结构的主,被动振动控制及相互影响分析

同时采用被动和主动控制方法来抑制结构的振动，可以利用两者的优势以达到更好的控制效果。以粘弹性阻尼器和压电晶体作动器为被动和主动控制元件，建立了主结构与控制元件一体化的复合结构运动控制方程，以平面桁架结构为例进行了数值分析，研究了控制器设计和系统参数选择、主动振动控制的效果以及被动振动控制与主动振动控制的相互影响等问题     

主被动电磁式动力吸振器及其在桁架振动控制中的应用

航天器中使用的轻质柔性桁架结构受到外扰时会产生振动,使安装其上的有效载荷不能正常工作。为此,提出了一种基于主被动电磁式动力吸振器的柔性结构振动控制方法。首先设计了动铁式结构的主被动电磁式吸振器,并对吸振器的磁场分布和膜片弹簧进行了有限元分析,其次研制了吸振器的原理样机,通过性能测试验证了设计的合理性。最后利用所研制的动力吸振器对三棱柱桁架结构进行了振动控制实验,实验中主动控制算法采用ADC控制。实验结果显示：吸振器对桁架一阶共振模态的被动抑振效果达50.83%,采用主动控制后,吸振器对共振和非共振模态的振动控制效果分别达到96.30%和81.40%。     

一种弯曲型压电堆作动器的设计及在振动控制中的应用

提出了一种弯曲型压电堆作动器并将其应用于悬臂梁主动振动控制中。新型作动器由一个压电堆和一个 型金属底座和一个预压螺钉组成。该作动器的通过底座对压电堆纵向变形的约束而使底座弯曲变形产生作动弯矩。推导了新型作动器的输出作动弯矩计算公式,并将其应用于悬臂梁振动控制中,采用热弹比拟方法结合状态空间理论建立了带新型压电作动器的悬臂梁振动控制系统状态空间方程。分别应用正位置反馈（Positive position feedback,PPF）和神经网络预测（Neural network predictive,NNP）控制方法设计了主动振动控制系统。闭环仿真结果表明,采用本文提出的新型压电堆作动器控制悬臂梁的一弯模态位移响应,应用PPF控制其幅值可降低57%,应用NNP控制其幅值可降低92%。     

压电智能桁架作动器的数目和位置的优化配置

由于离散型智能桁架结构的固有特性和作动器的优化配置是高度耦合的,即结构的固有特性影响着作动器的优化配置,相应地,作动器配置的数目和位置反过来影响结构的固有特性,很难预先给定一个作动器数目的确定准则.利用优化的方法来讨论压电类结构中作动器数目和位置的优化配置是一种较好的选择.基于结构耦合模态的最优控制,建立了考虑作动器数目和位置优化配置以及控制器参数的优化模型.针对设计变量,提出了一种基于遗传算法的优化策略.数值算例的结果表明,采用优化的方法来确定作动器的优化配置是可行的、有效的.     

有源控制解耦中压电作动器位置优化

研究基于声辐射模态理论进行有源控制解耦中压电作动器的位置优化问题。以往的研究得出：只要四组作动器满足某种对称形式布置,就可以实现声辐射模态的有源控制解耦,但是满足对称性布置的四组作动器位置有无数个。在主动控制中,压电作动器的位置如何布置一直是个难题。论文以输入控制功率最小化为目标,对四组压电作动器的位置进行了优化。     

柔性悬臂梁振动主动控制实验研究

以压电陶瓷为作动器，并采用独立模态控制法，对冲击载荷作用下的大柔度悬臂梁前三阶模态进行了振动主动控制研究。实验结果表明，使用独立模态控制方法，能有效地抑制悬臂梁的振动，控制效果非常明显。采用模态滤波和相移控制器进行模态分离和相位调节，可获得最大结构阻尼，取得良好的动态控制效果。     

扰流激励下垂尾抖振响应主模态控制风洞试验研究

摘 要：采用压电结构的热弹比拟建模方法,进行了垂尾模型一弯模态和一扭模态响应的压电主动控制仿真。设计制作了一个垂尾气动弹性抖振模型以及两种形式的气流干扰源,用于在风洞中进行垂尾抖振实验及产生扰流对垂尾模型实施抖振激励。采用自主研发的弓形压电作动器,根据垂尾抖振响应控制的主模态控制思想,设计了垂尾模型抖振压电主动控制系统,进行了垂尾模型抖振响应压电主动控制风洞实验。结果表明,采用抖振主模态响应控制思想设计的垂尾抖振压电主动控制系统,可使垂尾模型抖振响应功率谱密度函数峰值降低50%以上。     

双弯曲管式螺杆型压电作动器

提出一种基于压电金属复合梁双向弯曲振动的螺杆型作动器,其压电换能器中每一个压电片都工作在Kt模态。首先,以细直梁在空间的一阶弯曲振型为基础确定了作动器结构形式;其次,对定子材料、结构参数与固有频率及端面振幅的关系进行了有限元分析,其中特别讨论了材料的参数E/ρ对一阶固有频率的影响规律;然后,根据分析结果确定了作动器结构尺寸,并试制了样机;最后,测试了样机的主要输出特性。结果表明,作动器的最佳激振频率约为15.8k Hz,启停时间在20 ms左右;在300 V驱动电压下,作动器最大空载速度为1.146 mm/s,最大轴向力为2.5 N。     

随机参数智能桁架结构振动控制中主动杆的优化配置

该文研究压电智能桁架结构振动主动控制中结构物理参数，作用荷载和控制力同时具有随机性时，压电主动杆的最优配置和增益优化问题，采用智能结构的状态空间模型建立了以最大耗散能准则来基础的目标函数，建立了具有动应力，动位移可靠约束的主动杆的优化配置和增益优化模型，对结构动力响应的数字特征进行了推导，并通过一智能桁架结构的优化配置计算，说明该优化配置模型的合理性和有效性。     

柔性冗余度机器人残余振动主动控制

研究柔性冗余度机器人的残余振动主动控制问题，设计了具有压电作动器与应变传感器的机敏杆件，建立了受控系统的状态空间表达式，采用独立模态空间控制理论设计LQR状态反馈控制器，并基于对偶原理设计了具有指定收敛特性的Luenberger全维状态观测器，最后，以平面3R柔性冗余度机器人为例进行了计算机仿真，结果表明，采用这种主动控制方法可以显著改善柔性冗余度机器人的动力学品质。     

自适应桁架结构局部力反馈振动控制及其主动构件的配置研究

本文主要研究利用自适应桁架结构自身的主动构件实现控制结构动态特性的理论和有效性以及主动构件的最优配置问题。首先，基于自适应桁架结构的有限元模型，将主动构件的弹性内力直接用于实现反馈控制桁架结构的振动特性；然后，引用模态耗散能因子和模态应变能因子的概念，研究了主动构件的优化配置问题。通过一平面自适应桁架结构的优化配置计算和数值仿真，说明了文中提出的控制方法和主动构件优化配置的有效性。     

Integrated optimization of structure and control for piezoelectric intelligent trusses with uncertain placement of actuators and sensors

The finite element modeling of truss structures with piezoelectric members is presented. Based on the approach of independent modal space control, the controllability and observability indices of the system related to the positions of actuators/sensors are demonstrated. Consequently, the effective damping response time is evaluated. The object of the optimization model is to minimize a specified performance index of the intelligent truss subjected to constraints on the natural frequency and the amplitude of displacement response as well as the applied voltages under a given disturbance. Structural sizing variables, control parameters and actuator/sensor placements are treated as the independent design variables. Coding, the calculation of fitness and the optimization procedure of Genetic Algorithms are discussed so as to solve the integrated optimization with two different types of design variable space: discrete and continuous. Numerical examples are presented to show the effectiveness and usefulness of integrated optimization of structure and control for piezoelectric intelligent trusses.The authors would like to thank for the support by Natural Science Foundation of China under grant 10072050 and the Doctorate Creation Foundation of Northwestern Polytechnical University under grant 200236.     

Suppression of nonlinear composite panel flutter with active/passive hybrid piezoelectric networks using finite element method

For the suppression of nonlinear panel flutter, a new optimal active/passive hybrid control design with piezoceramic actuators is proposed using finite element methods. This approach has the advantages of both active (high performance, feedback action) and passive (stable, low power requirement) systems. Piezoceramic actuators are connected in series with an external voltage source and a passive resonant shunt circuit which consists of an inductor and resistor. The shunt circuit should be tuned correctly to suppress the flutter effectively with less control effort as compared to purely active control. To obtain the best effectiveness, active control gains are simultaneously optimized together with the value of the resistor and inductor through a sequential quadratic programming method. The governing equations of the electromechanically coupled composite panel flutter are derived through an extended Hamilton’s principle, and a finite element discretization is carried out. The adopted aerodynamic theory is based on the quasi-steady first-order piston theory, and the von Kármán nonlinear strain–displacement relation is used. Nonlinear modal equations are obtained through a modal reduction technique. Optimal control design is based on linear modal equations of motion, and numerical simulations are based on nonlinear-coupled modal equations. Using the Newmark integration method, suppression results of a hybrid control and a purely active control are presented in the time domain.     

振动控制传感器／作动器的数目和位置优化设计

提出一种确定传感器、作动器的数目和优化设计传感器、作动器位置的方法。以独立模态最优控制方法为基础,将模态控制力、作动器作动力和传感器测量的信号处理为随机变量,分别建立了模态控制力能量、作动器作动力能量的自相关矩阵的测量信号的能量自相关矩阵。进一步通过作动力能量的自相关矩阵的和测量信号的能量自相关矩阵包含的能量分别确定了作动器和传感器的数目。在此基础上,建立了基于控制系统作动力消耗能量最小和传感器测量信号能量最大,分别设计了控制系统的作动器和传感器的最优位置。通过数值算例证明了该方法的有效性。     

基于剩余模态力和模态应变能理论的网架结构损伤识别

针对网架结构特点,引入敏感模态的概念,提出了一种识别敏感模态的算法;基于剩余模态力理论,利用敏感模态进行损伤位置识别,并建立了基于模态应变能理论的损伤程度评估算法,采用非负最小二乘法求解超静定方程组,实现定量评估损伤程度。以某实际结构为仿真对象,分析了上述算法在网架结构损伤识别中联合应用的可行性,同时将评估结果与基于最小秩摄动理论的损伤程度评估结果进行了比较研究,并考虑测试噪声影响。结果表明,二者联合工作效果较好,不仅可以识别结构单处损伤,还可以识别结构多处损伤,且损伤程度评估结果同基于最小秩摄动理论损伤程度评估结果比,更可信,将其应用于网架结构的健康诊断是可行的。     

Solving the damper placement problem via local search heuristics

The damper placement problem for large flexible space truss structures is to determine thep truss members of the structure to replace with active (or passive) dampers so that the modal damping ratio is as large as possible for all significant modes of vibration. Equivalently, given a strain energy matrix with rows indexed on the modes and columns indexed on the truss members we seek to find a set ofp columns such that the smallest row sum, over thep columns, is maximized. An extension of this model is formulated for the passive damper case. This formulation includes the frequency of maximum displacement as a decision variable for each passive damper. Each formulation can be written as a mixed 0/1 integer linear program. We compare the performance of tabu search and simulated annealing for the damper placement problem on a laboratory test article, the NASA Langley Controls-Structures Interaction Phase I Evolutionary Model (10 modes and 1507 truss members). Tabu search, coupled with the starting solution generated by rounding the solution to a linear programming relaxation, is shown to provide the highest quality solutions in the shortest amount of computing time.Research partially supported by an ASEE summer fellowship at NASA-LaRC and by a faculty research assignment award from The College of William and Mary     

Finite element modelling of hybrid active–passive vibration damping of multilayer piezoelectric sandwich beams—part II: System analysis

An electromechanically coupled finite element model has been presented in Part 1 of this paper in order to handle active–passive damped multilayer sandwich beams, consisting of a viscoelastic core sandwiched between layered piezoelectric faces. Its validation is achieved, in the present part, through modal analysis comparisons with numerical and experimental results found in the literature. After its validation, the new finite element is applied to the constrained optimal control of a sandwich cantilever beam with viscoelastic core through a pair of attached piezoelectric actuators. The hybrid damping performance of this five‐layer configuration is studied under viscoelastic layer thickness and actuator length variations. It is shown that hybrid active–passive damping allows to increase damping of some selected modes while preventing instability of uncontrolled ones and that modal damping distribution can be optimized by proper choice of the viscoelastic material thickness. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Thin-Film Piezoelectric Actuators of Nonuniform Thickness and Nonhomogeneous Material Properties for Modulating Actuation Stress

The effects of the thickness variation and the material property variation of thin-film piezoelectric actuators on the actuation shear stress when the actuators are attached to an elastic plate are studied. A system of 2D equations for the flexure and shear of an elastic plate with symmetric piezoelectric actuators on the plate surfaces is derived. The equations are reduced to the case of elementary flexure without shear as a special case. The effects of the actuator thickness variation and material property variation on the actuation stress are examined using the equations obtained. It is shown that the distribution of the actuation stress depends on the thickness and material property variations of the actuators, and that actuators with varying thickness or varying material properties can be used to make modal actuators for producing a particular deformation or exciting a particular vibration mode.     

压电锥壳结构振动主动控制研究

针对实际工程中所应用的某锥壳模型,利用平面板单元对其进行有限元建模,将分布式压电作动器的影响作为动力学边界条件加入模型当中;试验数据与理论计算结果对比证明该方法能够满足精度要求,此外与通常的层合理论建模方法相比,该方法更加简洁,降低了计算量;利用基于独立模态空间的负速度反馈控制方法对锥壳结构进行了振动主动控制研究,仿真结果可以看出利用少数作动器即可达到理想的控制效果。由于控制器本身比较简单,具有很好的鲁棒性,因此对于实际工程应用具有非常重要的指导意义。