the proportional quantitative-risk-assessment technique (PRAT), the time-series stochastic process (TSP), and the method of estimating the societal-risk (SRE) by F-N curves. In order to prove the usefulness of the combined usage of stochastic and quantitative risk assessment methods, an application on an electric power provider industry is presented to, using empirical data.     

OSIS: remote sensing code for estimating aerosol optical properties in urban areas from very high spatial resolution images

The achievement of new satellite or airborne remote sensing instruments enables the more precise study of cities with metric spatial resolutions. For studies such as the radiative characterization of urban features, knowledge of the atmosphere and particularly of aerosols is required to perform first an atmospheric compensation of the remote sensing images. However, to our knowledge, no efficient aerosol characterization technique adapted both to urban areas and to very high spatial resolution images has yet been developed. The goal of this paper is so to present a new code to characterize aerosol optical properties, OSIS, adapted to urban remote sensing images of metric spatial resolution acquired in the visible and near-IR spectral domains. First, a new aerosol characterization method based on the observation of shadow/sun transitions is presented, offering the advantage to avoid the assessment of target reflectances. Its principle and the modeling of the signal used to solve the retrieval equation are then detailed. Finally, a sensitivity study of OSIS from synthetic images simulated by the radiative transfer code AMARTIS v2 is also presented. This study has shown an intrinsic precision of this tool of Δτ(a)=0.1.τ(a) ± (0.02 + 0.4.τ(a)) for retrieval of aerosol optical thicknesses. This study shows that OSIS is a powerful tool for aerosol characterization that has a precision similar to satellite products for the aerosol optical thicknesses retrieval and that can be applied to every very high spatial resolution instrument, multispectral or hyperspectral, airborne or satellite.