C-Si—Mn冷轧双相钢的应变硬化特性

试制了C-Si-Mn冷轧双相钢.采用力学测试、显微组织观察与修正的C-J分析方法研究了双相钢的应变硬化特性.研究结果表明,双相钢的应变硬化具有两阶段.第一阶段应变硬化能力较强,第二阶段硬化能力减弱.两阶段硬化之间存在一个转折应变.当马氏体体积分数小于16%,随马氏体体积分数的增加,两阶段硬化能力均增强.当马氏体体积分数大于16%,随马氏体体积分数的增加,两阶段硬化能力均减弱.硬化转折应变则随马氏体体积分数增加单调递减.铁素体与马氏体的弹塑性行为差异是导致双相钢两阶段硬化的主要原因.马氏体体积分数增加,其强化效果增加,但是由于马氏体中的碳含量降低,其塑性抗力降低.只有当马氏体量增加带来的强化效应大于碳含量减少的弱化效应时,双相钢的应变硬化能力才随之增加.     

高强汽车双相钢的连续退火与组织性能研究

目的 提升高强DP980双相钢的力学性能,优化连续退火工艺。方法 对高强汽车双相钢进行了连续退火处理,研究了连续退火均热温度、均热时间、过时效温度对冷轧双相钢显微组织、物相组织和力学性能的影响。结果 对于不同退火均热温度处理的双相钢,其组织均为铁素体(F)+马氏体(M),随着均热温度从715 ℃升高至865 ℃,残余奥氏体体积分数逐渐减小,抗拉强度、屈服强度先增后减,断后伸长率逐渐减小,在均热温度为815 ℃时,双相钢的抗拉强度和屈服强度达到最大值。随着均热时间从0.5 min延长至5 min,双相钢的晶粒尺寸逐渐增大,残余奥氏体体积分数先减后增,抗拉强度、屈服强度先增后减,断后伸长率先减后增,在均热时间为1.5 min时,抗拉强度和屈服强度达到最大值。随着过时效温度从245 ℃上升至395 ℃,双相钢中的马氏体体积分数逐渐减小,当过时效温度为395 ℃时,出现了贝氏体,奥氏体体积分数先增后减,抗拉强度、屈服强度逐渐减小,断后伸长率逐渐增大。结论 冷轧DP980双相钢适宜的连续退火工艺如下:均热温度为815 ℃、均热时间为3 min、过时效温度为295 ℃。此时双相钢具有较好的强塑性。     

马氏体对C-Si-Mn冷轧双相钢屈服特性的影响

通过实验室退火与回火,采用力学测定与显微组织分析研究了马氏体体积分数与回火温度对双相钢屈服特性的影响.结果表明:随马氏体体积分数从0%增加到约15%,双相钢的屈服强度显著降低,降低值约为80～100MPa;而马氏体体积分数在15%～35%之间,双相钢的屈服强度维持在一个较低的水平.当马氏体体积分数大于35%,双相钢屈服...     

基于修正C-J法和RVE模型的780MPa级冷轧双相钢的应变硬化行为

针对经不同工艺热处理的780 MPa级冷轧双相钢板,采用修正的C-J(Crussard-Jaoul)法分析了应变硬化行为,并基于真实组织形貌的代表性体积单元(Representative volume element,RVE)模型模拟其形变行为。结果表明:不同状态的实验钢均表现出较高的初始应变硬化率。岛状和针状马氏体表现出两阶段应变硬化特征,依次对应铁素体塑性变形和铁素体/马氏体协同塑性变形;当马氏体为粗大块状呈现三阶段应变硬化特征,其中第三阶段主要发生马氏体塑性变形时应变硬化能力下降明显。模拟结果表明:当块状和针状马氏体的应变集中分布在铁素体和马氏体界面,岛状马氏体的应变集中分布在马氏体块的连接部位。     

800MPa级冷轧耐候双相钢连续冷却相变及组织性能研究

为了探索一种800 MPa级冷轧耐候双相钢的连续冷却转变规律及退火后组织性能变化,利用For-master-FⅡ全自动相变仪及连续退火模拟实验机,进行了连续冷却转变(CCT)曲线的测定及连续退火实验.结果表明:实验钢的过冷奥氏体在很低的冷却速度(0.5℃/s)下即可发生马氏体转变,而珠光体转变较少.当冷速为80℃/s时,仅发生马氏体转变;退火后实验钢显微组织中的马氏体呈带状分布,经最优工艺退火后实验钢的显微组织为多边形铁素体(79%)+块状马氏体(16%)+细小的残余奥氏体(5%),残余奥氏体主要分布于马氏体晶粒内部或铁素体的晶界处;实验钢屈服强度为387 MPa,抗拉强度为863 MPa,延伸率为18%,强塑积达到15534.     

多边形铁素体/针状铁素体双相管线钢的应变硬化行为

对X70管线钢进行临界区热处理,制备出四种铁素体/针状铁素体(PF/AF)体积分数不同的双相管线钢。用电子背散射衍射(EBSD)分析了PF含量对这种双相管线钢的晶粒尺寸、大角度与小角度晶界的比例以及几何必要位错密度(GND)的影响;通过Hollomon和修正C-J方程分析了这种钢的应力比与应变硬化指数(n值)的关系,以及不同PF体积分数双相管线钢的塑性变形和应变硬化的机理。结果表明,PF/AF双相管线钢的应变硬化能力几乎与应力比无关,而应变硬化指数与均匀延伸率表现出特定的线性关系。随着PF体积分数的提高,这种钢的颈缩点后移且应变硬化行为由两阶段向三阶段转变。PF体积分数的改变,对其第I和第II阶段的应变硬化能力有显著的影响。     

超高强铁素体-马氏体双相钢在动态拉伸变形条件下组织和性能研究

通过分段淬火连续退火实验,获得两组铁素体晶粒尺寸大致相同、马氏体体积分数不同的双相钢。选取应变速率为10-4s-1进行准静态拉伸实验;选取应变速率为500s-1和2250s-1在分离式霍普金森拉杆技术进行动态拉伸实验。利用动态因子、Feret比率等定量分析方法研究超高强铁素体-马氏体双相钢在动态拉伸变形条件下的组织和性能。结果表明:应变速率效应在双相钢的动态变形行为中主要起强化作用;马氏体体积分数越低的双相钢应变速率敏感性越大;相比抗拉强度而言,超高强冷轧双相钢屈服强度的应变速率敏感性更大。计算在应变速率为2250s-1动态拉伸变形下产生绝热温升分别为98K和89K,并抵消部分应变速率强化作用。     

加磷高强IF钢的最优冷轧压下率确定

为了确定加磷高强IF钢的最优冷轧压下率,以工业生产的加磷高强IF钢热轧钢板为试验材料,在实验室进行了冷轧试验和盐浴退火试验,研究了冷轧压下率对试验钢显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:在试验条件下,试验钢冷轧压下率为50%～80%,退火温度为820～850℃时,再结晶完成;随着冷轧压下率的增加,晶粒变得细小均匀;冷轧压下率为50%～80%,退火温度为850℃时,屈服强度为160 MPa左右,抗拉强度为345 MPa左右,延伸率为35.0%左右,塑性应变比r值和应变硬化指数n值都较高,r值为1.5左右,n值为0.30左右。最终确定工业生产中最优冷轧压下率为60%～70%。     

240 MPa级高强IF钢的冷轧压下率和退火温度

以工业生产的240MPa级高强IF钢为试验材料,进行了冷轧压下率和退火温度的实验室研究。结果表明:在试验条件下,不同退火温度下,冷轧压下率在75%~85%时,试验钢为完全再结晶组织,卷取温度较高在710℃的试验钢的屈服强度、抗拉强度、伸长率、屈服点伸长率、塑性应变比及应变硬化指数分别在260MPa,445MPa,37.5%,2.14%,0.25,2.0左右;卷取温度较低在670℃的试验钢的上述参数分别为235MPa,369MPa,38.8%,1.73%,0.26,2.1左右。最终提出了试验钢工业生产中退火温度为840℃左右,冷轧压下率为75%左右,为获得高强度和优良成型性能的最佳匹配。     

800MPa冷轧热镀锌双相钢组织性能及其织构演变

对800MPa级热镀锌双相钢热轧、冷轧及退火后的显微组织进行了观察,分析比较了热轧和退火后的力学性能,并考察了其织构演变过程.结果表明:实验用钢经820℃保温140s热镀锌退火后,可获得抗拉强度819MPa,伸长率为17%的铁素体+马氏体双相钢,铁素体晶粒尺寸在1.5~4μm之间,马氏体体积分数为34%左右;热轧织构密度较弱,但已呈现出γ织构的雏形;冷轧后α织构和γ织构密度显著增长;热镀锌退火后α织构变化不大,不利织构{001}〈110〉织构密度有较大程度地攀升,γ织构取向密度值波动很大,最大织构组分为{112}〈110〉织构;快冷过程中形成的马氏体阻碍了有利织构{111}的发展,使得不利织构{001}〈110〉得到一定程度的发展.     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。