催化剂Ru/C的表面分形分析

催化剂Ru/C因具有巨大的比表面积、复杂的孔隙结构和特有的表面化学性质在许多行业得到广泛应用.利用气体吸附法分析了催化荆Ru/C的比表面积及孔径分布,利用全吸附数据和经典的描述材料表面多层吸附模型的FHH理论研究了Ru/C的表面分形维数,讨论了分形维数与表面状态的关系,发现其分形维数接近于3,分维值与样品的孔隙和表面结构复杂性的关系最为密切,与比表面积没有直接的关系.     

漂珠低密度水泥石的孔体积分形维数及其与孔结构和力学性能的关系

运用压汞法测试漂珠低密度水泥石孔结构参数、Menger海绵模型计算其孔体积分形维数,分析评价了漂珠低密度水泥石的孔结构分形特征,探讨了孔体积分形维数与孔隙率、孔比表面积、中值孔径及力学性能的关系。研究表明,低密度水泥石孔结构具有明显的分形特性,孔体积分形维数在3.25~3.69;孔体积分形维数越大,其孔隙度、孔比表面积、中值孔径越大,而抗压强度、抗拉强度越小。孔体积分形维数不仅在描述孔隙空间结构时更加具体,同时在一定程度上反映了材料宏观性能的相对优劣。     

孔径分布对多孔镍孔体积分形维数的影响

用压汞法对用粉末冶金法制备的多孔镍试件进行了测试,得到了多孔镍试件的孔隙率及孔径分布曲线,并以Menger海绵体模型为基础,根据压汞实验数据确定了多孔镍试件的孔体积分形维数,发现多孔镍的孔隙结构具有明显的分形特征,分形维数在2.8～3.0之间.孔径分布范围越宽、平均孔径越大,孔体积分形维数越大.多孔镍的孔体积分形维数在一定程度上反映了多孔镍孔隙结构的均匀性及填充能力.     

材料断裂形貌分维的测量及计算机模拟

材料断裂形貌如断口表面、断裂裂等均被认为具有分形结构而被称为实际分形体,论述了这类实际分形体维数的实验测量、计算方法和分维测量、计算中出现的分维不性问题,指出生分维不确定性的原因,并且通过计算机模拟演示了一些实际测量因素对测量和计算实际分形体维数的影响。     

固体薄膜材料裂纹分形结构维数计算中的不确定性研究

讨论了固体薄膜材料裂纹分形研究中出现的一类分维不确定性问题，指出实际分形体的近似分形结构是其产生的根本原因，并在数学上给予了证明，材料断裂行为中的多度域似分形结构维数测量、计算中也存在分维不确定性问题，文中也进行了讨论。     

C/C复合材料孔隙分形表征与弯曲强度计算

采用热梯度化学气相渗透工艺(TCVI)制备了11组不同表观密度的热解碳基C/C复合材料,从每组C/C复合材料上分别截取4个试样进行弯曲强度实验。采用偏光显微镜(PLM)分析了材料的孔隙结构,并利用计盒法求出了图像中孔隙的分形维数。在此基础上利用分形理论表征C/C复合材料的孔隙结构,建立了相同增强预制体及致密化方法制备的C/C复合材料的弯曲强度分形计算模型。计算结果与实验值吻合较好,表明本研究提出的模型具有可行性。     

粉碎能耗与粒度分布指数的相关性

利用分形和分维数基本概念,导出粉粒度分布的分维数和分裂比、粉碎概率互相存在的简单关系,从能耗与颗粒表面分维数相关出发,推出单位体积粉碎能耗与粒度分布的值指数的相关性;同时推出单位体积粉碎能耗的分维数.当粉碎粒度分布的分维数近似小于0.89时,粉碎能耗呈现自然分形的特征.     

掺珍珠岩水泥石孔分形维数及其与孔结构、强度的关系

通过压汞法测试不同龄期掺0-40%珍珠岩掺合料水泥石的孔结构参数,利用分形理论的相关知识研究这些水化物的孔体积分形特征,计算它们的孔分形维数D=3.3～3.5,分析并探讨该水泥石孔分形维数与孔结构参数、抗压强度之间的关系.结果表明水泥石孔分形维数与孔隙率、孔径、孔表面积有密切的关系,随着孔分形维数增大,孔隙率提高,孔径扩大、孔表面积增大,孔结构就越劣化,对应的材料抗压强度下降.因此孔体积分形维数可用于综合评定材料的孔结构特性.     

PAN基碳纤维制备过程中微孔结构的形成与转变

利用扫描电镜(SEM)、小角X射线散射(SAXS)对PAN基碳纤维制备过程中不同阶段纤维的表面形貌、微孔结构进行了测试,计算了PAN基碳纤维制备过程中不同阶段微孔的大小、各微孔占总微孔的体积分数、微孔的平均尺寸及表面的分形维数,分析了碳纤维的微孔结构在制备过程中的形成与转变。结果表明,原丝内部微孔的平均尺寸较大,预氧化过程中、后期,纤维内部微孔的平均尺寸及各相微孔的体积分数都发生了较大变化。低温碳化后,纤维中微孔的平均尺寸减小,且大孔洞的体积分数增大。高温碳化后,微孔的平均尺寸进一步减小,大孔的体积分数增大。原丝的微孔表面比较粗糙,在预氧化过程中微孔表面的分形维数减小。低温碳化后,微孔表面的分形维数增加。高温碳化后,微孔的形状由曲面转变为曲线。     

分形维数对芳纶纸基材料结构和性能的表征

对位芳纶纸基材料因具有高强度、高模量和轻量化等特性而得到广泛的重视和应用,这些特性与其多孔结构有着密切关系。通过压汞法对芳纶纸基材料的多孔结构进行了研究,以多孔材料分形维数作为结构重要的评价指标,探讨了分形维数与芳纶纸基材料的多孔结构和宏观性能之间的函数关系。实验结果表明,芳纶纸基材料的孔隙结构呈现明显的分形特征,分形维数D=2.0~3.0;分形维数越大,孔比表面积越大,孔隙率提高,孔径增大,孔结构就越复杂和劣化,对应材料的拉伸指数、撕裂指数和耐压强度均下降。分形维数可作为芳纶纸基材料多孔结构特性的综合评价指标,并且与其宏观性能的相关性良好。     

Determination and interpretation of fractal properties of the sandstone pore system

A knowledge of fractal properties of the pore system is extremely useful with regard to the interrelationships between moisture transport and pore structure. The fractal dimension characterises the egree of resolutiondependence of a property. Given a completely interlaced pore system such as that of sandstone, the fractal dimension of the pore volume, or the porosity, quantifies the cross-sectional variability of the pore channels and is thus of great relevance with regard to transport processes. The fractal dimension of the pore surface describes the surface roughness. A newly-developed measuing technique is presented for the simultaneous determination of fractal dimensions of porosity and pore surface and for establishing fraction radii distributions in order to derive relevant parameters for moisture transport.     

Fractal dimension of metallic fracture surface

In this study, a complete method of determination of the fractal dimension for fracture surfaces of ferrous alloys has been proposed. This dimension is determined for the vertical profile obtained by the profile technique cross-section. The image of the profile, seen through the microscope coupled with a camera, is recorded in a computer, where numerical processing is performed. For calculation of the same fractal dimension, the fd3 program has been used, which is available through the Internet. The essential element of the method is optimisation concerning microscopic magnification (scale of a length), resolution of the recorded image and selection of the grey level threshold at binarization. The tests for the stability of discretization, which enable minimization of the error of the measurement, have also been carried out. These tests consist in checking the difference in fractal dimensions for the same profile obtained in two different methods of contouring as well as the difference between capacitive, informative and correlative dimensions. In both cases, too big difference suggests that the determined dimension is not reliable. This method allows determination of the fractal dimension with an absolute accuracy of 0.05 in non-dimensional units. The method has been employed in many studies. In this paper the following tests have been presented: a “fractal map” of the fracture surface was made, an influence of the mechanical notch radius in a compact specimen on the fractal dimension of the fracture surface, an influence of the distortion rate on the fractal dimension, an effect of fatigue crack propagation rate on the fractal dimension and influence of the stress-intensity factor on the fractal dimension of the fracture surface. The following materials were examined: Armco iron, P355N steel and 41Cr4 steel in different states after the heat treatment. The measurements have been made for the specimens of the compact type. There was considered an influence of location of the place of measurement on the fractal dimension being determined. The dimension was determined on the profiles lying longwise and crosswise the crack propagation direction. It has been found that the fractal dimension of the fracture surface does not depend on a place of measurement. This suggests, among other things, that a distinction between the places, which were created under conditions of the plane stress, and the places, which were created under conditions of the plane strain state, cannot be made with the help of the fractal dimension. When testing an influence of the radius of the mechanical tip notch on the fractal dimension of a fracture surface, this dimension was determined in the places located at different distances from the tip of the mechanical notch. With respect to the radii up to 1.0 mm, no significant differences in fractal dimensions have been found. The fractal dimensions of the fracture surface for all examined materials were practically the same and they ranged from 2.02 to 2.10. However in some ranges of da/dN rate the dimension was changing inversely proportional to da/dN. Obtained results confirm that fractal dimension do not depend on the investigated material.     

聚乙烯醇(PVA)对无支撑氧化铝膜微观结构的影响

聚乙烯醇（ＰＶＡ）能够避免溶胶－凝胶法制备的Ａｌ_２Ｏ_３膜在干燥阶段产生微裂纹,同时也对Ａｌ_２Ｏ_３膜的微观结构产生影响．利用ＸＲＤ、ＤＴＡ、ＴＧＡ、ＦＴ－ＩＲ及Ｎ_２吸附等手段研究掺杂ＰＶＡ对Ａｌ_２Ｏ_３膜的物相组成、热稳定性以及比表面积、孔径分布、孔表面分形性等微观结构的影响．研究表明,经过４００℃煅烧ＰＶＡ完全排除．与纯Ａｌ_２Ｏ_３膜相比,添加ＰＶＡ的Ａｌ_２Ｏ_３膜吸附量较大,比表面积有所增大,但并不随着ＰＶＡ含量的增多而增加．ＰＶＡ有利于 Ａｌ_２Ｏ_３膜孔径的调整,使孔径分布更狭窄,孔体积也有较大程度的增加．随着 ＰＶＡ的加入,Ａｌ_２Ｏ_３膜的孔表面分形维数降低．     

Relationship between Fracture Toughness and Fractal Dimension of Fracture Surface of Steel

The relationship between fracture toughness and fractal dimension of fracture surface was analysed based on a united fractal model of microscopic fracture modes. It was indicated that fracture toughness is a multivariant function of yield strength, microstructural length, fractal dimension of fracture surface and volume fraction of inclusions, other than a monovariant function of fractal dimension of fracture surface. This new fractal model of fracture toughness was verified to fit well with a set of experimental data of a ultrahigh strength steel with equal microstructure and grain size but different volume fraction of inclusion.     

Fractal dimension of the surface of porous ceramic materials

The fractal dimension D of the surface of porous ceramic materials has been determined. The dependence of D on the total porous space volume exhibits two bending points, which reflects a change in the character of porosity on the passage from isolated pores to connected pore clusters and to very large pores with smooth boundaries. This behavior reveals a correlation between the fractal dimension and some well-known features in the properties of porous solids.     

ABS塑料断面形貌特征及分形分析

分析测字了ＡＢＳ塑料冲击断面的形貌特征及对应的分形维数值，结果表明，不同断面表貌特征所对应的分形维数测量值不同，ＡＢＳ无缺口冲强度随满足自相似原理的形貌特征对应的分形维数测量值增大而线性增高，不满足自相似原理的形貌特征所对应的分形维数测量值量宏观冲击强度间无明显关系，但其大小仍合理表征了相应尺度范围内的形貌的特征变化。     

多孔颗粒材料内孔表面分维测算及与保水性能的关系

为考察多孔颗粒材料内孔表面分形特征及与其保水性能的关系,构建了多孔颗粒物内孔表面分维测算数学模型,并基于高精度扫描电子显微镜系统测算了4种多孔颗粒样品的内孔表面分维,测量了材料保水性能。结果表明:多孔颗粒的内孔表面的分维值介于2.088 2~2.193 5之间,且分形拟合曲线相关系数大于0.98,强的相关性说明内孔表面具有显著的分形特征。进一步研究发现,多孔颗粒材料保水性能与其内孔表面分维呈负相关。     

SAXS investigation of silica aerogels derived from teos

Silica aerogels were obtained through a sol-gel process with tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) followed by supercritical drying with respect to CO₂. Samples of different densities, different catalyst conditions, and different preparation processes including the common one-step and the special two-step sol-gel processes were investigated via small-angle x-ray scattering. The power-law dependence of the scattered intensity, a characteristic of fractal structures, was observed for all the one-step aerogels. A crossover from the power-law characteristic of fractal structures to surface scattering was also observed. For the aerogels derived from the two-step sol-gel process, no power-law dependence of the scattered intensity was observed, signifying a lack of fractal structure. Oxidation of the samples smoothed the particle surfaces but did not influence the aerogel structures. The monolithic xerogel was found to consist of spherical particles with size of about 10 nm.