反应增容HDPE基木塑复合材料及增容机制

使用密炼机对木纤维（WF）进行酯化改性,将改性木纤维（EWF）与高密度聚乙烯（HDPE）、过氧化二异丙苯（DCP）混合,再用双螺杆挤出机反应挤出制备EWF/HDPE复合材料。使用FTIR、力学性能测试、SEM、广角X射线衍射（WAXD）和示差扫描量热－热重同步热分析（TG-DSC）研究了EWF/HDPE复合材料的微观结构和物理力学性能。结果表明,在密炼机中对WF的酯化改性成功地在WF表面引入了酯基;反应挤出所得EWF/HDPE复合材料与无增容WF/HDPE复合材料相比,其冲击和拉伸强度最大分别提高了112%和36%,EWF与HDPE两相之间的界面粘合明显改善,HDPE的晶粒尺寸有所增加,结晶度也有较大提高,但热稳定性有少许下降。EWF/HDPE复合材料力学性能的提高主要归因于反应挤出的增容作用,而非基体HDPE结晶结构的变化。     

HDPE/木粉改性复合材料的制备及其长效吸水性能研究

加入HDPE-g-MAH、CG-8831和KH-550制备HDPE/木粉改性复合材料。研究其长效吸水性,发现吸水率随时间延长先快速增加,浸水35 d后缓慢增至平衡,HDPE-g-MAH改性效果最好,其饱和吸水率仅为1.503%。利用Fick第二扩散定律拟合吸水动力学曲线,得扩散系数D的顺序:HDPE-g-MAH增容HDPE/木粉复合材料HDPE/木粉复合材料KH-550改性HDPE/木粉复合材料CG-8831改性HDPE/木粉复合材料。并证明该吸水过程符合Fick第二扩散定律,相关系数R2值达0.99以上。HDPE/木粉改性复合材料尺寸变化系数CDCWCT。     

基于代理模型和改进遗传算法的注塑翘曲优化

提出一种最小化制品翘曲的注塑工艺参数优化集成方法.以空调柜机顶盖注塑制品开发为例,该方法使用Moldflow软件分析制品的翘曲变形,运用田口方法确定与制品翘曲量密切相关的工艺因素,然后采用响应曲面法(RSM)和改进的精英保留自适应遗传算法(EAGA)相结合的方法,建立主要影响工艺参数与制品翘曲量之间的关系模型,通过对模型寻优以实现对制品翘曲的优化.该方法的适用性在制品的实际生产中得到了验证.     

离子聚合物改性木粉/HDPE复合材料流变特性

为了提高木塑复合材料（WPC）的加工流动性能,利用离子聚合物改性WPC,通过HAAKE Minilab微量混合流变仪研究了离子聚合物改性木粉/高密度聚乙烯（HDPE）的毛细管流变特征。结果表明：添加与未添加离子聚合物的木粉/HDPE均为非牛顿流体中的假塑性流体,均呈现出“剪切变稀”的效应;随着钠离子聚合物含量的增加,改性木粉/HDPE的剪切应力和表观黏度均随着剪切速率的增大呈现降低的趋势,表明钠离子聚合物的加入可以显著改善聚合物熔体的流动特性;添加4wt%的钠离子聚合物和4wt%的锌离子聚合物的木粉/HDPE剪切应力和表观黏度均要低于添加4wt%的偶联剂马来酸酐接枝聚乙烯（MAH-g-PE）的WPC的值,表明与MAH-g-PE相比,离子聚合物更能够改善WPC的流动性能,减小熔体流动时HDPE与木粉之间的摩擦阻力;SEM分析表明,添加离子聚合物后HDPE塑料对木粉有很好的包覆效果,没有明显的界面缝隙,且在WPC断面上存在大量的毛刺纤维。     

Multiobjective optimization with an adaptive weight determination scheme using the concept of hyperplane

Finding an optimum design that satisfies all performances in a design problem is very challenging. To overcome this problem, multiobjective optimization methods have been researched to obtain Pareto optimum solutions. Among the different methods, the weighted sum method is widely used for its convenience. However, since the different weights do not always guarantee evenly distributed solutions on the Pareto front, the weights need to be determined systematically. Therefore, this paper presents a multiobjective optimization using a new adaptive weight determination scheme. Solutions on the Pareto front are gradually found with different weights, and the values of these weights are adaptively determined by using information from the previously obtained solutions' positions. For an n-objective problem, a hyperplane is constructed in n -dimensional space, and new weights are calculated to find the next solutions. To confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method, benchmarking problems that have different types of Pareto front are tested, and a topology optimization problem is performed as an engineering problem. A hypervolume indicator is used to quantitatively evaluate the proposed method, and it is confirmed that optimized solutions that are evenly distributed on the Pareto front can be obtained by using the proposed method.     

木聚糖酶处理对西南桦木/HDPE复合材料性能的影响

采用木聚糖酶溶液对西南桦木粉进行处理,并利用热压成型工艺制得西南桦木/高密度聚乙烯（HDPE）复合材料,考察酶溶液浓度、处理时间及温度对西南桦木/HDPE复合材料拉伸强度、弯曲强度等力学性能的影响,从而获得木聚糖酶处理的最佳工艺条件。借助傅里叶红外光谱分析技术和扫描电子显微镜,分析木聚糖酶处理后西南桦木纤维的化学官能团变化和西南桦木/HDPE复合材料的断面形貌。结果表明：木聚糖酶处理能够增强西南桦木/HDPE复合材料的界面结合。在木聚糖酶溶液浓度为2.67 mg/L,温度为40℃,pH值为4.5的条件下处理2 h后,西南桦木粉的纤维素相对含量及结晶度增加,半纤维含量减小,木质素相对含量增加;木纤维的材质变软、表面变得粗糙,增大了与塑料分子的接触面积,从而提高了西南桦木/HDPE复合材料的力学性能。     

亚临界流体挤出法制备高密度聚乙烯/木粉复合材料

采用亚临界流体挤出法制备高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)/木粉复合材料,研究了亚临界流体种类(去离子水、正丙醇和乙醇)与温度对木塑复合材料(WPC)综合力学性能的影响。实验利用傅立叶变换红外光谱、差示扫描量热分析和扫描电镜分别对复合材料的化学组成、热变形温度和界面形貌作了相应的研究。结果表明,亚临界流体的高温高压可以对木纤维起到很好的溶胀作用,一定程度上打破了木素、半纤维素对纤维素的包裹作用,明显促进基体与木纤维之间的机械捏合与酯化反应,增加界面强度。在亚临界流体条件下,尤其在亚临界乙醇条件下,木粉在HDPE树脂基体中具有优异的分散性,拉伸断面处的断裂形式主要以基体与纤维断裂为主,说明HDPE/木粉的WPC具有较好的界面结合强度。     

磺酸掺杂煤基聚苯胺/HDPE导电复合材料的制备研究

煤基聚苯胺 (CBP)是一类有着广阔应用前景的导电填料。本文用热掺杂法制得DBSA掺杂态CBP ,并采用熔融共混工艺 ,制备出HDPE/CBP DBSA导电复合材料。结果表明 :70℃下退火2h ,DBSA :CBP =1 6 (质量比 ) ,该条件下电导率为 0 179s/cm ;红外光谱说明DBSA对CBP起到了较好的掺杂作用。复合体系中CBP -DBSA含量为 13%时 ,复合材料的电学、力学性能均较好     

Prediction of shrinkage and warpage in consideration of residual stress in integrated simulation of injection molding

The accurate prediction of shrinkage and warpage of injection molded parts is important to achieve successful mold design with high precision. In this study, the numerical analysis of shrinkage and warpage of injection molded parts made of amorphous polymers was carried out in consideration of the residual stresses produced during the packing and cooling stages of injection molding. The temperature and pressure fields were obtained from the coupled analysis of the filling and post-filling stages. For residual stress analysis, a thermo-rheologically simple viscoelastic material model was introduced to consider the stress relaxation effect and to describe the mechanical behavior according to the temperature change. The effect of the additional material supply during the packing stage was modeled by assigning the reference strain. The deformation of injection molded parts after ejection induced by the residual stress and temperature change was analyzed using a linear elastic three-dimensional finite element approach. In order to verify the numerical predictions obtained from the developed program, the simulation results were compared with the available experimental data in the literature. In the case of residual stress, it was found that the present simulation results overpredicted the tensile residual stresses at the surface of injection molded parts. However, the predicted shrinkage was found to be reasonable to describe the effects of processing conditions well. Finally, an analysis of the shrinkage and warpage was successfully extended for a part with a more complex curved shape.     

Experimental observation and modeling of fiber rotation and translation during foam injection molding of polymer composites

We investigated the interactions between dispersed carbon fibers and growing cells in high-pressure foam injection molding experiments using a polystyrene/carbon-fiber/carbon-dioxide system with an in-situ visualization technique. We found that the fibers exhibited both translational and rotational displacements in close proximity to the growing cells. Their rotational and translational displacements were measured quantitatively using visualization snapshots. These were found to be a strong function of the cell size, the initial cell-fiber distance, and the initial fiber angle. We developed an analytical model to describe the instantaneous fiber orientation and location as a function of the corresponding cell size and the fiber’s initial orientation and location. The theoretical predictions were in a good agreement with the experimental results. This showed the model’s accuracy in predicting the fiber displacement. Our research provides a deeper understanding of the mechanisms through which foaming influences the percolation threshold of conductive polymer composites.     

滑石粉对微孔发泡木粉/聚丙烯复合材料结晶行为及泡孔结构的影响

以滑石粉为成核剂,超临界CO_2为发泡剂,采用间歇釜式方法制备微孔发泡木粉/聚丙烯复合材料。采用DSC、XRD和SEM对微孔发泡木粉/聚丙烯复合材料的结晶行为与泡孔结构进行了测定与分析。结果表明:滑石粉的添加能够提高微孔发泡木粉/聚丙烯复合材料的结晶温度,诱导产生不完善的α晶型;能够提高聚合物基体的熔体黏度,减小泡孔尺寸,增加泡孔密度,促使泡孔尺寸分布更均匀,最终能够形成泡孔密度为1.0×10~9个/cm~3、平均泡孔半径为16.4μm、发泡倍率为18倍、表观密度约为0.055g/cm~3的微孔发泡木粉/聚丙烯复合材料。     

Computational fluid dynamics and interactive multiobjective optimization in the development of low-emission industrial boilers

A CFD-based model is applied to study emission formation in a bubbling fluidized bed boiler burning biomass. After the model is validated to a certain extent, it is used for optimization. There are nine design variables (nine distinct NH₃ injections in the selective non-catalytic reduction process) and two objective functions (which minimize NO and NH₃ emissions in flue gas). The multiobjective optimization problem is solved using the reference-point method involving an achievement scalarizing function. The interactive reference-point method is applied to generate Pareto optimal solutions. Two inherently different optimization algorithms, viz. a genetic algorithm and Powell's conjugate-direction method, are applied in the solution of the resulting optimization problem. It is shown that optimization connected with CFD is a promising design tool for combustion optimization. The strengths and weaknesses of the proposed approach and of the methods applied are discussed from the point of view of a complex real-world optimization problem.     

协同处理对湿热环境下木粉/聚乙烯复合材料表面性质演变的影响

采用硅烷偶联剂涂覆与等离子体放电协同处理的方法处理木粉/聚乙烯(WP/PE)复合材料表面,以改善其胶接性能。利用胶接强度测试、FTIR和X射线光电子能谱研究了硅烷偶联剂涂覆和等离子体放电的协同表面处理对WP/PE湿热环境下表面性质演变的影响,探究协同处理的WP/PE胶接接头湿热环境下的胶接耐久性。结果表明,协同处理后,WP/PE表面有含氧极性基团生成,且在偶联剂与材料表面之间形成了化学键接,胶接性能大为改善。湿热环境下,虽然处理试样的表面没有新的化学基团产生,但表面元素的化学环境发生了改变。WP/PE表面在湿热环境下的性质演变会直接影响其胶接接头的耐久性。协同表面处理能够降低湿热环境下WP/PE表面性质的改变程度,从而提高WP/PE的胶接性能,尤其是湿热环境下的胶接耐久性能。     

模压成型的杨木纤维/高密度聚乙烯复合材料蠕变性能和蠕变模型

采用长为850~2 000 μm的杨木纤维(PWF)增强高密度聚乙烯(HDPE), 利用模压成型法制备了PWF/HDPE复合材料, 对其进行了弯曲力学性能测试、无缺口简支梁冲击强度测试、24 h弯曲蠕变-24 h回复性能测试、1 000 h蠕变性能测试及蠕变后残余弯曲力学性能测试, 并利用两参数指数模型、Findley指数模型及四元件Burgers模型拟合蠕变曲线。结果表明: PWF/HDPE复合材料的弯曲强度为21.14 MPa, 弹性模量为2.31 GPa, 无缺口冲击强度为6.77 kJ/m2;24 h形变为0.803 mm, 24 h回复率为78.46%, 蠕变后弯曲强度下降了6.45%, 而弹性模量增加了8.95%;1 000 h形变为0.809 mm, 蠕变后弯曲强度保留了72.35%, 弹性模量增加了10.67%;3种模型中, 四元件Burgers模型拟合PWF/HDPE复合材料蠕变性能的效果较好。      

Development and analysis of high density poly ethylene (HDPE) nano SiO2 and wood powder reinforced polymer matrix hybrid nano composites

ABSTRACT

The Hybrid composites are the emerging materials which uses two or more reinforced particles or fibres simultaneously. As potential applications of the composites, wood reinforced thermoplastic composites are commercially attractive for high volume applications, but their properties can be enhanced by adding Nano SiO₂ particles. Wood powder and nano SiO₂ were mixed with high density polyethylene as matrix material. Wood powder with fixed 5 wt. % and Nano SiO₂ with varying weight % (3, 5, 7 wt. %) are reinforced in HDPE to manufacture composite materials by compression moulding process. Mechanical properties including tensile strength, flexural strength and Izod impact strength were evaluated and it was revealed that tensile strength and flexural strength were obtained maximum at 5 wt. % of Nano SiO₂ and impact strength was obtained maximum at 3 wt. % of Nano SiO₂.     

杨木纤维尺寸对热压成型杨木纤维/高密度聚乙烯复合材料力学和蠕变性能的影响

采用热压成型法制备了4种不同尺寸, 即125~180 μm、180~425 μm、425~850 μm和850~2 000 μm的杨木纤维(PWF)/高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)复合材料, 并对PWF/HDPE复合材料进行了弯曲性能测试、冲击性能测试、动态热力学分析(DMA)、24 h蠕变-24 h回复测试和1 000 h长期蠕变测试。结果表明:PWF的尺寸过大或者过小均不利于提高PWF/HDPE复合材料的弯曲性能, 增强效果最好的是425~850 μm PWF/HDPE复合材料, 其弯曲强度达到26.71 MPa, 弹性模量达到2.73 GPa;PWF长度从180 μm增加到2 000 μm, PWF/HDPE复合材料的抗冲击性能变化不大;125~180 μm PWF/HDPE复合材料的抗冲击性能较差;短PWF/HDPE复合材料的抗蠕变性能较差, 不适合在长期负载的条件下工作, 而850~2 000 μm的长PWF/HDPE复合材料的抗长期蠕变性能最好, 且回复率最高, 为78.46%;1 000 h形变仅为0.809 mm, 对比其他尺寸的PWF/HDPE复合材料1 000 h 形变的平均值降低了48.00%。      

阻燃协效剂与膨胀型阻燃剂在木粉/聚丙烯复合材料中的阻燃协效性

采用膨胀型阻燃剂（IFR）分别与蒙脱土（MMT）、硼酸锌（ZB）、MnO2阻燃协效剂复配制备了阻燃型红松木粉/聚丙烯复合材料。借助TG、DTG、DSC热分析技术深入探讨了IFR与阻燃协效剂间的协效性;并利用FTIR、SEM对协效性进行了验证。结果表明：三种阻燃协效剂与IFR间都存在一定的协效性;MMT的加入降低了热分解...     

Experimental characterization of thermo-oxidation-induced shrinkage and damage in polymer-matrix composites

This paper focuses on the experimental characterization of thermo-oxidation in carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRPs) exposed to “high” temperatures (up to 150 °C) and “high” oxygen pressures (up to 5 bars), at the microscopic scale. Unidirectional IM7/977-2 composite specimens were aged at 150 °C under atmospheric air and under oxygen pressure (1.7 bars and 5 bars): periodic tests were carried out to characterize degradation phenomena after different aging times. The thermo-oxidation-induced resin shrinkage and fiber/matrix debonding were measured on the CFRP sample surface by confocal interferometric microscopy (CIM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that thermo-oxidation-induced degradation strongly depends on aging time, distance between fibers and partial oxygen pressure.     

木质素磺酸铵对聚乳酸/木纤维可生物降解复合材料力学与热性能的影响

为探讨生物质资源改善复合材料的界面及综合性能的可行性,以木纤维(WF)为基体,聚乳酸(PLA)为增强体,添加氧化改性木质素磺酸铵(OMAL),采用高速混合-平板热压工艺制备环境友好型OMAL-PLA/WF复合材料。研究了OMAL对OMAL-PLA/WF复合材料力学和热性能的影响。结果表明:在WF与PLA质量比为7∶3的复合体系中,OMAL对提高OMAL-PLA/WF复合材料的静曲强度、弹性模量以及内结合强度具有促进作用。OMAL添加量为15wt%~20wt%时,OMAL-PLA/WF复合材料的力学性能最好;当OMAL添加量为20wt%时,与PLA/WF对照样相比,OMAL-PLA/WF复合材料的热分解起始温度降低45℃,热分解速率特征峰温度提前107℃,残渣量增加5.3%,玻璃化转变温度、冷结晶温度和熔融温度均向低温方向移动,储能模量和损耗角正切值增大,玻璃态阶段的热稳定温度范围提高约20℃。